Annex 1: Pest species distribution in the selected countries, by region 193 Annex 1 Pest species distribution in the selected countries, by region AFRICA Order/phylum: South Pest species Ghana Kenya Malawi Mauritius Morocco Sudan family Africa Insects Amyna punctum Lepidoptera: DNC Noctuidae Anacridum Orthoptera: DNB melanorhodon Acrididae Analeptes trifasciata Coleoptera: DNB Cerambycidae Anaphe panda Lepidoptera: DNB Thaumetopoeidae Anaphe venata Lepidoptera: DNB Notodontidae Ancistrotermes Isoptera: DNB latinotus Termitidae Apate indistincta Coleoptera: DPB Bostrichidae Apate monachus Coleoptera: DPB DPB Bostrichidae Apate terebrans Coleoptera: DPB Bostrichidae Bruchidius uberatus Coleoptera: DPB Bruchidae Buzura abruptaria Lepidoptera: DNC Geometridae Caryedon serratus Coleoptera: DPB Bruchidae Chrysobothris Coleoptera: TPB dorsata Buprestidae Cinara cronartii Hemiptera: TPC Aphididae Cinara cupressivora Hemiptera: TPC TPC TPC Aphididae Cinara pinivora Hemiptera: TPC Aphididae Cisseis rufobasalis Coleoptera: DNB Buprestidae Coryphodema tristis Lepidoptera: DPB Cossidae T= Introduced pest P= Planted forest B= Broadleaf trees D= Indigenous pest N= Naturally regenerated forest C= Coniferous trees 194 Global review of forest pests and diseases Order/phylum: South Pest species Ghana Kenya Malawi Mauritius Morocco Sudan family Africa Cubitermes spp. Isoptera: DNB Termitidae Diclidophlebia Hemiptera: DPB eastopi Psyllidae Distantiella Hemiptera: DPB theobroma Miridae Dysmicoccus brevipes Hemiptera: DPB Pseudococcidae Ellimenistes laesicollis Coleoptera: DPB Curculionidae Epicerura Lepidoptera: DPB pulverulenta Notodontidae Eulachnus rileyi Hemiptera: TPC TPC Aphididae Euproctis terminalis Lepidoptera: DPC Lymantriidae Gonipterus Coleoptera: TPB TPB TPB scutellatus Curculionidae Gonometa podocarpi Lepidoptera: DNC Lasiocampidae Helopeltis lalandei Hemiptera: DPB Miridae Heteropsylla cubana Hemiptera: TPB TPB TPB TPB Psyllidae Hodotermes Isoptera: DNB mossambicus Hodotermitidae Hylastes angustatus Coleoptera: TPC Curculionidae Hylurgus ligniperda Coleoptera: TPC Scolytidae Hypsipyla grandella Lepidoptera: TPB Pyralidae Hypsipyla robusta Lepidoptera: TPB TPB Pyralidae Imbrasia cytherea Lepidoptera: DPC Saturnidae Kotochalia junodi Lepidoptera: DPB Psychidae Lamprosema Lepidoptera: DNB lateritialis Pyralidae Leptocybe invasa Hymenoptera: TPB TPB TPB Eulophidae Lygidolon laevigatum Hemiptera: DPB Miridae Lymantria dispar Lepidoptera: DNB Lymantriidae Macrotermes falciger Isoptera: DNB Termitidae Mesoplatys cincta Coleoptera: DPB Chrysomelidae T= Introduced pest P= Planted forest B= Broadleaf trees D= Indigenous pest N= Naturally regenerated forest C= Coniferous trees Annex 1: Pest species distribution in the selected countries, by region 195 Order/phylum: South Pest species Ghana Kenya Malawi Mauritius Morocco Sudan family Africa Microtermes spp. Isoptera: DNB Termitidae Nezara robusta Hemiptera: DNB Pentatomidae Odontotermes Isoptera: DNB spiniger Termitidae Oemida gahani Coleoptera: DNC Cerambycidae Orthotomicus erosus Coleoptera: DPC Scolytidae Pachypasa capensis Lepidoptera: D P B/C Lasiocampidae Phoracantha recurva Coleoptera: TPB TPB TPB Cerambycidae Phoracantha Coleoptera: TPB TPB TPB semipunctata Cerambycidae Phytolyma fusca Hemiptera: DPB Psyllidae Phytolyma lata Hemiptera: DPB Psyllidae Pineus pini Hemiptera: TPC TPC TPC Adelgidae Pissodes nemorensis Coleoptera: TPC Curculionidae Plagotriptus Orthoptera: DNC pinivorus Eumasticidae Pseudocanthotermes Isoptera: DNB militaris Termitidae Sahlbergella Hemiptera: DPB singularis Miridae Salagena discata Lepidoptera: DNB Cossidae Scolytus kirschii Coleoptera: TPB Scolytidae Sirex noctilio Hymenoptera: TPC Siricidae Sphenoptera Coleoptera: D N/P B chalcichroa arenosa Buprestidae Sphenoptera fulgens Coleoptera: D N/P B Buprestidae Strepsicrates rhothia Lepidoptera: DPB Tortricidae Thaumastocoris Hemiptera: TPB peregrinus Thaumastocoridae Thaumetopoea Lepidoptera: DNC bonjeani Notodontidae Thaumetopoea Lepidoptera: DNC libanotica Thaumetopoeidae Thaumetopoea Lepidoptera: DPC pityocampa Notodontidae T= Introduced pest P= Planted forest B= Broadleaf trees D= Indigenous pest N= Naturally regenerated forest C= Coniferous trees 196 Global review of forest pests and diseases Order/phylum: South Pest species Ghana Kenya Malawi Mauritius Morocco Sudan family Africa Trachyostus Coleoptera: DNB ghanaensis Platypodidae Tridesmodes Lepidoptera: DPB ramiculata Thyrididae Xasinthisa tarsispina Lepidoptera: DNC Geometridae Zonocerus elegans Orthoptera: D N B/C Pyrgomorphidae Diseases Armillaria fuscipes Basidiomycota: D N/P Marasmiaceae B/C Armillaria heimii Basidiomycota: TP Marasmiaceae B/C Armillaria mellea Basidiomycota: TP TN TPB Marasmiaceae B/C B/C Armillaria spp. Basidiomycota: DNB DPC Marasmiaceae Botryosphaeria Ascomycota: TPB dothidea Botryosphaeriaceae Botryosphaeria Ascomycota: TPB eucalypticola Botryosphaeriaceae Botryosphaeria Ascomycota: TPB eucalyptorum Botryosphaeriaceae Botryosphaeria spp. Ascomycota: TN TPB Incertae sedis B/C Botrytis cinerea Ascomycota: TNC Sclerotiniaceae Ceratocystis Ascomycota: T N/P B albofundus Ceratocystidaceae Ceratocystis spp. Ascomycota: TPB Ceratocystidaceae Chrysoporthe Ascomycota: D N/P B austroafricana Incertae sedis Fusarium spp. Ascomycetes: TN Nectriaceae B/C Gibberella circinata Ascomycota: TPC Nectriaceae Holocryphia eucalypti Ascomycota: TPB Valsaceae Lepteutypa cupressi Ascomycota: DPC DPC Amphisphaeriaceae Mycosphaerella pini Ascomycota: TPC TPC Mycosphaerellaceae Nattrassia Ascomycota: TPB mangiferae Incertae sedis Nectria rigidiuscula Ascomycota: TPB Nectriaceae Phanerochaete Basidiomycota: T N/P B salmonicolor Phanerochaetaceae T= Introduced pest P= Planted forest B= Broadleaf trees D= Indigenous pest N= Naturally regenerated forest C= Coniferous trees Annex 1: Pest species distribution in the selected countries, by region 197 Order/phylum: South Pest species Ghana Kenya Malawi Mauritius Morocco Sudan family Africa Phytophthora Oomycota: T N/P B cinnamomi Pythiaceae Phytophthora Oomycota: TPB nicotianae Pythiaceae Rhizina undulata Ascomycota: TPC Rhizinaceae Sphaeropsis sapinea Ascomycota: TPC TPC Incertae sedis Subramanianospora Ascomycota: TPB vesiculosa Incertae sedis Xanthomonas Xanthomonadales: axonopodis p.v. Xanthomonadaceae DNB khayae Other pests Macaca sylvana Primates: D N/P C Cercopithecidae T= Introduced pest P= Planted forest B= Broadleaf trees D= Indigenous pest N= Naturally regenerated forest C= Coniferous trees 198 Global review of forest pests and diseases ASIA AND THE PACIFIC Order/phylum: Pest species China India Indonesia Mongolia Thailand family Insects Acalolepta cervina Coleoptera: DPB Cerambycidae Achaea janata Lepidoptera: DNB Noctuidae Achaea serva Lepidoptera: DNB Noctuidae Agrilus kalshoveni Coleoptera: DNB Buprestidae Alcidodes frenatus Coleoptera: DPB Curculionidae Alcidodes ludificator Coleoptera: DPB Curculionidae Anoplophora glabripennis Coleoptera: DPB Cerambycidae Apoderus notatus Coleoptera: DPB Curculionidae Apriona cinerea Coleoptera: DPB Cerambycidae Archips micaceana Lepidoptera: DPB Tortricidae Aristobia approximator Coleoptera: DPB Cerambycidae Aristobia horridula Coleoptera: DPB Cerambycidae Asphondylia tectonae Diptera: DNB Cecidomyiidae Aulacaspis marina Hemiptera: DPB Diaspidae Batocera rubus Coleoptera: DPB Cerambycidae Brontispa longissima Coleoptera: TPB DPB TPB Chrysomelidae Calliteara cerigoides Lepidoptera: DPB Lymantriidae Calopepla leayana Coleoptera: DPB DPB Chrysomelidae Catopsilia crocale crocale Lepidoptera: DPB Pieridae Catopsilia pomona pomona Lepidoptera: DPB Pieridae Catopsilia pyranthe pyranthe Lepidoptera: DPB Pieridae Celosterna pollinosa sulphurea Coleoptera: DPB Cerambycidae Chrysomela populi Coleoptera: DPB Chrysomelidae T= Introduced pest P= Planted forest B= Broadleaf trees D= Indigenous pest N= Naturally regenerated forest C= Coniferous trees Annex 1: Pest species distribution in the selected countries, by region 199 Order/phylum: Pest species China India Indonesia Mongolia Thailand family Clostera cupreata Lepidoptera: DPB Notodontidae Clostera fulgurita Lepidoptera: DPB Notodontidae Conogethes punctiferalis Lepidoptera: DPB Pyralidae Coptotermes curvignathus Isoptera: D P B/C D P B/C Rhinotermitidae Coptotermes gestroi Isoptera: DPB Rhinotermitidae Craspedonta mouhoti Coleoptera: DPB Chrysomelidae Cryptothelia cramerii Lepidoptera: DNC Psychidae Curculio davidi Coleoptera: DPB Curculionidae Cydia splendana Lepidoptera: DPB Tortricidae Cyrtotrachelus dichrous Coleoptera: DPB Curculionidae Cyrtotrachelus longimanus Coleoptera: DPB Curculionidae Dasychira mendosa Lepidoptera: DPB Lymantriidae Dendroctonus valens Coleoptera: TPC Scolytidae Dendrolimus punctatus Lepidoptera: DPC Lasiocampidae Dendrolimus sibiricus Lepidoptera: DNC DN/PC Lasiocampidae Dendrolimus tabulaeformis Lepidoptera: DNC Lasiocampidae Dichocrocis punctiferalis Lepidoptera: DPB Pyralidae Dioryctria rubella Lepidoptera: DPC Pyralidae Ectropis deodarae Lepidoptera: DNC Geometridae Erannis jacobsoni Lepidoptera: D N/P C Geometridae Eucosma hypsidryas Lepidoptera: DNC Tortricidae Eumeta variegata Lepidoptera: D N B/C Psychidae Eurema blanda Lepidoptera: DPB Pieridae Eutectona machaeralis Lepidoptera: D N/P B D N/P B Pyralidae Euwallacea destruens Coleoptera: DPB Scolytidae T= Introduced pest P= Planted forest B= Broadleaf trees D= Indigenous pest N= Naturally regenerated forest C= Coniferous trees 200 Global review of forest pests and diseases Order/phylum: Pest species China India Indonesia Mongolia