Temperament As a Unifying Basis for Personality and Psychopathology
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Personality and Social Psychology: Towards a Synthesis
Universität Potsdam Barbara Krahe´ Personality and social psychology: towards a synthesis first published in: Personality and social psychology : towards a synthesis / Barbara Krahe.´ - London [u.a.] : Sage, 1992. - VIII, 278 S., ISBN 0-8039-8724-2 Postprint published at the Institutional Repository of the Potsdam University: In: Postprints der Universitat¨ Potsdam Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe ; 121 http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2009/3830/ http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-38306 Postprints der Universitat¨ Potsdam Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe ; 121 Personality and Social Psychology Personality and Social Psychology Towards a Synthesis Barbara Krahe SAGE Publications London • Newbury Park • New Delhi © Barbara Krahe 1992 First published 1992 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without permission in writing from the Publishers. SAGE Publications Ltd 6 Bonhill Street London EC2A 4PU SAGE Publications Inc 2455 Teller Road Newbury Park, California 91320 SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd 32, M-Block Market Greater Kailash - I New Delhi 110 048 British Library Cataloguing in Publication data Krahe, Barbara Personality and Social Psychology: Towards a Synthesis I. Title 302 ISBN 0 8039 8724 2 ISBN 0 8039 8725 0 pbk Library of Congress catalog card number 92-53776 Typeset by Photoprint, Torquay, Devon Printed in Great Britain by Biddies Ltd, Guildford, Surrey -
1 the Development of Empathy: How, When, and Why Nicole M. Mcdonald & Daniel S. Messinger University of Miami Department Of
1 The Development of Empathy: How, When, and Why Nicole M. McDonald & Daniel S. Messinger University of Miami Department of Psychology 5665 Ponce de Leon Dr. Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA 2 Empathy is a potential psychological motivator for helping others in distress. Empathy can be defined as the ability to feel or imagine another person’s emotional experience. The ability to empathize is an important part of social and emotional development, affecting an individual’s behavior toward others and the quality of social relationships. In this chapter, we begin by describing the development of empathy in children as they move toward becoming empathic adults. We then discuss biological and environmental processes that facilitate the development of empathy. Next, we discuss important social outcomes associated with empathic ability. Finally, we describe atypical empathy development, exploring the disorders of autism and psychopathy in an attempt to learn about the consequences of not having an intact ability to empathize. Development of Empathy in Children Early theorists suggested that young children were too egocentric or otherwise not cognitively able to experience empathy (Freud 1958; Piaget 1965). However, a multitude of studies have provided evidence that very young children are, in fact, capable of displaying a variety of rather sophisticated empathy related behaviors (Zahn-Waxler et al. 1979; Zahn-Waxler et al. 1992a; Zahn-Waxler et al. 1992b). Measuring constructs such as empathy in very young children does involve special challenges because of their limited verbal expressiveness. Nevertheless, young children also present a special opportunity to measure constructs such as empathy behaviorally, with less interference from concepts such as social desirability or skepticism. -
The Structure of Temperament and Personality Traits: a Developmental
Human Capital and Economic Opportunity: A Global Working Group Working Paper Series Working Paper No. Human Capital and Economic Opportunity Working Group Economic Research Center University of Chicago 1126 E. 59th Street Chicago IL 60637 [email protected] Personality Structure 1 Running Head: PERSONALITY STRUCTURE THE STRUCTURE OF TEMPERAMENT AND PERSONALITY TRAITS: A DEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVE Rebecca L. Shiner Colgate University Colin G. DeYoung University of Minnesota To appear in the Oxford Handbook of Developmental Psychology Personality Structure 2 THE STRUCTURE OF TEMPERAMENT AND PERSONALITY TRAITS: A DEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVE Introduction Humans show a panoply of individual differences in their typical behavior, emotions, and thoughts. Beginning in infancy, individuals vary in traits such as energy and activity level, positive emotional engagement with others, feelings of distress and irritability, and persistent attention and interest in absorbing tasks. Older children, adolescents, and adults vary in their typical self-discipline, responsibility, empathy, imagination, and intellect. Traits show some stability across time and situations, but they also change over time and show some degree of situational specificity (McAdams & Pals, 2006). Contemporary research on temperament and personality traits addresses fundamental questions about these individual differences: What are the biological and environmental sources of variation in traits? To what extent and how do traits remain the same and change over time? How do individuals’ traits affect their physical and mental health, relationships, work, and well-being? These questions are best answered when researchers can achieve some consensus about the basic structure of traits. A structure or taxonomy of traits articulates which traits covary with which other traits, which traits are the most important, and what form those traits take at various points in the life course. -
Positive Emotion Dispositions Differentially Associated with Big Five Personality and Attachment Style
The Journal of Positive Psychology, April 2006; 1(2): 61–71 Positive emotion dispositions differentially associated with Big Five personality and attachment style MICHELLE N. SHIOTA, DACHER KELTNER, & OLIVER P. JOHN University of California at Berkeley, USA Abstract Although theorists have proposed the existence of multiple distinct varieties of positive emotion, dispositional positive affect is typically treated as a unidimensional variable in personality research. We present data elaborating conceptual and empirical differences among seven positive emotion dispositions in their relationships with two core personality constructs, the ‘‘Big Five’’ and adult attachment style. We found that the positive emotion dispositions were differentially associated with self- and peer-rated Extraversion, Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Openness to Experience, and Neuroticism. We also found that different adult attachment styles were associated with different kinds of emotional rewards. Findings support the theoretical utility of differentiating among several dispositional positive emotion constructs in personality research. Keywords: Emotion; positive emotion; positive psychology; personality; Big Five; attachment Downloaded By: [CDL Journals Account] At: 22:51 20 December 2007 Introduction Shiota, Campos, Keltner, & Hertenstein, 2004). In the present investigation we explored distinctions Philosophers and writers have long debated the nature among the major personality correlates of several of happiness, reaching a wide range of conclusions, corresponding positive emotion dispositions. Prior but never a consensually accepted definition. studies have documented robust relationships Recently scientists have joined this enterprise, creat- between global positive affect and the Big Five trait ing a flourishing line of inquiry: a Psycinfo search Extraversion, as well as secure adult attachment for ‘‘happiness’’ now yields over 4,500 citations. -
Optimism in Child Development: Conceptual Issues and Methodological Approaches
Optimism in child development: Conceptual issues and methodological approaches. Edwina M. Farrall School of Psychology University of Adelaide South Australia October, 2007 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT viii DECLARATION x ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xi LIST OF TABLES xii LIST OF FIGURES xv CHAPTER ONE: Introduction and Review of the Literature 1 ‘Optimism as a Dimension of Positive Psychology: Theories, Methodologies, and Implications for the Study of Child Development’ The genesis of „positive psychology‟ 3 Positive well-being and notions of resilience and thriving 7 The development of an organizational framework of resilience in children 10 External factors affecting resilience 15 Internal factors affecting resilience 16 The framework itself: Synthesizing and utilizing the knowledge base 22 Taking positive psychology forward 23 Affect and cognition in the developing child: Optimism as a potential mechanism toward ensuring resilience 25 On optimism: Assumptions, intuitions, and typologies 28 Stepping back: What is “optimism”, and what is known or assumed about it? 29 Optimism, temperament, and self-regulation 30 “Situated optimism” 32 “Dispositional optimism” 34 iii The measurement of dispositional optimism: The Life Orientation Test 35 Specific expectancies and “unrealistic optimism” 40 “Big” versus “little” optimism 42 Optimism and pessimism: Roles and relatedness 44 The measurement of child optimism 46 The new Youth Life Orientation Test 47 The YLOT: Development, structure, and interpretation 48 Alternate approaches to the measurement of optimism -
The Effect of Temperament on Emotion Regulation Among Chinese Adolescents: the Role of Teacher Emotional Empathy
www.ccsenet.org/ies International Education Studies Vol. 5, No. 3; June 2012 The Effect of Temperament on Emotion Regulation among Chinese Adolescents: the Role of Teacher Emotional Empathy Xiaomei Shen Students Affairs Department, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng City, China Wenhai Zhang (Corresponding author) Students Affairs Department, Yancheng Institute of Technology 9 Xiwang Dadao, Yancheng City 224051, China Tel: 86-515-88298755 E-mail: [email protected] Received: December 23, 2011 Accepted: December 29, 2011 Online Published: April 28, 2012 doi:10.5539/ies.v5n3p113 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ies.v5n3p113 This study is supported by Jiangsu university philosophy and social science research fund projects (2010SJB880117) and by Chinese Ministry of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences Planning Fund (11YJA190024). Abstract Hierarchical linear modeling techniques were used to explored individual and contextual factors of emotion regulation in a sample of 2074 adolescents from grade 7 through grade 12 and 54 head teachers in China mainland. Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) and Early Adolescent Temperament Questionnaire-Revised (EATQ-R) were administered among students and Multi-Dimensional Emotional Empathy Scale (MDEES) among head teachers. Results showed that at the student level, Effortful Control and Affiliativeness were positively related to adolescents’ reappraisal whereas Surgency was inversely correlated with reappraisal after gender, grade level and parent’s education were controlled. And Negative Affect (NA) positively predicted suppression. At the teacher level, teachers’ Emotional Contagion promoted the impact of adolescent Surgency on reappraisal after teaching age was controlled. In addition, Responsive Crying, Emotional Attention and Feeling for Others enhanced the influence of NA upon Suppression among teachers. -
Temperament, Parenting, and Prosocial Behaviors: Applying a New Interactive Theory of Prosocial Development
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Theses, Dissertations, and Student Research: Department of Psychology Psychology, Department of July 2008 Temperament, Parenting, and Prosocial Behaviors: Applying a New Interactive Theory of Prosocial Development Meredith McGinley University of Nebraska at Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/psychdiss Part of the Psychiatry and Psychology Commons McGinley, Meredith, "Temperament, Parenting, and Prosocial Behaviors: Applying a New Interactive Theory of Prosocial Development" (2008). Theses, Dissertations, and Student Research: Department of Psychology. 6. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/psychdiss/6 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Psychology, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses, Dissertations, and Student Research: Department of Psychology by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. TEMPERAMENT, PARENTING, AND PROSOCIAL BEHAVIORS: APPLYING A NEW INTERACTIVE THEORY OF PROSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT by Meredith McGinley A DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of The Graduate College at the University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Major: Psychology Under the Supervision of Professor Gustavo Carlo Lincoln, Nebraska July, 2008 TEMPERAMENT, PARENTING, AND PROSOCIAL BEHAVIORS: APPLYING A NEW INTERACTIVE THEORY OF PROSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT Meredith McGinley, Ph.D. University of Nebraska, 2008 Advisor: Gustavo Carlo The primary purpose of the current study was to examine whether theoretically based interactions between dimensions of children’s temperament and maternal socialization predicted children’s and early adolescents’ prosocial (i.e, helping) behaviors. -
Personality Psychology
Personality Psychology 01:830:338:02 Fall 2019 Tuesday/Thursday 2:50-4:10 AB 2225 On line schedule of classes http://sis.rutgers.edu/soc/ http://sInstructoris.rutgers.edu/soc/ and TAs Instructor: Lyra Stein, PhD Email: [email protected] Office: Tillett 221 http://rumaps.rutgers.edu/location/tillett-hall Office Hours: Mondays 2-3/Wednesdays 1:30-2:30 Graduate TA (for inqueries concering exams): Melanie Maimon Email: [email protected] Office: Tillett 607 http://rumaps.rutgers.edu/location/tillett-hall Office Hours: Tuesdays 10:30-11:30 UNDERGRADUATE ASSISTANTS: Feel free to contact your TA for tutoring or help with your paper. Please locate your TA by your last name. Jennele Baul [email protected] (A-C) Alexandra Mangafas [email protected] (N-R) Carly Frascino [email protected] (D-H) Ajit Singh [email protected] (S-Z) Brenda Lee [email protected] (I-M) Course Description and Objectives We will be discussing the major personality theories and contributing research evidence with particular emphasis upon motivation and dynamics of behavior. I want you to learn about yourselves, others and be able to: • Describe and differentiate among the major psychological approaches which explain personality. • Define and apply key personality concepts, terms, and theories. • Identify and read original essays from the psychologists who have made major contributions to the understanding of personality. • Explain research methodology and evaluate the merit of personality studies. • Practically apply acquired insight of personality to one’s own life Instructional Resources Required: 1) Funder, D. C. (2015). The Personality Puzzle: Seventh Edition. -
Temperament, Ability, and Interests Predict Important Real World Choices
Introduction and overview SAPA methodology Results References Temperament, ability, and interests predict important real world choices William Revelle and David Condon Part of a Symposium: Motivation as a basic personality process. Organized by Luke Smillie and Joshua Wilt Annual meeting of the Society for the Study of Motivation Personality, Motivation and Cognition Laboratory Department of Psychology Northwestern University Evanston, Illinois USA 1 / 41 Chicago, May 24, 2012 Introduction and overview SAPA methodology Results References Outline 1 Introduction and overview Personality and Motivation Beyond Affect, Behavior, Cognition and Desire: Temperament, Ability and Interests A need for integrative studies 2 SAPA methodology Conceptual overview Technical Overview 3 Results Analytical Technique TAI and motivational choice 2 / 41 Introduction and overview SAPA methodology Results References The study of personality includes the study of motivation 1 Personality is the coherent patterning over time and space of Affect, Behavior, Cognition and Desire. Items in most personality tests may be organized in terms of their relative emphasis on the ABCDs. We have examined the coherency of ABCDs over short periods of time (e.g., the patterning of energetic and affective changes during the day over several weeks using text messaging). We have also examined it cross sectionally to examine long time choice behavior with meaningful outcomes. 2 Personality and motivation Traditional personality measures emphasize average levels of ABCDs. Personality traits reflect sensitivities to motivationally salient stimuli. Personality traits are the first derivatives of personality states in reaction to motivationally salient stimuli. Short term: Affective reactions and goal directed behavior Long term: Meaningful life choices: College major and occupation 3 / 41 Introduction and overview SAPA methodology Results References Personality and Temperament Hogan (1982) distinguishes between personality as identity and personality as reputation. -
The Role of Personality in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by The University of North Carolina at Greensboro The role of personality in cognitive-behavioral therapies By: Kari A. Merrill (Eddington) and Timothy J. Strauman Merrill, K.A., & Strauman, T.J. (2004). The role of personality in cognitive-behavioral therapies. Behavior Therapy, 35(1), 131-146. Made available courtesy of Elsevier: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(04)80008-X ***© 2004 Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy. Reprinted with permission. This version of the document is not the version of record. *** This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. Abstract: Trait-based theories of personality explain behavior across situations based on a set of broad personality attributes or dimensions. In contrast, recent social-cognitive theories of personality emphasize the importance of context and take a combined nomothetic/idiographic approach to personality. The social-cognitive perspective on personality resembles cognitive-behavioral therapies, which explain behavior in particular situations based on interactions of specific cognitions, mood states, and stimulus conditions. This article considers how contemporary personality theory and research might be integrated into the study of the outcomes and processes associated with cognitive-behavioral therapies. We propose that applying the social-cognitive perspective on personality to the study of how cognitive-behavioral therapies work provides both validation of current theories and promising directions for additional research. We review the research literatures on cognitive theories of psychopathology and cognitive-behavioral treatments to examine how the topic of personality has been addressed in those literatures to date. -
Evaluating Models of the Personality–Psychopathology Relationship in Children and Adolescents ☆
Clinical Psychology Review 26 (2006) 584–599 Evaluating models of the personality–psychopathology relationship in children and adolescents ☆ Jennifer L. Tackett University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Department of Psychology, 75 E River Road, Minneapolis, MN, 55455 United States Received 19 May 2005; received in revised form 4 January 2006; accepted 27 April 2006 Abstract Connections between personality traits and psychopathology in children and adolescents have frequently been reported in research studies. However, despite the occurrence of significant and systematic relationships between personality and mental disorders in childhood, a thorough understanding of the cause, nature, and implications of these relationships is lacking. In this paper, a comprehensive taxonomy of childhood personality is used to link research on children with that on adults, as well as provide a framework for discussing the personality–psychopathology relationship. Next, research on children and adolescents is integrated into various proposed models of the personality–psychopathology relationship. Finally, clinical implications and future directions are proposed for research on personality and psychopathology in children. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Hypotheses regarding connections between personality and psychopathology have a long-standing history, although ideas about the nature of these connections have changed over time (Maher & Maher, 1994). At the root of most of these hypotheses is the idea that psychopathology occurs in individuals within the context of premorbid personality, and understanding the connections between personality and psychopathology can lead to increased understanding of the individual's functioning. Over the last two decades, a growing body of research has attempted to explain the nature of these relationships (see Krueger & Tackett, 2003; Widiger, Verheul, & van den Brink, 1999 for reviews), building on current research investigating the etiology and structure of both personality and psychopathology. -
The Psychometric Evaluation of a Personality Selection Tool
Seattle aP cific nivU ersity Digital Commons @ SPU Industrial-Organizational Psychology Dissertations Psychology, Family, and Community, School of Spring January 18th, 2017 The syP chometric Evaluation of a Personality Selection Tool James R. Longabaugh Seattle Pacific nU iversity Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.spu.edu/iop_etd Part of the Industrial and Organizational Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Longabaugh, James R., "The sP ychometric Evaluation of a Personality Selection Tool" (2017). Industrial-Organizational Psychology Dissertations. 10. https://digitalcommons.spu.edu/iop_etd/10 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Psychology, Family, and Community, School of at Digital Commons @ SPU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Industrial-Organizational Psychology Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ SPU. The Psychometric Evaluation of a Personality Selection Tool James Longabaugh A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Industrial-Organizational Psychology Seattle Pacific University January, 2017 THE PSYCHOMETRIC EVALUATION OF A PERSONALITY INSTRUMENT i Acknowledgments The question of whether it is the journey or the destination that is more important has never been so clear; it is the journey. There have been so many people who have helped and supported me along the way, and I only hope that I can acknowledge as many of them as possible. It is with great gratitude that I extend thanks to each and every one who has helped me attain this high honor, but more so for their contributions of inspiration and motivation along the way. First and foremost, my advisor, my mentor, and my dissertation chair, Dr.