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Options for Shade Tree Diversity in Winnipeg

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Options for Shade Tree Diversity in Winnipeg 2018‐02‐15 OPTIONS FOR SHADE TREE DIVERSITY IN WINNIPEG PHILIP RONALD, PH.D. WINNIPEG: THE GREEN CITY Early 1900’s: a visionary desire to green the city American Elm monoculture Chose tough, native species (elm, ash) Trees often sourced from the riverbanks BUT we didn’t envision the worst case scenario Green Ash monoculture 1 2018‐02‐15 RESULTS OF THE PAST Two genera = 60% of all public trees Winnipeg’s urban forest is vulnerable Trees are a long- term investment Our climate limits the opportunities for tree diversity Breakdown by genus of 300,000 park and boulevard trees Source: City of Winnipeg Frank Santamour’s (1990) diversity guidelines: DIVERSITY Plant no more than 30% of a family e.g. Aceraceae GUIDELINES Plant no more than 20% of a genus e.g. Acer Plant no more than 10% of a species e.g. Acer platanoides How do we WE NEED 5 SUITABLE GENERA & 10 SUITABLE TREE SPECIES! change the status quo? From now on we must Blend diverse species into existing monocultures at every opportunity Develop master John Ball’s (2015) more stringent formula for diversity: plans for diverse tree plantings in No more than 5% of a community’s trees be in a single genus new neighborhoods MEANS WE NEED 20 SUITABLE TREE GENERA! 2 2018‐02‐15 CAN WE GET TREE GENERA FOR CITY OF WINNIPEG TO 20 GENERA? 13 SHADE TREE GENERA 6 FLOWERING TREE GENERA • Acer -maple • Crataegus -hawthorn BARELY! • Aesculus -buckeye • Malus - crabapple • Alnus -alder • Prunus -cherry There are 19 • Betula -birch • Pyrus -pear reliable • Celtis - hackberry • Sorbus - mountain ash deciduous tree • Eleagnus - olive • Syringa - tree lilac genera • Fraxinus -ash • Juglans -walnut 4 CONIFEROUS GENERA Perhaps 3-5 • Phellodendron -corktree more possible • Larix -larch • Populus -poplar • Picea -spruce • Quercus -oak Some are not • Pinus -pine • Salix - willow city-friendly or • Thuja –cedar • Tilia - linden limited to park • Ulmus -elm settings OTHER MINOR GENERA MERIT TRIAL PLANTINGS? • Carya –hickory More • Maackia – maackia “on the street” • Gleditsia -honeylocust • Ostrya - ironwood testing is • Gymnocladus -coffeetree needed MAINTENANCE CONCERNS In our quest for urban diversity, we must balance: ornamental features / utility maintenance requirements Ussurian Pear – fruit fall CONSIDERATIONS: Fruit/twig drop Poor crowns Aggressiveness Basal sprouts Suckering Seediness Weediness Invasiveness Cathedral Elm - canopy Green Ash volunteers 3 2018‐02‐15 CHALLENGES TO TREES Our trees face many abiotic challenges e.g. salt, drought BUT The greatest threats are living forces General vs specific pests #1 concern: Invasive alien species e.g. DED, EAB EAB ARRIVES IN WINNIPEG EAB found in St. Boniface in December 2017 357,000 city ash trees at risk Cost to Wpg over 10 years: $105 million $22.5m to remove $48m to replant $19.5m to protect $15m for waste Effect on natural areas could be catastrophic 4 2018‐02‐15 RESISTANCE TO EAB EAB resistance is a species level trait All North American ash species are susceptible Bioassay and garden studies show strong EAB resistance in Mancana Manchurian ash Can we introgress EAB resistance into native ash spp. Dr. Jennifer Koch, U.S. Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Delaware, OH IMPACT OF WINTER COLD Could winter be Manitoba’s wildcard? Intensity and duration of cold temperatures Effect on larval survival Minnesota study: 5% die @ -18 C 34% die @ -23 C 79% die @ -29 C 98% die @ -34 C Will not eradicate but may reduce rate of spread COLD HARDINESS OF EMERALD ASH BORER, AGRILUS PLANIPENNIS: A NEW PERSPECTIVE Robert C. Venette & Mark Abrahamson 5 2018‐02‐15 TREES COME & GO The best selling tree of one generation can disappear in the next e.g. Siberian elm Schubert cherry Swedish aspen Tower poplar Green/black ash BUT losing ash is a tough pill to swallow! We have lost most of the “easy” trees Unity sugar maple in front of dying Tower poplar - Portage la Prairie SHADE TREES 6 2018‐02‐15 Main Street TREE-LESS STREETS? Some streets don’t deserve trees Maybe the metallic tree does have a place! Choose tough species for the Portage Avenue very worst sites: Green Spires Caragana Silverado Olive CATEGORIZE STREETS Not every street is the same: ARTERIAL = High traffic e.g. Pembina Traffic levels Number of lanes Salt application Speed limit Tree lawn width COLLECTOR = Moderate traffic e.g. Ness Know what we can grow in each situation Focus planting efforts on Salt spray is a product of collector/local traffic density and speed streets LOCAL = “Sleepy” residential street 7 2018‐02‐15 4 soil factors: • existing vegetation, surface compaction, URBAN SITE probe penetration & soil development INDEX 4 street factors: • speed limit, number of lanes, existence Ohio foresters of on-street parking & length between Alan Siewert & traffic control devices Stephanie Miller A planting site is rated with a USI number: Simple tool to 1 (worst) to 20 (best) Sugar maple on USI=16 assess viability of urban planting sites Ensures trees are planted in best sites for long-term success A good planting decision can have a 100 year payback A NEW LOOK In Milwaukee, Wisconsin each FOR STREETS residential block now has up to 4 different tree types, including lindens, oaks, maples and hackberries. Shortlists of appropriate tree genera Collector streets: Elm Corktree Tree Lilac Buckeye We need to move from a Alder species monoculture to managed spatial diversity Local streets: Maple Linden Oak Mtn Ash 8 2018‐02‐15 ‘Sienna Glen’ – zone 4 ‘Regal Celebration’ – zone 2 FREEMAN MAPLE 85 entries Overused in many areas of North America BUT needed in Manitoba Hybrid vigor Well adapted to urban sites Cultivar: ‘Regal Celebration’ Castleton Court, Winnipeg Winkler, Manitoba SILVER MAPLE 3,287 entries (1.1%) Fast growing Tolerates urban conditions Moderate salt tolerance Chlorosis on alkaline soils Limb breakage Cultivar: ‘Silver Cloud’ ‘Silver Cloud’ Ottawa Avenue, Winnipeg 9 2018‐02‐15 SUGAR MAPLE 115 entries Excellent choice for diversity Long-lived, soil adaptable ‘Inferno’ Excellent form and fall colour Sensitive to salt and drought Cultivars: ‘Inferno’ ‘Sept. Flare’ Henderson Highway, Winnipeg ‘September Flare’ LORD SELKIRK SUGAR MAPLE A reliable northern seed strain Collections at the northern edge of the eastern broadleaf forest Establish maternal trees in Manitoba 10 2018‐02‐15 MANITOBA MAPLE 14,558 entries (4.8%) Tough, native species Well adapted to drought and alkaline soils Many specimens show limited longevity Cultivar: ‘Baron’ If it’s not male don’t plant it! ‘Autumn Splendor’ ‘Lavaburst’ OHIO BUCKEYE 431 entries (0.1%) Moderate salt tolerance Spring panicles Excellent form Oak Street, Winnipeg Orange-red fall colour Fruit drop may be an issue Cultivar: ‘Autumn Splendor’ 11 2018‐02‐15 MANCHURIAN ALDER 345 entries Well adapted to drought and alkaline soils ‘Prairie Horizon’ Unique buds and foliage Vernon Road, Winnipeg Sapsucker target Cultivar: ‘Prairie Horizon’ PAPER BIRCH 1,488 entries (0.5%) Native tree Salt tolerant ‘Prairie Dream’ Moisture Bayview Drive, Winnipeg sensitive Bronze birch borer in stressed planting sites Cultivar: ‘Prairie Dream’ Stress-tolerant 12 2018‐02‐15 HACKBERRY 1,213 entries (0.4%) Tolerance to alkaline soil and drought Performs well in urban sites Morden, Manitoba Salt sensitive Slow to establish Storm damage No northern cultivars Polson Ave, Winnipeg ‘Delta’ strain AMUR CORKTREE 25 entries Aromatic compound leaves Spongy bark Extremely adaptable Pest free No northern cultivars Limited nursery availability Queens Park Crescent, Winnipeg 13 2018‐02‐15 Portage la Prairie ‘Top Gun’ BUR OAK 17,125 entries (5.7%) Drought tolerant Long-lived species Transplant shock – slow to establish - need for root modification Sensitive to soil disturbance Cultivar: ‘Top Gun’ Upright Trembley Street, Winnipeg One summer’s growth - 2017 ADMIRATION HYBRID OAK Interspecific hybrid Budded on Bur oak for soil tolerance Outstanding growth rate once established Exfoliating bark Few acorns Propagators now on board Original tree in Saskatoon 14 2018‐02‐15 ‘Majestic Skies’ NORTHERN PIN OAK 21 entries Toughest of the red oak group Long-lived, drought tolerant Red fall colour Iron chlorosis; bud on Bur Oak Cultivars: ‘Shooting Star’ ‘Majestic Skies’ ‘Shooting Star’ AMERICAN LINDEN All Tilia 29,289 entries (9.6%) Excellent shade tree Large leaves, fragrant flowers ‘True North’ Golden fall colour Salt / drought sensitive Avoid poorly drained sites Cultivar: ‘True North’ Nicollet Avenue, Winnipeg 15 2018‐02‐15 LITTLE LEAF LINDEN A Manitoba luxury versus zone 2 Medium-sized shade tree ‘Golden Cascade’ Dense canopy, ‘Greenspire’ small leaves stay green longer More adapted to harsh urban sites than American Cultivars: ‘Golden Cascade’ ‘Greenspire’ Grierson Avenue, Winnipeg ‘Dropmore’ HYBRID LINDENS Additional diversity within the genus ‘Dropmore’ American x Little Leaf ‘Glenleven’ ‘Harvest Gold’ American x Little Leaf ‘Skinur’ American x Manchurian ‘Harvest Gold’ Mongolian x Little Leaf ‘Skinur’ 16 2018‐02‐15 AMERICAN ELM 57,700 entries (19.2%) Our best urban ‘Prairie Expedition’ shade tree Crown form, drought tolerance DED susceptibility Overuse in the past Cultivars: ‘Brandon’ ‘Prairie Expedition’ JAPANESE ELM 1,455 entries (0.5%) DED-resistant Nearly seedless form vs. American Useful as “utilitrees” Can’t replace American Elm Small stature, slower growth Cultivar: ‘Discovery’ ‘Northern Empress’ ‘Discovery’ 17 2018‐02‐15 HYBRID ELM 24 entries DED-resistant Fast growing Poor crowns on some cultivars Cultivar: ‘Triumph’ ‘Triumph’ Crown form “I am most impressed with the ascending limbs
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