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Beyond the City Wall: Society and Economic Development in The Beyond the city wall : society and economic development in the Ommelanden of Batavia, 1684-1740 Kanumoyoso, B. Citation Kanumoyoso, B. (2011, June 1). Beyond the city wall : society and economic development in the Ommelanden of Batavia, 1684-1740. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/17679 Version: Not Applicable (or Unknown) Licence agreement concerning inclusion of doctoral thesis in the License: Institutional Repository of the University of Leiden Downloaded from: https://hdl.handle.net/1887/17679 Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable). BEYOND THE CITY WALL Society and Economic Development in the Ommelanden of Batavia, 1684-1740 Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van Doctor aan de Universiteit Leiden, op gezag van Rector Magnificus prof. mr. P.F. van der Heijden, volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties ter verdedigen op woensdag 1 juni 2011 klokke 13.45 uur door Bondan Kanumoyoso geboren te Madiun, Indonesia in 1972 i Promotiecommissie Promotor: Prof. dr. J.L. Blussé van Oud-Alblas Overige Leden: Prof. dr. H.W. van den Doel Prof. dr. K.J.P.F.M.C. Jeurgens Dr. J.Th. Linblad Dr. H.E. Niemiejer (Universiteit Kampen) Dr. R. Raben (Universiteit Utrecht) ii TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Illustrations vi List of Maps vii List of Tables viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ix CHAPTER ONE : INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER TWO: THE LANDSCAPE OF THE OMMELANDEN Introduction 14 1. The geographical features 14 2. Boundary formation 19 3. Water control and irrigation 28 4. The deforestation problem 34 5. Ecological deterioration 40 CHAPTER THREE: LOCAL ADMINISTRATION Introduction 47 1. The origin of the Ommelanden people 47 2. Settlements patterns and kampung development 54 3. Local administration 61 4. Authority in the Ommelanden 65 5. Social interaction 71 6. Law enforcement and criminality 75 CHAPTER FOUR: LANDOWNERSHIP Introduction 80 1. Reshaping the Ommelanden 80 2. Land management 86 iii 3. The distribution of land 94 4. Land utilization 100 5. the value of the land 105 6. Conflicts about land 108 CHAPTER FIVE: SLAVERY AND LABOUR Introduction 110 1. The demand for manpower in the Ommelanden 110 2. The slave trade in the Ommelanden 116 3. Slave identity 125 4. The influx of free labour 128 5. Slave occupations 133 CHATER SIX: SUGAR AND SOCIETY Introduction 136 1. Batavian sugar and the Intra-Asian trade 137 2. Local growth, restrictions, and decline 141 3. Land reclamation and plantations 145 4. The sugar entrepreneurs 148 5. The sugar production process 155 6. Management of labour 161 CHAPTER SEVEN: CONCLUSION 164 Bibliography 170 Glossary 182 Summary 184 Samenvatting 188 Apendix 1. Location of some lands and kampung in the Ommelanden in the beginning of eighteenth century 191 iv 2. The Heemraden’s spending and income between 1685/6 – 1700/1 as reported by Reikert Heere (the secretary of the Heemraden) 196 3. Report about paddy cultivation by Aria Surawinata, 1694 203 4. The Heemraden’s list of sugar-mill in the Ommelanden (Registered between 1766 to 16 January 1767) 205 5. The inventory of Susanna Staal’s sugar-mill 207 Curriculum Vitae 209 v List of Illustrations Illustration 1: The killing of Chinese prisoners in the backyard of the Batavia City Hall 50 Illustration 2: Outer Portuguese Church 57 Illustration 3: Digging or deepening a canal in Batavia in the early 18th century 84 Illustration 4: Cornelis Chastelein in front of his house in Srengseng 87 Illustration 5: Private land possessed by Governor-General Diederik Durven in Topassang Parang and Kamal 93 Illustration 6: Slave auction in Batavia, c. 1800 120 Illustration 7: Slaves worked in the garden behind the residence of Governor-General R. de Klerk 134 Illustration 8: The Company’s sugar warehouse in Batavia 142 Illustration 9: Traditional Chinese technology of crushing cane with vertical-toothed roll crusher 158 Illustration 10: A sugar-mill in Tangerang in the beginning of 20th century 158 vi List of Maps Map 1: The lowlands between the bay of Jakarta and the mountains south of Bogor 16 Map 2: The extension of VOC’s territory in Java in the 17th and 18th century 27 Map 3: Batavia and the Ommelanden 27 Map 4: Private estates close to Batavia 97 vii List of Tables Table 1: The locations of 1200 logs according to Captain Soeta wangsa’s report 38 Table 2: Location of several kampungs in the Ommelanden 59 Table 3: Residence of slave buyers in the Ommelanden from 1000 samples, 1723-1731 73 Table 4: List of landownership in Tugu 99 Table 5: Ethnic origin and sex of slave sellers from 1,000 samples, 1723-1731 123 Table 6: Ethnic origin and sex of slave buyers from 1,000 samples, 1723-1731 123 Table 7: Place of origin of slaves from 1,000 samples, 1723-1731 125 Table 8: Sex of slaves from 575 samples, 1728-1731 127 Table 9: Number of sugar-mills in the Ommelanden, 1648-1750 149 viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Writing a dissertation is usually depicted as a long and lonely struggle. Although it is indeed a long struggle, it is far from lonely. Many people are involved; quite a few of them involuntarily. My dissertation is no exception. The first person to whom I would like to express my gratitude is the late Professor R.Z. Leirissa. It was him who encouraged me to study the early modern history of Indonesia. My special appreciation is also due to Dr Hendrik E. Niemeijer. During the process of writing this dissertation, he has helped me in numerous ways. Unfortunately the Leiden University tradition does not allow me to express my sincere gratitude to my worthy promotor. I feel especially indebted to Yolande Spaans and René Wezel who taught me Dutch. It would have been impossible for me to decipher seventeenth-century Dutch handwriting without the help of Dr Ton Harmsen and Professor Hugo s’Jacob. My gratitude also goes to Dra Ilonka Ooms, secretary of the TANAP (Towards a New Age of Partnership) programme, and Mrs Marijke van Wissen-van Staden, Secretariat TANAP and ENCOMPASS in the Department of History, for their tremendous help during my time at Leiden University. This dissertation would never have been completed without the assistance of Mrs Rosemary Robson who took care of the English editing. I would like to offer my sincere thanks to some of the scholars who have helped me in fine- tuning the topic of this dissertation. They include Professor Mason Hoadley, Professor A.B. Lapian, Professor Peter Boomgaard, Professor Djoko Suryo, Professor Susanto Zuhdi, Professor Bambang Purwanto, Dr Radin Fernando, Dr Gerrit Knaap, and Dr Julianti Parani. I also would like to express my special appreciation to Mona Lohanda MPhil who had shared with me her knowledge of how to go about doing archival research. During my field research, I visited various archives and libraries. Most of my archival research was done in the ANRI (Arsip Nasional Republik Indonesia) in Jakarta. The archivists in this office gave me invaluable assistance. My deep thanks to Ms Kalla Yahya, Dra Kris Hapsari, Dra Risma Manurung, Ms Dwi Nurmaningsih, Ms Triana Widyaningrum, Dra Euis Shariasih, and Drs Langgeng Sulistyobudi. I also would like to thank Mr Diedierick C. Kortlang, Mr Ron Guleij, and Mr Frank Kahai of the Nationaal Archief in The Hague. In the library of the KITLV in Leiden Mrs Rini Hogewoning and Mrs Josephine Schrama were incredibly helpful and cheerful, which meant that my many visits there were enjoyable. Many ix thanks also go to the staff of the Perpustakaan Nasional (National Library) in Jakarta, the FIB- UI library, the Leiden University Library, and the Kern Institute Library. I really enjoyed the academic atmosphere and friendship among the TANAP students during my study in Leiden. It is a privilege to mention their names and this is the proper place to say thank you so much to all of them: Dr Muridan Satrio Widjojo (Indonesia), Dr Sri Margana (Indonesia), Dr Nirmal Devasiri (Srilangka), Dr Anjana Singh (India), Dr Mahesh Gopalan (India), Dr Hoang Anh Tuan (Vietnam), Dr Chiu Hsin-Hui (Taiwan), Ms Marné Strydom (South Africa), Drs Frederick J. Goedeman (South Africa), Dr Alicia Schrikker (the Netherlands), Dr Chris Nierstrasz (the Netherlands), Dr Ryuto Shimada (Japan), Dr Atsushi Ota (Japan), Mr Naoki Kimura (Japan), Dr Liu Yong (China), Dr Kwee Hui Kian (Singapore), Dr Bhawan Ruangsilp (Thailand), Dr Binu John (India), and Dr Ghulam Nadri (India). I never really felt abroad when I was in the Netherlands because of intense, warm relations with the Indonesian community who live there. My deepest gratitude goes to Bapak Sardjio Mintardjo and Bapak Kuslan Budiman. They were always there when I and my Indonesian fellows were in need. During my last year in Leiden, I was also privileged to enjoy the warm friendship of Dr Agus Suwignyo, Dr Ellen Chai, Dr Andreas Weber, Dr Annelieke Dirks, and Dr Monique Erkelens. I am grateful to the financial support provided by the Dutch government through Nuffic- Netherlands Fellowship Programme which enabled me to complete this dissertation. My special thanks are also due to the dean of the Faculty of Humanities, University of Indonesia, who granted me leave from my academic duties so that I could spend time in Leiden. I would like to say thank you to my colleagues in the Department of History of UI for their tremendous moral support, especially to Tri Wahyuning M. Irsyam MSi, Dra M.P.B. Manus, Dr M. Iskandar, Dr Priyanto Wibowo, Kasijanto MHum, Dr Magdalia Alfian, Abdurrakhman MHum, Agus Setiawan MA, Didik Pradjoko MHum, Drs Kresno Brahmantyo, Dwi Mulyatari MA, Linda Sunarti MHum, and Dr Yuda B. Tangkilisan. My family has constantly been my rock in the stormy seas throughout the long gestation period of the dissertation.
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