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Contribution Des Insectes De La Forêt Á La Sécurité

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Contribution Des Insectes De La Forêt Á La Sécurité Produits forestiers non ligneux Document de TravailTravail N° 11 DEPARTEMENT DES FORETS CONTRIBUTION DESDES INSECTESINSECTES DE LA FORÉTFORET ÀA LA LA SÉCURITÉSECURITE ALIMENTAIRE L'EXEMPLE DESDES CHENILLES D'AFRIQUE CENTRALE 2004 PROGRAMME DESDES PRODUITS FORESTIERS NON LIGNEUX CONTRIBUTION DES INSECTES DE LALA FoRETFORÉT ... ~ ~ ÀA LA SECURITESÉCURITÉ ALIMENTAIRE L'EXEMPLE DESDES CHENILLESCHENILLES D'AFRIQUED' AFRIQUE CENTRALE Par Michel Philippe Balinga Paul Monzambe Mapunzu Jean-Baptiste MoussaMoussa Georges N'gasse 2004 Ce document est leIe premier numéronumero d'une sérieserie de documents de travail sur les produits forestiers non ligneux produits par leIe Programme des produits forestiers non ligneux. L'objectif de ces documents de travailtravail estest dede foumirfournir desdes informationsinformations sur lesles activitésactivites et programmes en cours ainsi que de stimuler les debatsdébats sur ces thematiques. Les appellations employéesemployees dans cette publication et la presentationprésentation des donnéesdonnees qui y figurent n'impliquent de la part de l'Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'alimentationI'alimentation et l'agricultureI'agriculture aucune prise de position quantQuant au statut juridique ou au stade de developpementdéveloppement des pays, territoires, villes ou zones ou dede leursleurs autorités,autorites, ni quantQuant au tracétrace de leurs frontièresfrontieres ou limites. Pour recevoir des copies de ce document, veuillez contacter: Paul Vantomme Non-wood News Forestry Officer (NWFP) Forest Products and EconomicEconomic DivisionDivision Forest Products and EconomicsEconomics DivisionDivision Forestry Department Forestry Department FAO FAOFAD Viale delle Terme di Caracalla Viale delle Terme di Caracalla Roma, 00100, Italy Roma, 00100, Italy E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]@fao.org Ce document (presente(présenté avec les photos en couleur) est disponible sur leIe sitesite Web du Programme desdes produits produits forestiers forestiers non non ligneux: ligneux: www.fao.orWforestrvisite/6367/en www.fao.org/forestrY/site/6367/en Tous les commentaires ou remarques sont les bienvenus. AVANT-PROPOSAVANT -PROPOS La reconnaissancereconnaissance du rôlerole desdes produitsproduits forestiersfore stiers nonnon ligneuxligneux (PFNL)(PFNL) dansdans lala sécuritésecurite alimentaire a fortement augmentéaugmente cesces dernièresdernieres décennies.decennies. Cependant,Cependant, lesles gestionnairesgestionnaires desdes foretsforéts n'accordent paspas encoreencore suffisammentsuffisamment d'intérétd'interet auau potentielpotentiel alimentairealimentaire desdes insectesinsectes comestibles. Pourtant, les insectes sont des mets populaires dans de nombreuses cultures et dans certains pays on leurleur accordeaccorde mêmememe une grande valeurvaleur alors qu'ils deviennentdeviennent parfoisparfois un produit de substitutionsubstitution durant lesles pénuriespenuries alimentaires,alimentaires, les sécheresses,secheresses, les inondations ou les guerres. Peu de connaissancesconnaissances ont ét6ete rassembléesrassemb16es sur les manièresmanieres d'd'optimiser optimiser Iele potentielpotentiel des insectes, lesles insectesinsectes comestiblescomestibles recoltesrécoltés enen foretsforets enen particulier,particulier, dansdans lesles récoltesrecoltes alimentaires. Pour sensibiliser sur Iele potentiel des insectesinsectes comestiblescomestibles face àa la la sécuritésecurite alimentaire des populations qui dependentdépendent de la foret,fora, leIe programmeprogramme desdes PFNLPFNL dede lala FAOF AO aa réalisérealise en 2003 une sérieserie d'étudesd'etudes pourpour documenterdocumenter leur rôlerole dans lesles moyensmoyens d'existence des populations. DneUne prioritepriorité aa eteété donnéedonnee au Bassin du Congo du fait queque cettecette régionregion possèdepossede des ressourcesres sources forestièresforestieres importantesimportantes encore encore riches riches enen faune sauvagesauvage et comportant desdes niveaux elevesélevés de consommationconsommation dede viandeviande de broussebrousse etet d'insectesd'insectes comestibles. Ce document analyse les résultatsresultats de quatrequatre étudesetudes dede cascas etet dede plusieurs plusieurs autresautres étudesetudes réaliséesrealisees sur la région.region. 11n faitfait apparaitreapparaitre les les deficitsdéficits dede lala rechercherecherche sursur cece sujet mais fait aussi desdes recommandationsrecommandations politiques pourpour les gestionnairesgestionnaires des forets,forets, lesles personnespersonnes travaillant dans lala protection des forétsforets et leIe développementdeveloppement rural, lesles nutritionnistes, afin de les aider àa intégrerintegrer lesles insectesinsectes récoltésrecoltes enen for&foret dansdans lesles stratégiesstrategies dede sécuritésecurite alimentairealimentaire etet de protection desdes forets.forets. Nous espéronsesperons que cettecette publicationpublication constitueraconstituera une référencereference utile pourpour toutestoutes lesles personnes chargéeschargees de la conservationconservation des forétsforets et desdes questionsquestions dede sécuritésecurite alimentairealimentaire enen Afrique centrale. Wulf Killmann Directeur Division des produits et de I'l'économie economie forestiers iii TABLE DES MATIÈRESMATrERES Avant-propos ....................... ............................................................... ...... iii Remerciements ......................................................................................... viii Sigles et abréviationsabreviations .................................................................................. ix futroductionIntroduction ............................................................................................. 1 1. Partie A: SynthèseSynthese des connaissances 1.1 Contribution des des insectesinsectes dede la for&foret àa la la sécurité securite alimentaire.alimentaire. L'exempleL' exemple desdes chenilles d'Afriqued' Afrique centralecentrale ...... .... .. .... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3 1.1.1 MethodologieMéthodologie .............................................................................. 3 1.1.2 Ressources naturelles de base ........................................................... 5 1.1.3 RecolteRécolte et gestion ........................................................................ 6 1.1.4 ActivitesActivités post-recoltepost-récolte ........................................................ ....... ...... 10 1.1.5 Consommation ............................................................................ 11 1.1.6 Commercialisation ........................................................... ....... ...... 14 1.1.7 Impacts sur les populations d'd'insectes insectes et les ressourcesres sources forestièresforestieres ............... 18 1.1.8 Recommandations ............. ....... ... ... .............................................. 20 1.2 Contribution ofof forest insects to foodfood security.security. TheThe exampleexample ofof caterpillarscaterpillars inin Central Africa .............................................................................................................. 21 1.2.1 MethodologyMethodology ....................................................................................................... 21 1.2.2 NaturalNatural resources base ........................................................................................ 23 1.2.3 HarvestHarvest and management .................................................................................... 23 1.2.4 Post-harvest handling ......................................................................................... 25 1.2.5 Consumption ....................................................................................................... 26 1.2.6 Commercialization ............................................................................................. 29 1.2.7 Impacts on insect populations and forest resources ............................................ 32 1.2.8 RecommendationsReconnnendations .......... ......... .............................. ...... ................ 34 1.3 ReferencesRéférences bibliographiques ........................................................................................ 35 2. Partie B: Etudes de cas 2.1 Cameroun: Les chenilles et larves comestibles dansdans la zone forestiereforestière dudu CamerounCameroun 37 2.1.1 Organisation dede I'etude..................... l'étude ............ ....................... ... 37 2.1.2 RôleROle des insectes comestibles ........................................................... 39 2.1.3 EnqueteEnquate sur Iele terrain ..................................................................... 40 2.1.4 RésultatsResultats obtenus ......................................................................... 43 2.1.5 Utilisation des chenilles ............................................................. ..... 44 2.1.6 Utilisation des larves ..................................................................... 46 2.1.7 Impacts ecologiquesécologiques et sociaux de l'exploitation des chenillesllarveschenilles/larves ............... 47 2.2 RépubliqueRepublique centrafricaine:centrafricaine: Contribution desdes chenilles/larves comestiblescomestibles aA. la réductionreduction de l'insécuritél'insecurite alimentairealimentaire en RépubliqueRepublique centrafricaine .... ...... ... ...... ..... 50 2.2.1 Intérétfuteret de l' etudeétude et methodologieméthodologie .....................................................
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