Evaluation of the Flood Defense Policy Making Process in Indonesia the Case of the Eastern Flood Canal, Jakarta, Indonesia
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Evaluation of the Flood Defense Policy Making Process in Indonesia The Case of the Eastern Flood Canal, Jakarta, Indonesia Imelda Rinawaty Simanjuntak Master of Science Program: Engineering and Policy Analysis Master Thesis Report Evaluation of the Flood Defense Policy Making Process in Indonesia The Case of the Eastern Flood Canal, Jakarta, Indonesia Imelda Rinawaty Simanjuntak (St.Nr.1388150) Graduation Committee: Pr. Sybe Schaap, Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management, Policy Analysis Section, TU Delft, (Committee Chair) Dr. ir. Bert Enserink, Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management Policy Analysis Section, TU Delft, (First Supervisor) Dr.Wim Ravesteijn, Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management Technology Dynamics & Sustainable Development Section, TU Delft Ir. Niki Frantzeskaki, Faculty of Social Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam & Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management, TU Delft Delft University of Technology Faculty of Technology, Policy Analysis & Management Master of Science Program: Engineering and Policy Analysis August 2010 Evaluation of the Flood Defense Policy Making Process in Indonesia Preface In the period from February up to August 2010 I did my thesis project as part of my master study of the Engineering and Policy Analysis, Master of Science Program at Delft University of Technology. This report is my master thesis project. This thesis would not have been possible without the support of many people. I would like to take the opportunity here to thank the people who have given me encouragement, advice and support and I would like to mention a few names in particular. I want to thank the members of my graduation committee, Sybe Schaap, Bert Enserink, Wim Ravesteijn, Niki Frantzeskaki for assisting me to structure my thought and giving me valuable feedback. I wish to express my gratitude to all interviewees for their time and information, especially Pitoyo Subandrio and Jimmy Pardede for their help during my visit to Jakarta . Special thanks to Wini and Andri for all discussions that brought many ideas and enlightenment to my thesis. I am most grateful to my beloved family and my parents, who have been there all those years with their pray and motivations. To my husband, no word can describe my thankful for your endless love and faith for me. Lastly, I would like to dedicate this study to my beautiful baby, Noa, my strength and my inspiration. Imelda Rinawaty Simanjuntak August 2010 i` Evaluation of the Flood Defense Policy Making Process in Indonesia Executive Summary The adequate flood control infrastructure in Jakarta is important due to its position in low delta areas. However, even though flood control infrastructure programs in Jakarta have been on the agenda since 1970, most of them have never been implemented due to the political and public resistance. One of the flood control infrastructure programs which its implementation had been delayed for more than 30 years was Eastern Flood Canal. This situation implies the flood problem is still a nightmare to Jakarta until today. Given the aforementioned explanation, this research intends to (i) identify the causes of delay and opposition regarding to the Eastern Flood Canal policy making process and (ii) recommend potential strategy to alleviate the causes of the delay and opposition . Based on our research, we found that the decisive causes of the delay and opposition regarding the policy making process of Eastern Flood Canal are: (i) the limited involvement and support of the critical authorities during the policy making process. This factor leads to the unavailability of resources and legitimacy of the Eastern Flood Canal implementation. (ii) The decision was taken without consulting the stakeholders that were affected by the Eastern Flood canal implementation. This factor leads to the blocking reactions from the stakeholder during the implementation. Considering the aforementioned findings, we recommend that the decision should be made after critical authorities commit and agree to bring their resources forward. The agreement should stipulated legally and declare to public to assure its accountability. Proposing multi added value of flood control infrastructure implementation such as the economic and social benefit can attract the critical actors to involve in policy process. Secondly, the stakeholder involvement outside the boundary of government and listen to their voice during the flood control policy making process should be started to practice in Jakarta to reduce the high opposition during the implementation. The role of the policy entrepreneur (e.g. in this case is Jakarta government) to seize the windows of opportunity is also found as an important factor when gaining support from political parties to implement the Eastern Flood Canal in 2003 (as shown in figure below). ii` Evaluation of the Flood Defense Policy Making Process in Indonesia Figure 1 Stream Model of Eastern Flood Canal Considering this finding, we recommend to the policy entrepreneur that it is important to have a perceptive eye to sudden event (e.g. aftermaths, political changes, etc) that could create the opportunity to gain the support of the political parties for the realization of a certain policy. However, gaining only the support of the political parties without considering the rationality of the policy and conducting good assessment of the policy could lead to the implementation failure. Therefore, it is very important to carry out actual and detailed impact assessment of the flood control infrastructure policy (e.g. the institutional arrangements for the implementation, social impact, economic impact, environmental impact, benefit of the project implementation, , etc) at the design stage (so as to avoid or at least, eliminate as much as possible the implementation failure). iii` Evaluation of the Flood Defense Policy Making Process in Indonesia Table of Content Preface.........................................................................................................................i Executive Summary...................................................................................................ii Table of Content ...........................................................................................................iv List of Tables ................................................................................................................vi List of Figures...............................................................................................................vi Part A: Problem description and Background Knowledge .............................................i Chapter 1. Introduction..................................................................................................1 1.1 Problem Description ........................................................................................1 1.2 Research Objective ..........................................................................................3 1.3 Social and scientific relevance.........................................................................3 1.4 Structure of the thesis.......................................................................................4 Chapter 2. The research methodology ...........................................................................6 2.1 Introduction......................................................................................................6 2.2 Research Question ...........................................................................................6 2.3 Research Framework .......................................................................................6 2.4 Conceptual Framework....................................................................................7 2.6 Data gathering method.....................................................................................9 2.7 Data processing method.................................................................................11 2.8 Conclusion .....................................................................................................12 Chapter 3. Eastern Flood Canal ...................................................................................14 3.1 Introduction....................................................................................................14 3.2 Physical Characteristic of Eastern Flood Canals ...........................................14 3.3 General Geographical Profile of the Eastern Flood Canal.............................16 Chapter 4. Public administration changes in Indonesia and water sector in Jakarta ...19 4.1 Introduction....................................................................................................19 4.2 Institutional structure of Indonesia and water sector of Jakarta ....................20 4.2.1 Deconcentrated government prior to the year 2000.........................20 4.2.2 Decentralization, the establishment Law no 22/1999......................21 4.3 The administrative changes concerning the water sector in Jakarta........22 4.3.1 Master Plans Development of the Eastern Flood Canal ..................22 4.3.2 Water management Institutions and Roles in Jakarta before and after decentralization................................................................................................25 4.4 Analyzing the positions of the actors.............................................................29 4.5 Conclusion .....................................................................................................35