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Tetrahedron Template JIAP Vol 4, No 3, pp 254-262, 2018 © 2018 FIA UB. All right reserved ISSN 2302-2698 e-ISSN 2503-2887 Jurnal Ilmiah Administrasi Publik (JIAP) URL: http://ejournalfia.ub.ac.id/index.php/jiap Implementation of Decentralized Water Resources Management Based on Integrated Water Resources Management in Indonesia (A Case Study of Cisadane River Basin) Elif K. D. Djamres a *, Suhadak a, Wike a a Brawijaya University, Malang, East Java, Indonesia ARTICLE INFORMATION ABSTRACT Article history: Since the last two decades, Indonesia has been performed decentralization for Date submission: 31 October 2018 managing water resources. However, some problems related to water management First revision: 29 November 2018 still exist such as flood, drought, and ego sectoral among stakeholders. Cisadane Accepted: 13 Desember 2018 river basin was used as a study area due to this river basin is one of the national Available online: 21 December 2018 strategic river basin and faced the fastest growing population and land conversion function in Indonesia. Using Grindle model (1980), we analyzed the performance of the policy and figure out its supporting and constraining factors. As a result, in general, implementation of decentralized water resources management based on “Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM)” principles at Cisadane river basin has been running well. Nevertheless, some problems related communication among stakeholders, public participation, and limited resources are the main issues of decentralized water resources management in Indonesia and can hamper the policy to reach its goals. Keywords: decentralization, water resources management, integrated water resources management INTISARI Sejak dua dekade terakhir, pengelolaan sumber daya air di Indonesia telah didesentralisasikan. Akan tetapi dalam sejumlah masalah seperti banjir, kekeringan, dan ego sektoral di antara para pemangku kepentingan masih terjadi di lapangan. Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS) Cisadane kami gunakan sebagai studi area karena DAS tersebut merupakan salah satu DAS strategis nasional dan menghadapi pertumbuhan populasi serta perubahan fungsi konversi lahan yang paling cepat di Indonesia. Dengan menggunakan model analisis Grindle (1980), kami menganalisis kinerja kebijakan tersebut dan menganalisa apa saja faktor pendukung dan penghambatnya. Sebagai kesimpulan, secara umum, implementasi desentralisasi pengelolaan sumber daya air berdasarkan prinsip-prinsip “Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM)”di DAS Cisadane telah berjalan dengan baik. Namun demikian, beberapa masalah seperti komunikasi di antara para pemangku kepentingan, partisipasi masyarakat, dan sumber daya yang terbatas merupakan isu utama dari sistem pengelolaan sumber daya air tersebut dan dapat menghambat kebijakan tersebut untuk mencapai tujuannya. 2018 FIA UB. All rights reserved. Corresponding author. Tel.: +62-853-3618-8759; e-mail: [email protected] 254 Eilif K. D. Djamres, Suhadak, and Wike / JIAP Vol. 4 No. 3 (2018) 254-262 the context of implementing “the lowest level” concept 1. Introduction efficiently, the river basin unit is a preferred The policy of decentralization has been a trend of geographical scale (Bath & Blomquist, 2004; Dinar et many countries over the last few decades after previous al., 2007). centralization policy dominated. In general, Further, decentralization of water resources decentralization is granting the authority and management in Indonesia has been attempted and responsibility of handling public functions from the practiced for over a decade. However, some problems central government to local governments. The main and obstacles appeared in the implementation. In reason they changed fromcentralized system to decentralization era, each local governments have decentralized system is due to the central government different interest and planning for their water resources, failed to provide appropriate public services for the many of them exploring its water resources to increase people. In the centralized system, the government local revenue without considering the adverse effects implements the uniformity of treatment for each region. that may occur at other rivers on the other local Then, this "one size fits all" policy did not accommodate government areas (Raharja, S.J., 2008). the uniqueness of each area in a country, then that policy Based on presidential decree no 12 year 2012, model cannot reflect the local needs (Oates, 1972). Cisadane river basin belongs to The National strategic Other scholars, Bird and Vaillancourt (1998) argued that river basin. The river basin was impacted the fastest decentralization policy had become a popular policy growing population and land conversion function in because the policy model promises: economic Indonesia (Ministry of Environment & Forestry, 2010). efficiency, program cost effectiveness, accountability, Even though, the government implemented integrated increased resource mobilization, reduced disparities, water resources management as other river basins in increased political participation, strengthening Indonesia, nevertheless, some problems still occurred in democracy and political stability. Cisadane river basin. The river basin faced not only the Natural resources management is one of increasing of flood frequency but also water crisis. thedecentralized. In term of natural resource Therefore, this research focud on investigating the governance, the preferred approach in natural resources implementation of decentralized water resources governance is institutional reforms focusing on management based on “Integrated Water Resource decentralization (Ferguson and Mulwafu, 2004). Then, Management” principles in the Cisadane river basin. the creating of new lower-level institutions with Besides that, we also analyzed what weree the authority to implement and to absorb the power from the supporting and constraining factors in the central-level institutions is a strategy of decentralized implementation. Cisadanewas chosen a study area of natural resources management (Mody, 2004). In recent research, due to Cisadane river basin is one of the decades, many countries in the world including national strategic river basins in Indonesia. developing countries such as Indonesia have used that 2. Theory governance approach. There are the main goals of decentralized water resources management, including: 2.1 Definition of Decentralization (a) stakeholders can be more advance in term of involvement in the decision-making process, (b) use Researchers defined decentralization in many ways. natural resource will be used efficiently and (c) the They associated decentralization with various concepts access of resources can distribute equitably (Ribot, with a different meaning. Faguet (2004) defines 2004; Saravanan, 2009). decentralization as the devolution specific functions of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) central to local government. Decentralisation is a paradigm is commonly used by many countries for transfer of authority from the central government decentralizing water resource management. The second regarding particular functions to local government principle of the paradigm, “Water development and including administrative, political and economic management should be based on a participatory attributes. approach, involving users, planners, and policy makers Furthermore, The World Bank explained at all levels”, is guiding to reform institutional water decentralization as the transfer of authority and sector. The principle advocates to turn over water responsibility for public functions from the central resources management for institutions at the lowest level government to transitional and local governments or and encourages participation of all stakeholders and quasi-independent government organizationsand/ or the public for the decision-making process. Certainly, the private sector. This definition has the same idea with design of institutions for implementing IWRM has been Rondinelli, et al. (1983) who stated the opinion that an iterative and debatable topic in the IWRM researches decentralization is transferring planning, decision- field over the last decade (Gallego-Ayala, 2013). Within making or administrative authority from the central 255 Eilif K. D. Djamres, Suhadak, and Wike / JIAP Vol. 4 No. 3 (2018) 254-262 government to local institutions, local administrative governments. These laws include the application of unite, semi-autonomous and parastatal organizations, regional autonomy through Act No 22/1999 on local local governments, or non-government organization. governance with the last change being Act no.23/ 2014. According to some definitions of decentralization Decentralization has seen the country embark on a above, we sum up that definition of decentralization is a new era where the central government delegated transfer of authorities and responsibilities from the substantial authority to districts. Act no.23/ 2014 central to local governments or sub-level organizations. provides the entitlement to determine the size of the government, which means local governments have 2.2 Type of Decentralization authority in recruiting civil servants based on its need There are some of the different types of and capabilities. It is expected that by shifting some decentralization, which are deconcentration, delegation, responsibilities for local levels, the development process devolution, and privatization or deregulation will improve at the local level, and flowing on to (Rondinelli, 1983). Deconcentration
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