Annex 1. Pest Species Distribution in the Selected Countries, by Region

Annex 1: Pest species distribution in the selected countries, by region 193

Annex 1 Pest species distribution in the selected countries, by region

AFRICA

Order/phylum: South Pest species Ghana Kenya Malawi Mauritius Morocco Sudan family Africa

Insects

Amyna punctum Lepidoptera: DNC Noctuidae

Anacridum Orthoptera: DNB melanorhodon Acrididae

Analeptes trifasciata Coleoptera: DNB Cerambycidae

Anaphe panda Lepidoptera: DNB Thaumetopoeidae

Anaphe venata Lepidoptera: DNB Notodontidae

Ancistrotermes Isoptera: DNB latinotus Termitidae

Apate indistincta Coleoptera: DPB Bostrichidae

Apate monachus Coleoptera: DPB DPB Bostrichidae

Apate terebrans Coleoptera: DPB Bostrichidae

Bruchidius uberatus Coleoptera: DPB Bruchidae

Buzura abruptaria Lepidoptera: DNC Geometridae

Caryedon serratus Coleoptera: DPB Bruchidae

Chrysobothris Coleoptera: TPB dorsata Buprestidae

Cinara cronartii Hemiptera: TPC Aphididae

Cinara cupressivora Hemiptera: TPC TPC TPC Aphididae

Cinara pinivora Hemiptera: TPC Aphididae

Cisseis rufobasalis Coleoptera: DNB Buprestidae

Coryphodema tristis Lepidoptera: DPB Cossidae

T= Introduced pest P= Planted forest B= Broadleaf trees D= Indigenous pest N= Naturally regenerated forest C= Coniferous trees 194 Global review of forest pests and diseases

Order/phylum: South Pest species Ghana Kenya Malawi Mauritius Morocco Sudan family Africa Cubitermes spp. Isoptera: DNB Termitidae

Diclidophlebia Hemiptera: DPB eastopi Psyllidae

Distantiella Hemiptera: DPB theobroma Miridae

Dysmicoccus brevipes Hemiptera: DPB Pseudococcidae

Ellimenistes laesicollis Coleoptera: DPB Curculionidae

Epicerura Lepidoptera: DPB pulverulenta Notodontidae

Eulachnus rileyi Hemiptera: TPC TPC Aphididae

Euproctis terminalis Lepidoptera: DPC Lymantriidae

Gonipterus Coleoptera: TPB TPB TPB scutellatus Curculionidae

Gonometa podocarpi Lepidoptera: DNC Lasiocampidae

Helopeltis lalandei Hemiptera: DPB Miridae

Heteropsylla cubana Hemiptera: TPB TPB TPB TPB Psyllidae

Hodotermes Isoptera: DNB mossambicus Hodotermitidae

Hylastes angustatus Coleoptera: TPC Curculionidae

Hylurgus ligniperda Coleoptera: TPC Scolytidae

Hypsipyla grandella Lepidoptera: TPB Pyralidae

Hypsipyla robusta Lepidoptera: TPB TPB Pyralidae

Imbrasia cytherea Lepidoptera: DPC Saturnidae

Kotochalia junodi Lepidoptera: DPB Psychidae

Lamprosema Lepidoptera: DNB lateritialis Pyralidae

Leptocybe invasa Hymenoptera: TPB TPB TPB Eulophidae

Lygidolon laevigatum Hemiptera: DPB Miridae

Lymantria dispar Lepidoptera: DNB Lymantriidae

Macrotermes falciger Isoptera: DNB Termitidae

Mesoplatys cincta Coleoptera: DPB Chrysomelidae

T= Introduced pest P= Planted forest B= Broadleaf trees D= Indigenous pest N= Naturally regenerated forest C= Coniferous trees Annex 1: Pest species distribution in the selected countries, by region 195

Order/phylum: South Pest species Ghana Kenya Malawi Mauritius Morocco Sudan family Africa Microtermes spp. Isoptera: DNB Termitidae

Nezara robusta Hemiptera: DNB Pentatomidae

Odontotermes Isoptera: DNB spiniger Termitidae

Oemida gahani Coleoptera: DNC Cerambycidae

Orthotomicus erosus Coleoptera: DPC Scolytidae

Pachypasa capensis Lepidoptera: D P B/C Lasiocampidae

Phoracantha recurva Coleoptera: TPB TPB TPB Cerambycidae

Phoracantha Coleoptera: TPB TPB TPB semipunctata Cerambycidae

Phytolyma fusca Hemiptera: DPB Psyllidae

Phytolyma lata Hemiptera: DPB Psyllidae

Pineus pini Hemiptera: TPC TPC TPC Adelgidae

Pissodes nemorensis Coleoptera: TPC Curculionidae

Plagotriptus Orthoptera: DNC pinivorus Eumasticidae

Pseudocanthotermes Isoptera: DNB militaris Termitidae

Sahlbergella Hemiptera: DPB singularis Miridae

Salagena discata Lepidoptera: DNB Cossidae

Scolytus kirschii Coleoptera: TPB Scolytidae

Sirex noctilio Hymenoptera: TPC Siricidae

Sphenoptera Coleoptera: D N/P B chalcichroa arenosa Buprestidae

Sphenoptera fulgens Coleoptera: D N/P B Buprestidae

Strepsicrates rhothia Lepidoptera: DPB Tortricidae

Thaumastocoris Hemiptera: TPB peregrinus Thaumastocoridae

Thaumetopoea Lepidoptera: DNC bonjeani Notodontidae

Thaumetopoea Lepidoptera: DNC libanotica Thaumetopoeidae

Thaumetopoea Lepidoptera: DPC pityocampa Notodontidae

T= Introduced pest P= Planted forest B= Broadleaf trees D= Indigenous pest N= Naturally regenerated forest C= Coniferous trees 196 Global review of forest pests and diseases

Order/phylum: South Pest species Ghana Kenya Malawi Mauritius Morocco Sudan family Africa Trachyostus Coleoptera: DNB ghanaensis Platypodidae

Tridesmodes Lepidoptera: DPB ramiculata Thyrididae

Xasinthisa tarsispina Lepidoptera: DNC Geometridae

Zonocerus elegans Orthoptera: D N B/C Pyrgomorphidae

Diseases

Armillaria fuscipes Basidiomycota: D N/P Marasmiaceae B/C

Armillaria heimii Basidiomycota: TP Marasmiaceae B/C

Armillaria mellea Basidiomycota: TP TN TPB Marasmiaceae B/C B/C

Armillaria spp. Basidiomycota: DNB DPC Marasmiaceae

Botryosphaeria Ascomycota: TPB dothidea Botryosphaeriaceae

Botryosphaeria Ascomycota: TPB eucalypticola Botryosphaeriaceae

Botryosphaeria Ascomycota: TPB eucalyptorum Botryosphaeriaceae

Botryosphaeria spp. Ascomycota: TN TPB Incertae sedis B/C

Botrytis cinerea Ascomycota: TNC Sclerotiniaceae

Ceratocystis Ascomycota: T N/P B albofundus Ceratocystidaceae

Ceratocystis spp. Ascomycota: TPB Ceratocystidaceae

Chrysoporthe Ascomycota: D N/P B austroafricana Incertae sedis

Fusarium spp. Ascomycetes: TN Nectriaceae B/C

Gibberella circinata Ascomycota: TPC Nectriaceae

Holocryphia eucalypti Ascomycota: TPB Valsaceae

Lepteutypa cupressi Ascomycota: DPC DPC Amphisphaeriaceae

Mycosphaerella pini Ascomycota: TPC TPC Mycosphaerellaceae

Nattrassia Ascomycota: TPB mangiferae Incertae sedis

Nectria rigidiuscula Ascomycota: TPB Nectriaceae

Phanerochaete Basidiomycota: T N/P B salmonicolor Phanerochaetaceae

Order/phylum: South Pest species Ghana Kenya Malawi Mauritius Morocco Sudan family Africa Phytophthora Oomycota: T N/P B cinnamomi Pythiaceae

Phytophthora Oomycota: TPB nicotianae Pythiaceae

Rhizina undulata Ascomycota: TPC Rhizinaceae

Sphaeropsis sapinea Ascomycota: TPC TPC Incertae sedis

Subramanianospora Ascomycota: TPB vesiculosa Incertae sedis

Xanthomonas Xanthomonadales: axonopodis p.v. Xanthomonadaceae DNB khayae

Other pests

Macaca sylvana Primates: D N/P C Cercopithecidae

T= Introduced pest P= Planted forest B= Broadleaf trees D= Indigenous pest N= Naturally regenerated forest C= Coniferous trees 198 Global review of forest pests and diseases

ASIA AND THE PACIFIC

Order/phylum: Pest species China India Indonesia Mongolia Thailand family

Insects

Acalolepta cervina Coleoptera: DPB Cerambycidae

Achaea janata Lepidoptera: DNB Noctuidae

Achaea serva Lepidoptera: DNB Noctuidae

Agrilus kalshoveni Coleoptera: DNB Buprestidae

Alcidodes frenatus Coleoptera: DPB Curculionidae

Alcidodes ludificator Coleoptera: DPB Curculionidae

Anoplophora glabripennis Coleoptera: DPB Cerambycidae

Apoderus notatus Coleoptera: DPB Curculionidae

Apriona cinerea Coleoptera: DPB Cerambycidae

Archips micaceana Lepidoptera: DPB Tortricidae

Aristobia approximator Coleoptera: DPB Cerambycidae

Aristobia horridula Coleoptera: DPB Cerambycidae

Asphondylia tectonae Diptera: DNB Cecidomyiidae

Aulacaspis marina Hemiptera: DPB Diaspidae

Batocera rubus Coleoptera: DPB Cerambycidae

Brontispa longissima Coleoptera: TPB DPB TPB Chrysomelidae

Calliteara cerigoides Lepidoptera: DPB Lymantriidae

Calopepla leayana Coleoptera: DPB DPB Chrysomelidae

Catopsilia crocale crocale Lepidoptera: DPB Pieridae

Catopsilia pomona pomona Lepidoptera: DPB Pieridae

Catopsilia pyranthe pyranthe Lepidoptera: DPB Pieridae

Celosterna pollinosa sulphurea Coleoptera: DPB Cerambycidae

Chrysomela populi Coleoptera: DPB Chrysomelidae

Order/phylum: Pest species China India Indonesia Mongolia Thailand family Clostera cupreata Lepidoptera: DPB Notodontidae

Clostera fulgurita Lepidoptera: DPB Notodontidae

Conogethes punctiferalis Lepidoptera: DPB Pyralidae

Coptotermes curvignathus Isoptera: D P B/C D P B/C Rhinotermitidae

Coptotermes gestroi Isoptera: DPB Rhinotermitidae

Craspedonta mouhoti Coleoptera: DPB Chrysomelidae

Cryptothelia cramerii Lepidoptera: DNC Psychidae

Curculio davidi Coleoptera: DPB Curculionidae

Cydia splendana Lepidoptera: DPB Tortricidae

Cyrtotrachelus dichrous Coleoptera: DPB Curculionidae

Cyrtotrachelus longimanus Coleoptera: DPB Curculionidae

Dasychira mendosa Lepidoptera: DPB Lymantriidae

Dendroctonus valens Coleoptera: TPC Scolytidae

Dendrolimus punctatus Lepidoptera: DPC Lasiocampidae

Dendrolimus sibiricus Lepidoptera: DNC DN/PC Lasiocampidae

Dendrolimus tabulaeformis Lepidoptera: DNC Lasiocampidae

Dichocrocis punctiferalis Lepidoptera: DPB Pyralidae

Dioryctria rubella Lepidoptera: DPC Pyralidae

Ectropis deodarae Lepidoptera: DNC Geometridae

Erannis jacobsoni Lepidoptera: D N/P C Geometridae

Eucosma hypsidryas Lepidoptera: DNC Tortricidae

Eumeta variegata Lepidoptera: D N B/C Psychidae

Eurema blanda Lepidoptera: DPB Pieridae

Eutectona machaeralis Lepidoptera: D N/P B D N/P B Pyralidae

Euwallacea destruens Coleoptera: DPB Scolytidae

T= Introduced pest P= Planted forest B= Broadleaf trees D= Indigenous pest N= Naturally regenerated forest C= Coniferous trees 200 Global review of forest pests and diseases

Order/phylum: Pest species China India Indonesia Mongolia Thailand family Euwallacea fornicatus Coleoptera: DPB Scolytidae

Glena indiana Coleoptera: DPB Cerambycidae

Helopeltis theivora Hemiptera: DPB Miridae

Hemiberlesia pitysophila Hemiptera: TPC Diaspidae

Heteropsylla cubana Hemiptera: TPB TPB TPB Psyllidae

Holotrichia sp. near Coleoptera: DPB longicarinata Scarabaeidae

Hoplocerambyx spinicornis Coleoptera: DNB Cerambycidae

Hyblaea puera Lepidoptera: DPB DPB DNB Hyblaeidae

Hyphantria cunea Lepidoptera: TNB Arctiidae

Hypomeces squamosus Coleoptera: DPB Curculionidae

Hypsipyla robusta Lepidoptera: DPB DPB DPB Pyralidae

Icerya purchasi Hemiptera: TPB Margarodidae

Indarbela quadrinotata Lepidoptera: DPB Cossidae

Indarbela spp. Lepidoptera, DPB Metarbelidae

Ips sexdentatus Coleoptera: DN/PC DPC Scolytidae

Ips subelongatus Coleoptera: D N/P B/C Scolytidae

Leptocentrus spp. Hemiptera: DPB Membracidae

Leptocybe invasa Hymenoptera: TPB Eulophidae

Leucoma salicis Lepidoptera: D N/P B Lymantriidae

Lymantria dispar Lepidoptera: D N B/C D N/P B/C Lymantriidae

Lymantria lepcha Lepidoptera: DNB Lymantriidae

Lymantria mathura Lepidoptera: DPB Pyralidae

Lymantria obfuscata Lepidoptera: DPB Lymantriidae

Machaerota elegans Hemiptera: DPB Cercopidae

Melanophila cyanea Coleoptera: D N/P C Buprestidae

Order/phylum: Pest species China India Indonesia Mongolia Thailand family Micropistus sp. Coleoptera: DPB Buprestidae

Milionia basalis Lepidoptera: D N/P B/C Geometridae

Mylabris phalerata Coleoptera: DPB Meloidae

Neotermes tectonae Isoptera: DPB Kalotermitidae

Niphades castanea Coleoptera: DPB Curculionidae

Oracella acuta Hemiptera: TPC Pseudococcidae

Orgyia antiqua Lepidoptera: D N/P B/C Lymantriidae

Orthotomicus suturalis Coleoptera: D N/P C Scolytidae

Pagyda salvalis Lepidoptera: DPB Pyralidae

Paliga damastesalis Lepidoptera: DPB Pyralidae

Phassus signifer Lepidoptera: DPB Hepialidae

Physomerus grossipes Coleoptera: DPB Coreidae

Pineus pini Hemiptera: TPC Adelgidae

Pionea aureolalis Lepidoptera: DPB Pyralidae

Prioptera spp. Lepidoptera: DPB Pyralidae

Pseudoregma sp. Hemiptera: DPB Pemphigidae

Psilogramma menephron Lepidoptera: DPB Sphingidae

Pteroma plagiophleps Lepidoptera: DPB Psychidae

Quadraspidiotus perniciosus Hemiptera: TPB Coccidae

Sagra femorata Coleoptera: DPB Chrysomelidae

Scolytus morawitzi Coleoptera: D N/P C Scolytidae

Sinoxylon anale Coleoptera: DPB Bostrychidae

Sternocera spp. Coleoptera: DPB Buprestidae

Tetropium gracilicorne Coleoptera: D N/P C Cerambycidae

Tingis beesoni Hemiptera: DPB Tingidae

T= Introduced pest P= Planted forest B= Broadleaf trees D= Indigenous pest N= Naturally regenerated forest C= Coniferous trees 202 Global review of forest pests and diseases

Order/phylum: Pest species China India Indonesia Mongolia Thailand family Tomicus minor Coleoptera: D N/P C Scolytidae

Tomicus n.sp. Coleoptera: TPC Scolytidae

Tomicus piniperda Coleoptera: D N/P C Scolytidae

Valanga nigricornis Orthoptera: DPB Acrididae

Voracia casuariniphaga Lepidoptera: D N B/C Lasiocampidae

Xyleborus dispar Coleoptera: D N/P B Scolytidae

Xyleutes ceramica Lepidoptera: DPB DN/PB Cossidae

Xylosandrus compactus Coleoptera: DPB Scolytidae

Xylosandrus morigerus Coleoptera: DPB Scolytidae

Xystrocera festiva Coleoptera: DPB Cerambycidae

Zeuzera coffeae Lepidoptera: DPB DN/PB Cossidae

Diseases

Agrobacterium tumefaciens Rhizobiales: DPB DPB Rhizobiaceae

Balansia linearis Ascomycota: DPB Clavicipitaceae

Botryosphaeria dothidea Ascomycota: DPB Botryosphaeriaceae

Chondroplea populea Ascomycota: DPB Valsaceae

Chrysoporthe cubensis Ascomycota: TPB Valsaceae

Coniothyrium zuluense Ascomycetes: TPB Leptosphaeriaceae

Corticium salmonicolor Basidiomycota: DPB Corticiaceae

Coryneum populinum Ascomycota: DPB Melanconidaceae

Cryptosporiopsis eucalypti Ascomycota: DPB Dermateaceae

Cylindrocladium Ascomycota: DPB quinqueseptatum Nectriaceae

Dothiorella gregaria Ascomycota: DPB Botryosphaeriaceae

Dothiorella gregaria Ascomycota: DPC Botryosphaeriaceae

Drepanopeziza punctiformis Ascomycota: DPB Leotiales

Order/phylum: Pest species China India Indonesia Mongolia Thailand family Endoraecium digitatum Basidiomycota: TPB Raveneliaceae

Entoleuca mammata Ascomycota: DPB Xylariaceae

Fusarium solani f. dalbergiae Ascomycota: DPB Nectriaceae

Ganoderma philippii Basidiomycota: DPB Ganodermataceae

Melampsora laricis-populina Basidiomycota: DPB Melampsoraceae

Mycosphaerella populi Ascomycota: DPB Mycosphaerellaceae

Nattrassia mangiferae Ascomycota: DPB Incertae sedis

Paulownia witches broom Phytoplasma DPB

Phellinus noxius Basidiomycota: DPB Hymenochaetaceae

Phytophthora palmivora Oomycota: Pythiaceae DPB

Poria hypobrunnea Basidiomycota: DPB Polyporaceae

Subramanianospora vesiculosa Ascomycota: DPB DPB Incertae sedis

Tinctoporellus epimiltinus Basidiomycota: DPB Polyporaceae

Valsa sordida Ascomycota: DPB Valsaceae

Venturia populina Ascomycota: DPB Venturiaceae

Other pests

Apodemus spp. Rodentia: D P B/C Muridae

Bursaphelenchus xylophilus Tylenchida: T N/P C Aphelenchoididae

T= Introduced pest P= Planted forest B= Broadleaf trees D= Indigenous pest N= Naturally regenerated forest C= Coniferous trees 204 Global review of forest pests and diseases

EUROPE

Order/phylum: Pest species Moldova Romania Russian Federation family

Insects

Apethymus filiformis Hymenoptera: DNB Tenthredinidae

Archips crataegana Lepidoptera: DNB Tortricidae

Archips xylosteana Lepidoptera: DNB Tortricidae

Bupalus piniarius Lepidoptera: D N/P C Geometridae

Cameraria ohridella Lepidoptera: TNB Gracillariidae

Choristoneura murinana Lepidoptera: D N/P B/C Tortricidae

Curculio spp. Coleoptera: DNB Curculionidae

Cydia spp. Lepidoptera: DNB Tortricidae

Dendrolimus sibiricus Lepidoptera: D N/P C Lasiocampidae

Diprion pini Hymenoptera: DPC Diprionidae

Erannis defoliaria Lepidoptera: DNB DNB Geometridae

Euproctis chrysorrhoea Lepidoptera: DNB Lymantriidae

Hylobius abietis Coleoptera: DNC Curculionidae

Hyphantria cunea Lepidoptera: TNB TNB Arctiidae

Ips acuminatus Coleoptera: DNC Scolytidae

Ips amitinus Coleoptera: DNC Scolytidae

Ips cembrae Coleoptera: D N C D N/P C Scolytidae

Ips sexdentatus Coleoptera: D N C D N/P C Scolytidae

Ips typographus Coleoptera: D N C D N/P C Scolytidae

Lymantria dispar Lepidoptera: D N B/C D N/P B/C D N/P B/C Lymantriidae

Lymantria monacha Lepidoptera: D N B/C D N/P B/C Lymantriidae

Malacosoma neustria Lepidoptera: DNB Lasiocampidae

Monochamus urussovi Coleoptera: DNC Cerambycidae

Order/phylum: Pest species Moldova Romania Russian Federation family Monochamus urussovi Coleoptera: DPC Cerambycidae

Neodiprion sertifier Hymenoptera: DPC Diprionidae

Operophtera brumata Lepidoptera: DNB DNB Geometridae

Orthosia cruda Lepidoptera: DNB Noctuidae

Pandemis cerasana Lepidoptera: DNB Tortricidae

Pityogenes chalcographus Coleoptera: DNC Scolytidae

Semasia rufimitrana Lepidoptera: DNC Tortricidae

Stereonychus fraxini Coleoptera: DNB DNB Curculionidae

Tetropium castaneum Coleoptera: D N/P C Cerambycidae

Thaumetopoea processionea Lepidoptera: DNB Notodontidae

Tomicus minor Coleoptera: DNC Scolytidae

Tomicus piniperda Coleoptera: DNC DN/PC Scolytidae

Tortrix viridana Lepidoptera: DNB DNB Tortricidae

Xylotrechus altaicus Coleoptera: D N/P C Cerambycidae

Yponomeuta rorellus Lepidoptera: DNB Yponomeutoidae

Zeiraphera diniana Lepidoptera: D N/P C Tortricidae

Diseases

Gremmeniella abietina Ascomycota: D N/P C Helotiaceae

Microsphaera abbreviata Ascomycota: DNB DN/PB Erysiphaceae

Nectria spp. Ascomycota: DNB Nectriaceae

Other pests

Cervus nippon Artiodactyla: TNB Cervidae

Dama dama Artiodactyla: TNB Cervidae

Nyctereutes procyonoides Carnivora: TNB Canidae

T= Introduced pest P= Planted forest B= Broadleaf trees D= Indigenous pest N= Naturally regenerated forest C= Coniferous trees 206 Global review of forest pests and diseases

LATIN AMERICAN AND THE CARIBBEAN

Order/phylum: Pest species Argentina Belize Brazil Chile Colombia Honduras Mexico Uruguay family

Insects

Acrospila Lepidoptera: DPB gastralis Pyralidae

Adelges cooleyi Hemiptera: TPC Adelgidae

Amitermes foreli Isoptera: DPB Termitidae

Amphicerus Coleoptera: DPB cornutus Bostrichidae

Anomala Coleoptera: DP pyropyga Scarabaeidae B/C

Anomis illita Lepidoptera: DPB Noctuidae

Buprestis Coleoptera: TPC novemmaculata Buprestidae

Cargolia arana Lepidoptera: DP Geometridae B/C

Ceroys Orthoptera: DPC quadrispinosus Phasmidae

Chilecomadia Lepidoptera: DNB valdiviana Cossidae

Chionaspis Hemiptera: TPC pinifoliae Diaspidae

Chrysobothris Coleoptera: DPB yucatanensis Buprestidae

Cinara Hemiptera: TPC acutirostris Aphididae

Cinara Hemiptera: TPC atlantica Aphididae

Cinara Hemiptera: TPC cedri Aphididae

Cinara Hemiptera: TPC costata Aphididae

Cinara Hemiptera: TNC cupressi Aphididae

Cinara Hemiptera: TNC TPC cupressivora Aphididae

Cinara fresai Hemiptera: TPC TPC TNC Aphididae

Cinara Hemiptera: TPC juniperi Aphididae

Cinara Hemiptera: TPC maghrebica Aphididae

Cinara Hemiptera: TPC TPC TPC maritimae Aphididae

Cinara Hemiptera: TPC piceae Aphididae

Order/phylum: Pest species Argentina Belize Brazil Chile Colombia Honduras Mexico Uruguay family Cinara Hemiptera: TPC pilicornis Aphididae

Cinara Hemiptera: TPC piniformosana Aphididae

Cinara Hemiptera: TPC TPC pinivora Aphididae

Cinara Hemiptera: TPC TPC TNC tujafilina Aphididae

Coptotermes Isoptera: TPB gestroi Rhinotermitidae

Ctenarytaina Hemiptera: TPB TPB eucalypti Psyllidae

Ctenarytaina Hemiptera: TPB spatulata Psyllidae

Dendroctonus Coleoptera: DNC adjunctus Scolytidae

Dendroctonus Coleoptera: DNC DNC DNC frontalis Scolytidae

Dendroctonus Coleoptera: DNC mexicanus Scolytidae

Dendroctonus Coleoptera: DNC pseudotsugae Scolytidae

Dictyla Hemiptera: DPB monotropidia Tingidae

Dirphia Lepidoptera: DNC araucariae Saturnidae

Dynaspidiotus Hemiptera: TPC californicus Diaspidae

Elatobium Hemiptera: TPC abietinum Aphididae

Eulachnus Hemiptera: TPC TPC TN/PC rileyi Aphididae

Eulachnus Hemiptera: TPC tauricus Aphididae

Euryscopa Coleoptera: DPB cingulata Chrysomelidae

Glena Lepidoptera: DP bisulca Geometridae B/C

Glycaspis Hemiptera: TPB TPB TPB brimblecombei Psyllidae

Gonipterus Coleoptera: TPB scutellatus Curculionidae

Hedypathes Coleoptera: DNB betulinus Cerambycidae

Heliothrips Thysanoptera: DPB haemorrhoidalis Thripidae

Hemeroplanes Lepidoptera: DPB parce Sphingidae

Holopterus Coleoptera: DNB chilensis Cerambycidae

T= Introduced pest P= Planted forest B= Broadleaf trees D= Indigenous pest N= Naturally regenerated forest C= Coniferous trees 208 Global review of forest pests and diseases

Order/phylum: Pest species Argentina Belize Brazil Chile Colombia Honduras Mexico Uruguay family Hornius Coleoptera: DNB grandis Chrysomelidae

Hylamorpha Coleoptera: DNB elegans Scarabaeidae

Hylamorpha Coleoptera: DNC elegans Scarabaeidae

Hylurgus Coleoptera: DNC ligniperda Scolytidae

Hypsipyla Lepidoptera: DPB DPB DPB DPB DPB DPB grandella Pyralidae

Ips calligraphus Coleoptera: DNC Scolytidae

Ips confusus Coleoptera: DNC Scolytidae

Ips grandicollis Coleoptera: DNC Scolytidae

Ips pini Coleoptera: DNC Scolytidae

Ips apache Coleoptera: DNC Scolytidae

Lagynopteryx Lepidoptera: DNB botulata Geometridae

Megalopyge Lepidoptera: DPB orsilochus Megalopygidae

Megaplatypus Coleoptera: DPB DPB DN/PB mutatus Platypodidae

Melanolophia Lepidoptera: DPC commotaria Geometridae

Minthea Coleoptera: TPB rugicollis Bostrichidae

Nematus Hymenoptera: TPB TPB desantisi Tenthredinidae

Neuromelia Lepidoptera: DPC albinearia Geometridae

Oncideres Coleoptera: DNB dejeani Cerambycidae

Oncideres Coleoptera: DNB impluviata Cerambycidae

Oncideres Coleoptera: DPB tessellata Cerambycidae

Ormiscodes Lepidoptera: DP cinnamomea Saturniidae B/C

Oxydia olivata Lepidoptera: DPB Geometridae

Oxydia trychiata Lepidoptera: DPC Geometridae

Paranthrene Lepidoptera: TPB dollii Sesiidae

Phoracantha Coleoptera: TPB recurva Cerambycidae

Order/phylum: Pest species Argentina Belize Brazil Chile Colombia Honduras Mexico Uruguay family Phoracantha Coleoptera: TPB semipunctata Cerambycidae

Planudes cortex Orthoptera: DPC Phasmidae

Pseudohylesinus Coleoptera: DNC variegatus Scolytidae

Reticulitermes Isoptera: T N/P lucifugus Rhinotermitidae B/C

Rhyacionia Lepidoptera: TPC TPC buoliana Tortricidae

Rugitermes sp. Isoptera: T N/P Kalotermitidae B/C

Sarsina Lepidoptera: DPB DPB DPB violascens Lymantriidae

Scolytus Coleoptera: TPB multistriatus Scolytidae

Sirex noctilio Hymenoptera: TPC TPC TPC TPC Siricidae

Steirastoma Coleoptera: DPB histrionicum Cerambycidae

Thyrinteina Lepidoptera: DPB arnobia Geometridae

Tremex Hymenoptera: TPB fuscicornis Siricidae

Urocerus gigas Hymenoptera: TPC TPC Siricidae

Warrenaria sp. Lepidoptera: DNB Geometridae

Xylosandrus Coleoptera: TPB morigerus Scolytidae

Diseases

Armillaria spp. Basidiomycota: DPC Marasmiaceae

Botryosphaeria Ascomycota: TPB dothidea Botryosphaeriaceae

Botryosphaeria Ascomycota: TP ribis Botryosphaeriaceae B/C

Ceratocystis Ascomycota: TPB TPB fimbriata Ceratocystidaceae

Chrysoporthe Ascomycota: TPB TPB cubensis Incertae sedis

Coniothyrium Ascomycota: TPB zuluense Incertae sedis

Fusarium Ascomycota: subglutinans Nectriaceae TPC f. sp. pini

Melampsora Basidiomycota: TPB medusae Melampsoraceae

Mycosphaerella Ascomycota: TPC pini Mycosphaerellaceae

T= Introduced pest P= Planted forest B= Broadleaf trees D= Indigenous pest N= Naturally regenerated forest C= Coniferous trees 210 Global review of forest pests and diseases

Order/phylum: Pest species Argentina Belize Brazil Chile Colombia Honduras Mexico Uruguay family Mycosphaerella Ascomycota: TPB sp. Mycosphaerellaceae

Phanerochaete Basidiomycota: TPB salmonicolor Phanerochaetaceae

Puccinia psidii Basidiomycota: DPB DPB Pucciniaceae

Sphaeropsis Ascomycota: TPC sapinea Incertae sedis

Other pests

Arceuthobium Santalales: DNC spp. Visaceae

Capra hircus Artiodactyla: TNB Bovidae

Castor Rodentia: TNB TNB canadensis Castoridae

Cebus paella Primata: DPC Cebidae

Cervus elaphus Artiodactyla: TN Cervidae B/C

Lama guanicoe Artiodactyla: DNB Camelidae

Lepus capensis Lagomorpha: T N B/C Leporidae

Misodendrum Santalales: DN spp. Misodendraceae B/C

Oryctolagus Lagomorpha: T P B/C cuniculus Leporidae

Phoradendron Santalales: DNB spp. Visaceae

Psittacanthus Santalales: DN DNC spp. Loranthaceae B/C

Subanguina Tylenchida: DNB chilensis Tylenchidae

Tetranychus Acarina: DPB desertorum Tetranychidae

NEAR EAST

Pest species Order/phylum: family Cyprus Kyrgyzstan

Insects

Adelges japonicus Hemiptera: Adelgidae D P C

Aeolesthes sarta Coleoptera: Cerambycidae T N/P B

Agonoscena viridis Hemiptera: Aphalaridae D P B

Anthaxia bicolor Coleoptera: Buprestidae D P C

Anthaxia conradti Coleoptera: Buprestidae D N C

Anthaxia turkestanica Coleoptera: Buprestidae D P C

Aonidia isfarensis Hemiptera: Diaspididae D N C

Argyrestia praecocella Lepidoptera: Argyresthiidae D N C

Caliroa cerasi Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae D N/P B

Capnodis sexmaculata Coleoptera: Buprestidae D N B

Capnodis tenebricosa Coleoptera: Buprestidae D N B

Carphoborus persicus Coleoptera: Scolytidae D N B

Carpocapsa pomonella Lepidoptera: Torticidae D N B

Cinara grossa Hemiptera: Lachnidae D P C

Contarinia spp. Diptera: Cecidomyiidae D N C

Erannis defoliaria Lepidoptera: Geometridae D N B

Erschoviella musculana Lepidoptera: Noctuidae D N B

Eurytoma plotnikovi Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae D N B

Hylastes substriatus Coleoptera: Curclionidae D P C

Hylesinus prytenskyi Coleoptera: Scolytidae D N B

Hylesinus tupolevi Coleoptera: Scolytidae D N B

Hyphantria cunea Lepidoptera: Arctiidae T P B

Ips hauseri Coleoptera: Scolytidae D P C

Labidostomis stenostoma Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae D P B

Lymantria dispar Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae D N/P B D N/P B

Malacosoma parallela Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae D N/P B

Megastigmus certus Hymenoptera: Torymidae D N C

Megastigmus juniperi Hymenoptera: Torymidae D N C

Megastigmus validus Hymenoptera: Torymidae D N C

Melanophila cuspidata Coleoptera: Buprestidae D N B

T= Introduced pest P= Planted forest B= Broadleaf trees D= Indigenous pest N= Naturally regenerated forest C= Coniferous trees 212 Global review of forest pests and diseases

Pest species Order/phylum: family Cyprus Kyrgyzstan

Melasoma populi Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae D P B

Molorchus kiesenwetteri Coleoptera: Cerambycidae D P C

Molorchus pallidipennis Coleoptera: Cerambycidae D P B/C

Tomicus destruens Coleoptera: Scolytidae D N/P C

Orthotomicus erosus Coleoptera: Scolytidae D N/P C

Panaphis juglandis Hemiptera: Drepanosiphidae D N B

Phloeosinus armatus Coleoptera: Scolytidae D N/P C

Phloeosinus turkestanicus Coleoptera: Scolytidae D N/P C

Pineus pini Hemiptera: Adelgidae D P C

Pityogenes spessivtsevi Coleoptera: Scolytidae D P C

Pityophthorus parfentjevi Coleoptera: Scolytidae D P C

Pityophthorus schrenkianus Coleoptera: Scolytidae D P C

Prionus turkestanicus Coleoptera: Cerambycidae D N B

Pseudococcus comstocki Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae T N B

Quadraspidiotus perniciosus Hemiptera: Diaspididae T N B

Recurvaria pistaciicola Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae D N B

Rhopalopus nadari Coleoptera: Buprestidae D N B

Scolytus mali Coleoptera: Scolytidae D N B

Sphaerolecanium prunastri Hemiptera: Coccidae T N/P B

Tetropium staudingeri Coleoptera: Cerambycidae D P B/C

Thaumetopoea wilkinsoni Lepidoptera: Thaumetopoeidae D N/P C

Tomicus minor Coleoptera: Scolytidae D N/P C

Xyleborus saxeni Coleoptera: Scolytidae D N B

Xylotrechus namanganensis Coleoptera: Cerambycidae D N B

Yponomeuta malinellus Lepidoptera: Yponomeutoidae D N B

Yponomeuta padellus Lepidoptera: Yponomeutoidae D N B

Tomicus piniperda Coleoptera: Scolytidae D N/P C

Diseases

Armillaria mellea Basidiomycota: Marasmiaceae D P C

Biscogniauxia mediterranea Ascomycota: Xylariaceae D N B var. mediterranea

Cenangium ferruginosum Ascomycota: Helotiaceae D P C

Fomes fomentarius Basidiomycota: Polyporaceae D N B

Pest species Order/phylum: family Cyprus Kyrgyzstan

Fomitopsis pinicola Basidiomycota: Fomitopsidaceae D P C

Ganoderma applanatum Basidiomycota: Ganodermataceae D N B

Gymnosporangium spp. Basidiomycota: Pucciniaceae D N C

Heterobasidion annosum Basidiomycota: Bondarzewiaceae D P C

Inonotus hispidus Basidiomycota: Hymenochaetaceae D N/P B

Laetiporus sulphureus Basidiomycota: Polyporaceae D N/P B

Phellinus chrysoloma Basidiomycota: Hymenochaetaceae D P C

Pyrofomes demidoffii Basidiomycota: Polyporaceae D N C

Other pests

Aceria erinoea Acarina: Eriophyoidae D N B

Aceria sp. Acarina: Eriophyidae D P B

Aceria tristriatus Acarina: Eriophyoidae D N B

Arceuthobium oxycedri Santalales: Viscaceae D N C

Eriophyes dispar Acarina: Eriophyidae D P B

Eriophyes mali Acarina: Eriophyoidae D N B

Eriophyes parapopuli Acarina: Eriophyidae D P B

Eriophyes phloeocoptes Acarina: Eriophyoidae D N B

Eriophyes pyri Acarina: Eriophyoidae D N B

Eriophyes tarbinskii Acarina: Eriophyoidae D N B

Phyllocoptes aegerenus Acarina: Eriophyidae D P B

Trisetacus kirghisorum Acarina: Eriophyoidae D N C

T= Introduced pest P= Planted forest B= Broadleaf trees D= Indigenous pest N= Naturally regenerated forest C= Coniferous trees

Annex 2: Pest species mentioned in Part III 215

Annex 2 Pest species mentioned in Part III

Pest species Order/phylum: family

Insects

Acanthococcus danzigae Miller & Gimpel Hemiptera: Eriococcidae

Achaea lienardi Boisduval Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

Acherontia lachesis (Fabricius) Lepidoptera: Sphingidae

Acrobasis demotella Grote Lepidoptera: Pyralidae

Acromyrmex spp. Hymenoptera: Formicidae

Adelges piceae (Ratzeberg) Hemiptera: Adelgidae

Agriolima agrestis Coleoptera: Elateridae

Agrotis segetum Denis & Schiffermuller Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

Alcidodes ludificator (=gmelinae) Coleoptera: Curculionidae

Anoplognathus sp. Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae

Apate monachus Fabricius Coleoptera: Bostrichidae

Apophylia nigricollis Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae

Arion spp. Coleoptera: Elateridae

Artipus floridanus Horn Coleoptera: Curculionidae

Atta insularis Guérin-Ménéville Hymenoptera: Formicidae

Atta spp. Hymenoptera: Formicidae

Attacus spp. Lepidoptera: Saturniidae

Calopepla leayana (Latreille) Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae

Camporatus sp. Hymenoptera: Formicidae

Cardiaspina sp. Hemiptera: Psyllidae

Catopyla dysorphnaea Bradly Lepidoptera: Pyralidae

Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

Chrysodeixis chalcites (Esper) Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

Chrysomela populi Linnaeus Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae

Chrysophtharta spp. Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae

Chrysoteuchia topiaria (Zeller) Lepidoptera: Pyralidae

Clastoptera undulata (Uhl.) Hemiptera: Cercopidae

Cledus obesus Hustache Coleoptera: Curculionidae

Clostera spp. Lepidoptera: Notodontidae

Colaspis favosa Say Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae

Conotrachelus retentus (Say) Coleoptera: Curculionidae 216 Global review of forest pests and diseases

Pest species Order/phylum: family

Contarinia fagi (Hartig) Diptera: Cecidomyiidae

Contarinia oregonensis Foote Diptera: Cecidomyiidae

Contarinia washingtonensis Johnson Diptera: Cecidomyiidae

Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae

Coptotermes formosanus (Shiraki) Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae

Coptotermes sp. Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae

Cossula spp. Lepidoptera: Cossidae

Cossus cadambae Moore Lepidoptera: Cossidae

Cossus cossus Linnaeus Lepidoptera: Cossidae

Crossotarsus externedentatus Fairmaire Coleoptera: Platypodidae

Cryptococcus fagisuga Lindinger Hemiptera: Eriococcidae

Cryptorhynchus lapathi Linnaeus Coleoptera: Curculionidae

Cydia fagiglandana (Zeller) Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

Dasychira pudibunda (Linnaeus) Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae

Dasyneura fagicola Barnes Diptera: Cecidomyiidae

Datana integerrima Grote & Robinson Lepidoptera: Notodontidae

Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann Coleoptera: Scolytidae

Dendroctonus mexicanus Hopkins Coleoptera: Scolytidae

Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins Coleoptera: Scolytidae

Dihammus cervinus (Hope) Coleoptera: Cerambycidae

Dioryctria abietivorella Grote Lepidoptera: Pyralidae

Dryocoetes confuses Swaine Coleoptera: Scolytidae

Duomitus ceramicus Walker Lepidoptera: Cossidae

Earomyia spp. Diptera: Lonchaeidae

Elatobium abietinum (Walker) Hemiptera: Aphididae

Endoxyla spp. Lepidoptera: Cossidae

Ennomos quercinaria (Hufnagel) Lepidoptera: Geometridae

Epithora dorsalis McL. Coleoptera: Cerambycidae

Eriococcus coriaceus Maskell Hemiptera: Eriococcidae

Eumeta variegata (Snellen) Lepidoptera: Psychidae

Eurymela sp. Hemiptera: Eurymelinae

Eurymeloides sp. Hemiptera: Eurymelinae

Exophthalmus spp. Coleoptera: Curculionidae

Gilletteella cooleyi Gillette Hemiptera: Adelgidae

Gonipterus gibberus Boisduval Coleoptera: Curculionidae

Gonipterus scutellatus Gyllenhal, 1833 Coleoptera: Curculionidae

Gonipterus spp. Coleoptera: Curculionidae

Gypsonoma aceriana Duponchel Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

Gyroptera robertsi Bradley Lepidoptera: Pyralidae Annex 2: Pest species mentioned in Part III 217

Pest species Order/phylum: family

Halymorpha picus (Fabricius) Hemiptera: Pentatomidae

Holotrichia spp. Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae

Hyblaea puera (Cramer) Lepidoptera: Hyblaeidae

Hylecoetus dermestoides Linnaues Coleoptera: Lymexylidae

Hyphantria cunea Drury Lepidoptera: Arctiidae

Hypsipyla grandella (Zeller) Lepidoptera: Pyralidae

Hypsipyla robusta (Moore) Lepidoptera: Pyralidae

Icerya purchasi Maskell Hemiptera: Margarodidae

Imbrasia cytherea Fabricius Lepidoptera: Saturniidae

Ips grandicollis Eichhoff Coleoptera: Scolytidae

Leucoma salicis Linnaeus Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae

Leucoptera sinuella (Ruetti) Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae

Lyctus spp. Coleoptera: Lyctidae

Lymantria dispar Linnaeus Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae

Megastigmus spermotrophus Wachtl Hymenoptera: Torymidae

Mnesampela privata (Guenée) Lepidoptera: Geometridae

Oncideres cingulata (Say) Coleoptera: Cerambycidae

Operophtera brumata Linnaeus Lepidoptera: Geometridae

Operophtera fagata (Scharfenberg) Lepidoptera: Geometridae

Orgyia pseudotsugata McDunnough Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae

Otiorhynchus ovatus (Linnaeus) Coleoptera: Curculionidae

Oxyops spp. Coleoptera: Curculionidae

Ozola minor (Moore) Lepidoptera: Geometridae

Paliga damastesalis Walker Lepidoptera: Pyralidae

Paliga machoeralis (Walker) Lepidoptera: Pyralidae

Paranthrene dollii (Neumogen) Lepidoptera: Sesiidae

Paranthrene tabaniformis Rottemburg Lepidoptera: Sesiidae

Paropsis spp. Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae

Phassus excrescens (Butler) Lepidoptera: Hepialidae

Phloeomyzus passerinii (Signoret) Hemiptera: Aphididae

Phoracantha acanthocera (Macleay) Coleoptera: Cerambycidae

Phoracantha semipunctata (Fabricius) Coleoptera: Cerambycidae

Phoracantha spp. Coleoptera: Cerambycidae

Phylacteophaga froggatti Riek Hymenoptera: Pergidae

Pineus pini Gmelin Hemiptera: Adelgidae

Pissodes spp. Coleoptera: Curculionidae

Pissodes strobi (Peck) Coleoptera: Curculionidae

Platypus gerstaeckeri Chapuis Coleoptera: Platypodidae

Platypus spp. Coleoptera: Platypodidae 218 Global review of forest pests and diseases

Pest species Order/phylum: family

Pseudophacopteron zimmerani Hemiptera: Psyllidae

Rhyacionia buoliana Denis & Schiffermüller Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

Rhyacionia spp. Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

Rhynchaenus fagi (Linnaeus) Coleoptera: Curculionidae

Sahyadrassus malabaricus (Moore) Lepidoptera: Hepialidae

Saperda carcharias Linnaeus Coleoptera: Cerambycidae

Scolytus spp. Coleoptera: Scolytidae

Scolytus ventralis Leconte Coleoptera: Scolytidae

Sinoxylon anale Lesne Coleoptera: Bostrichidae

Sinoxylon sp. Coleoptera: Bostrichidae

Sirex noctilio Fabricius Hymenoptera: Siricidae

Thaumetopoea pityocampa Denis & Schiffermüller Lepidoptera: Thaumetopoeidae

Tingis beesoni (Drake) Hemiptera: Tingidae

Udinia faraquarsoni (Newest) Hemiptera: Diaspididae

Umbonia crassicornis (Amyot & Serville) Hemiptera: Membracidae

Xyleborus crassiusculus (Motschulsky) Coleoptera: Scolytidae

Xyleborus perforans (Wollatson) Coleoptera: Scolytidae

Xyleborus semiopacus (Motschulsky) Coleoptera: Scolytidae

Xyleborus sharpi Blandford Coleoptera: Scolytidae

Xyleborus sp. Coleoptera: Scolytidae

Xyleutes ceramicus Walker Lepidoptera: Cossidae

Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff) Coleoptera: Scolytidae

Xylosandrus germanus (Blandford) Coleoptera: Scolytidae

Xyloterus domesticus (Linnaeus) Coleoptera: Scolytidae

Xystocera sp. Coleoptera: Cerambycidae

Zeuzera coffeae Nietner Lepidoptera: Cossidae

Zonocerus variegatus (Linnaeus) Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae

Diseases

Agrobacterium tumefaciens Smith & Townsend Rhizobiales: Rhizobiaceae

Armillaria mellea (Vahl) P. Kumm Basidiomycota: Marasmiaceae

Armillaria spp. Basidiomycota: Marasmiaceae

Endoraecium digitatum (G. Winter) M. Scholler & Aime Basidiomycota: Pileolariaceae

Botryosphaeria ribis Grossenb. & Duggar Ascomycota: Botryosphaeriaceae

Ceratocystis fimbriata Ellis & Halsted Ascomycota: Ceratocystidaceae

Chaetophoma sp. Ascomycota: Incertae sedis

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. Ascomycota: Glomerellaceae

Coriolopsis sanguinaria (Klotzsch) Teng Basidiomycota: Polyporaceae

Corticium rolfsii Curzi Basidiomycota: Corticiaceae

Corticium salmonicolor Berk. & Broome Basidiomycota: Corticiaceae Annex 2: Pest species mentioned in Part III 219

Pest species Order/phylum: family

Cryptodiaporthe populea (Sacc.) Butin ex Butin 1958 Ascomycota: Valsaceae

Cylindrocladium ovatum sp. novus Ascomycota: Nectriaceae

Cylindrocladium quinqueseptatum Figueiredo & Namekata Ascomycota: Nectriaceae

Cylindrocladium scoparium Morgan Ascomycota: Nectriaceae

Cylindrocladium spp. Ascomycota: Nectriaceae

Echinodontium tinctorium Ellis & Everh. Basidiomycota: Echinodontiaceae

Endocronartium harknessii Moore Basidiomycota: Cronartiaceae

Fomes fomentarius (L.) Kickx Basidiomycota: Polyporaceae

Fomes sp. Basidiomycota: Polyporaceae

Fomitopsis cajanderi (P. Karst.) Kotl. & Pouzar Basidiomycota: Fomitopsidaceae

Fomitopsis officinalis (Vill.) Bondartsev & Singer Basidiomycota: Fomitopsidaceae

Fomitopsis pinicola (Sw.) P. Karst. Basidiomycota: Fomitopsidaceae

Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc. Ascomycota: Nectriaceae

Fusarium spp. Ascomycota: Nectriaceae

Ganoderma sp. Basidiomycota: Ganodermataceae

Gibberella circinata Nirenberg & O’Donnell Ascomycota: Nectriaceae

Gibberella fujikuroi (Sawada) Wollenw. Ascomycota: Nectriaceae

Gnomonia leptostyla (Fr.) Ces. & de Not. Ascomycota: Valsaceae

Gnomonia sp. Ascomycota: Valsaceae

Harknessia hawaiiensis F. Stevens & E. Young Ascomycota: Incertae sedis

Apoharknessia insueta (B. Sutton) Crous & S.J. Lee Ascomycota: Incertae sedis

Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. Basidiomycota: Bondarzewiaceae

Phellinus weirii (Murrill) Gilb. Basidiomycota: Hymenochaetaceae

Maravalia achroa (Syd.) Arthur & Cummins Basidiomycota: Chaconiaceae

Maravalia pterocarpi (Thirum.) Thirum. Basidiomycota: Chaconiaceae

Drepanopeziza populorum (Desm.) Höhn. Ascomycota: Dermateaceae

Melampsora laricis-populina Kleb. Basidiomycota: Melampsoraceae

Meliola sp. Ascomycota: Meliolaceae

Mycosphaerella pini Rostrup Ascomycota: Mycosphaerellaceae

Davidiella populorum (G.E. Thomps.) Aptroot Ascomycota: Mycosphaerellaceae

Mycosphaerella sp. Ascomycota: Mycosphaerellaceae

Naemacyclus minor Butin Ascomycota: Incertae sedis

Nectria coccinea (Pers.) Fr. Ascomycota: Nectriaceae

Neonectria galligena (Bres.) Rossman & Samuels Ascomycota: Nectriaceae

Olivea spp. Basidiomycota: Chaconiaceae

Olivea tectonae (T.S. Ramakr. & K. Ramakr.) Thirum. Basidiomycota: Chaconiaceae

Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii (T. Rohde) Petr. Ascomycota: Incertae sedis

Phaeolus schweinitzii (Fr.) Pat. Basidiomycota: Fomitopsidaceae

Phellinus gilvus (Schwein.) Pat. Basidiomycota: Hymenochaetaceae 220 Global review of forest pests and diseases

Pest species Order/phylum: family

Phellinus noxius (Corner) G. Cunn Basidiomycota: Hymenochaetaceae

Porodaedalea pini (Brot.) Murrill Basidiomycota: Hymenochaetaceae

Phellinus spp. Basidiomycota: Hymenochaetaceae

Pleurostomophora richardsiae (Nannf.) L. Mostert, W. Gams & Crous Ascomycota: Pleurostomataceae

Phomopsis casuarinae (Tassi) Died. Ascomycota: Diaporthaceae

Phomopsis spp. Ascomycota: Diaporthaceae

Phomopsis tectonae D.P. Tiwari, R.C. Rajak & Nikhra Ascomycota: Diaporthaceae

Phyllactinia guttata (Wallr.) Lév. Ascomycota: Erysiphaceae

Pythium debaryanum R. Hesse Oomycota: Pythiaceae

Pythium ultimum Trow Oomycota: Pythiaceae

Phytophthora cactorum (Lebert & Cohn) J. Schröt. Oomycota: Pythiaceae

Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands Oomycota: Pythiaceae

Phytophthora spp. Oomycota: Pythiaceae

Polyporus spp. Basidiomycota: Polyporaceae

Poria sp. Basidiomycota: Polyporaceae

Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith 1896) Yabuuchi et al. Burkholderiales: Ralstoniaceae

Pseudomonas spp. Pseudomonadales: Pseudomonadaceae

Pseudomonas tectonae Roldan & Andres Pseudomonadales: Pseudomonadaceae

Pythium spp. Oomycota: Pythiaceae

Readeriella mirabilis Syd. & P. Syd. Ascomycota: Teratosphaeriaceae

Rhabdocline pseudotsugae Sydow Ascomycota: Hemiphacidiaceae

Rhizina undulata Fr. Ascomycota: Rhizinaceae

Thanatephorus cucumeris (A.B. Frank) Donk Basidiomycota: Ceratobasidiaceae

Rhizoctonia spp. Basidiomycota: Ceratobasidiaceae

Athelia rolfsii (Curzi) C.C. Tu & Kimbr. Basidiomycota: Typhulaceae

Sphaceloma tsugii Hara Ascomycota: Elsinoaceae

Sphaeropsis camarosporium Ascomycota: Incertae sedis

Sphaeropsis sapinea (Fr.) Dyko & B.Sutton Ascomycota: Incertae sedis

Subramanianospora vesiculosa (Butler) Narayanan, Sharma & Minter Ascomycota: Incertae sedis

Thanatephorus cucumeris (Frank) Donk Basidiomycota: Ceratobasidiaceae

Uredo sissoo Syd., Syd. & Butler Basidiomycota: Incertae sedis

Uredo tesoensis Wakef. Basidiomycota: Incertae sedis

Venturia populina (Vuill.) Fabricius Ascomycota: Venturiaceae

Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis (Pierce) Vauterin, Hoste, Kersters & Swings Xanthomonadales: Xanthomonadaceae

Other pests

Arceuthobium douglasii Engelmann Santalales: Viscaceae

Dendrophthoe falcata (Lf) Ettingsh. Santalales: Loranthaceae

Meloidogyne marioni (Cornu) Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae Annex 3: FAO forest health publications 221

Annex 3 FAO forest health publications

FOREST HEALTH AND BIOSECURITY WORKING PAPERS Cock, M.J.W. 2003. Biosecurity and forests: an introduction with particular emphasis on forest pests. FBS/2E. Haysom, K.A. & Murphy, S.T. 2003. The status of invasiveness of forest tree species outside their natural habitat: a global review and discussion paper. FBS/3E. Hong Yang, P. 2005. Review of the Asian longhorned beetle research, biology, distribution and management in China. FBS/6E. Kueffer, C. & Lavergne, C. 2004. Case studies on the status of invasive woody plant species in the Western Indian Ocean: 4. Réunion. FBS/4-4E. Kueffer, C. & Mauremootoo, J. 2004. Case studies on the status of invasive woody plant species in the Western Indian Ocean: 3. Mauritius (Islands of Mauritius and Rodrigues). FBS/4-3E. Kueffer, C. & Vos, P. 2004. Case studies on the status of invasive woody plant species in the Western Indian Ocean: 5. Seychelles. FBS/4-5E. Kueffer, C., Vos, P., Lavergne, C. & Mauremootoo, J. 2004. Case studies on the status of invasive woody plant species in the Western Indian Ocean: 1. Synthesis. FBS/4-1E. Moore, B.A. 2005. Alien invasive species: impacts on forests and forestry. A review. FBS/8E. Moore, B. & Allard, G. 2008. Climate change impacts on forest health. FBS/34E. Nyoka, B.I. 2003. Biosecurity in forestry: a case study on the status of invasive forest trees species in Southern Africa. FBS/1E. Vos, P. 2004. Case studies on the status of invasive woody plant species in the Western Indian Ocean: 2. The Comoros Archipelago (Union of the Comoros and Mayotte). FBS/4-2E. Weilun, Y. & Wen, L. 2005. Review of tree selection and afforestation for control of Asian longhorned beetle in North China. FBS/7E.

FAO/IPGRI TECHNICAL GUIDELINES FOR THE SAFE MOVEMENT OF GERMPLASM Ciesla, W.M., Diekmann, M. & Putter, C.A.J. (eds). 1996. Eucalyptus spp. No. 17. Old, K.M., Vercoe, T.K., Floyd, R.B., Wingfield, M.J., Roux, J. & Neser, S. (eds). 2002. Acacia spp. No. 20. Diekmann, M., Sutherland, J.R., Nowell, D.C., Morales, F.J. & Allard, G. (eds). 2002.. Pinus spp. No. 21.

OTHER PUBLICATIONS Ciesla, W.M. 1994. Forest health considerations. FAO, Rome (Italy). Forest Resources Division. FAO. 1993. Decline and mortality in Acacia niloticain riverine forests of the Blue Nile. By Ciesla, W.M., FAO, Rome (Italy), Forestry Department. FAO. 1993. Recent introductions of forest insects and their effects: a global overview. By Ciesla, W.M. In: FAO Plant Protection Bulletin: 41(1): 3–13. FAO. 1994. Assessment of forest diseases in Kenya with specific emphasis on cedar decline. By Anderson, R.L., FAO, Rome (Italy). Forestry Department, Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, Nairobi (Kenya). FAO. 1994. Decline and dieback of trees and forests: a global overview. By Ciesla, W.M. & Donaubauer, E. FAO Forestry Paper 120, FAO, Rome Italy. FAO. 1994. Ensuring sustainability of forests through protection from fire, insects and disease. By Ciesla, W.M. In: Readings in sustainable forest management. FAO Forestry Paper 122, FAO, Rome, Italy, pp. 131–149. FAO. 1994. Leucaena psyllid in the Asia-Pacific region: implications for its management in Africa. RAPA publication: 1994/13, RAPA/FAO, Bangkok. 222 Global review of forest pests and diseases

FAO. 1995. Forest pathology laboratory manual. By Anderson, R.L., FAO, Rome (Italy). Forestry Department. FAO. 1995. A guide to the identification of diseases and pests of neem (Azadirachta indica). By E. R. Boa, RAP publication: 1995/41, RAPA, FAO, Bangkok. FAO. 2001. Protecting plantations from pests and diseases. Based on the work of W. M. Ciesla. D.J. Mead (ed). Forest Plantations Thematic Papers, Working Paper FP/10, Rome, FAO (unpublished). FAO. 2003. An illustrated guide to the state of health of trees. Recognition and interpretation of symptoms and damage. By E. Boa. FAO, Rome. FAO. 2004. Contribution of forest insects to food security. The example of caterpillars in Central Africa. In French & English. FAO, Rome. FAO. 2007. Damaging poplar insects – Internationally important species. By de Tillesse, V., Nef, L., Charles, J., Hopkin, A. & Augustin, S. FAO, Rome. (unpublished).

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