Dakota Tiwahe

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Dakota Tiwahe Volume 2, Issue 6 June 2014 Dakota Tiwahe Ważuṡtec̣aṡa Wi Strawberry Moon Beyond Oppression About 15 years ago a group of Dakota ple. Our collective intergenerational men and women gathered to learn the trauma appears when the memory of Dakota language. They were all adults, language awakens. OUR MISSION educated and enjoyed life long careers Later, almost a year after it was To preserve in their respective areas. Despite this started, a test was given. The results they all agreed that something was confirmed that the Dakota language Dakota as a amiss in their lives. was, indeed, a sacred language. living language, We were told not to be Dakota Learning the Dakota language requires and through it, We were told not to speak Dakota courage because revisiting the oppres- transmit Dakota We were told not to be who we are sion and pain of our ancestors is re- lifeways to quired. Through teaching the Dakota Learning the language started with language to the Dakota people we’ve future generations. them bringing gifts of different coffees, found a break in the hoop. teas, pastries, hugs and how grateful they were for the opportunity to learn We need tools for healing. We need to Euoituhs4m the Dakota language. About 7 or 8 be psychologically and spiritually em- months later the gifts stopped. The pathetic, providing the quality of sup- Wikoska Program port necessary to transport the wall of Naming Ceremony 2 hugs were far and few between. Wicinyanna Program Cliques were formed. Some didn’t history that separates our adopted iden- Tiwahe Gathering 3 bother to show up and no reason was tity from our true identity. GirlsBEST given. Fridays were set aside for field We have a lot of healing to do. This is 4 DW Curriculum trips. Complete with a 15 passenger one way. Contact Us van and money for lunch. In all, 2 field 5 Mitakuyapi owasin. Koska Program trips were taken. Glen Wasicuna Announcements 6 Today, dormant feelings of fear and Dakota Language shame interfere with reclaiming the Sunktanka Kick Off 7 Educational Director language and identity as Dakota peo- Program Calendar 8 Wikoska Program This month the wikoska participated in make ribbon dresses from Laverne Good- multiple activities including a naming thunder and Lisa Nez. They each had pre- ceremony and the Girls Best conference. viously picked out the fabric and ribbons They also had the opportunity to make on a previous day. When they started, their own ceremonial ribbon dresses and Vanessa Goodthunder, gave them a brief learn about the origin of Cansayapi. At a overview of what to expect at their nam- wikoska meeting, Vanessa Goodthunder, ing ceremony. The first day they worked taught them about what Cansayapi meant. on it they got quite a bit done but most She told them that Cansayapi meant were able to take them home and finish "where they paint/make the trees red". working on them there. She told them the story about how the Lower Sioux area got that name. Later, Susan Bucholz the wikoska, were taught how to sew and Wikoska Naming Ceremony On, May 10th, five of the wikoska re- wikoska came and helped prepare some and medicine wheels into their hair. cieved their Dakota names. The day of the food. Their friends and family After the ceremony, the wikoska were before the ceremony, the drummers and started arriving and they were each told taught how to care for their medicine others who were involved took part in a what to expect throughout the day. wheels. They later went to spend the sweat. They were able to take time to When the ceremony began, Joe Circle- rest of the day with their families. reflect on the names that would be bear, started off by having a prayer. given to each of the wikoska. When the During a ceremony each of the Susan Bucholz day of the ceremony finally came, the wikoska's godmother tied their plumes Wikoska Wicinyanna This month with our wicinyanna has Sewing is always a needed skill and one on May 25th; Belva, Susan, and Halie. been filled with achievement and cele- day they may pass that skill on to their At the party we did some fun activities bration. The girls have put in the final daughters. Luckily, after all the hard while waiting for supper to be prepared. touches to their beading projects and it work the wicinyanna have put in we After supper everyone enjoyed a big is wonderful to see all the beautiful de- thought to give them a little treat. Since slice of delicious cake and had some signs and colors that represent the this month is the last month with the very interesting conversations. Needless wicinyanna. The best part with the com- wicinyanna program we thought to to say the wikoska can’t wait until next pletion of this project was seeing the throw them a party to show how much year when the wicinyanna program girls’ joy in creating something so we have enjoyed teaching them, and starts up again! beautiful with their own hands; hope- sometimes them teaching us . The party fully the skills we taught them will be was also a celebration for three of the Halie Wilhelmi ones that they will always use in life. wikoska that are graduating high school Wiciƞyanna Page 2 Dakota Tiwahe Tiwahe Gathering Haƞ Mitakuyepi, mahed waniwe kte (When it’s summer I will swim in the This month at the tiwahe gathering, we split up into two lake).” Then, the last week of May, the tiwahe worked some groups, one group was the wakaƞyeża (the children) and the more on fishing vocabulary and played a fishing game where other group was everyone else like the wiƞyaƞ they threw their line over and caught a mystery prize. We (women),wicạ ṡta (men), wiḳoṡka (young women), koṡka asked the question, “Táku duza he? (What did you catch?).” (young men), winuḣcadaƞ (older women), and wicạ ḣcadaƞ (older men). We did this because the Tiwahe Gatherings are During the month of May, we had two growing in numbers and we wanted to make sure we have a special guests come and share at Tiwahe. chance to have everyone speak and get their time to share. Roland “Trulo” Columbus came, he is The group of wakaƞyeża learned some new wicoiẹ (words) one of the five remaining first speakers like how to say birds, colors, and what they do, for example left in the State of MN. He brought his kiƞyaƞ (flying). hand drum and sang the “38+2” song, the The other group learned the phrases: food song and did the meal prayer. Af- Question: terwards, he joined us for some games and helped with the language lesson. It’s “Daḳota ia (Word or Phrase) toḳed eyapi he? an honor to have him and hope he visits In Daḳota, how do you say __________________. us again soon! Answer: “Daḳota ia (Word or Phrase in Daḳota) eyapi ye/do.” In Daḳota, they say ________________________. With these new phrases, a learner can ask someone else in the language what a certain word or phrase is in Dakota. For example, If I wanted to say “every day I walk usually”, but I didn’t know how to put the words in order or how to say that sentence in Dakota, I could ask somebody; Mary Louise Defender-Wilson, “Wagmuhawin” (Gourd Woman), came from Standing Rock Reservation and shared “Daḳota ia __Everyday I walk usually___ toḳed eyapi he?” some storytelling with us. Mary teaches Dakota Language at Then the person could give me an answer like; Sitting Bull College. She stayed for three days, sharing sto- “Daḳota ia _Aƞpetu iyohi mawani cée eyapi ye.” ries, language and laughter with Dakota Wicohan staff, youth After we learned these phrases, the group played a game programs and the Tiwahe Gathering. It’s always a special where four team mates were chosen from two teams, they time for us when she visits! stood in a line, got a paper with a wicoie (word) on it, and Next month, we invited some more special guests to come had to get in order to make the sentence make sense. For ex- share with the Tiwahe Gathering families, as well as con- ample, one team got the wicoie “wadowaƞ, kte, waƞna.” tinue speaking about everyday things that you want to learn. Then they unscrambled themselves to make the sentence, If you don’t come to Tiwahe Gathering, we strongly recom- “Waƞna wadowaƞ kte. (Now I’m going to sing)” This al- mend that you stop on by one of these Wednesdays from 6- lowed them to think of where things go in a sentence and let 7:30 PM. We eat together and have fun while learning the them make their own sentences as well since they thought of Daḳota iapi. If you are unable to make it, you can like us on all the wicoie(words) for the oṡkate (game). Facebook. We have two pages; DW Tiwahe Night and Da- Later in the month, the Tiwahe all thought about the question kota Wicohan, you’ll see what we are up to each week. “Bdoketu kiƞhaƞ táktoḳanuƞ kta he? (What are you going to Henakca, Tokṡta aḳe, Taƞyaƞ Ihduhapi, do when it’s summer).” Some of the answers were “Bdoketu kiƞhaƞ howaḳuwa kte (When it’s summer I will fish).” or “Bdoketu kiƞhaƞ hokuwapi bde kte (When it’s summer I will Vanessa Goodthunder emákiyapi ye. go fishing).” Some other answers were, “Bdoketu kiƞhaƞ bde Sna Sna Wiƞ de miye. Volume 2, Issue 6 Page 3 GirlsBest On May 9th four of our wikoska had mentors and the youth separated and our feature leaders and how all those the privilege of going to Edina for a went off to do their own activates.
Recommended publications
  • Dakota Tiwahe
    Volume 2, Issue 4 April 2014 Dakota Tiwahe M A Ġ A O K A D A W I • GEESE EGG LAYING MO ON W o o s i d a - Compassion Han Mitakuyepi, cante tive. Everything you do is and son. There are many wasteya, nape ciyuzapi done in a good way- from other terms to describe OUR MISSION ye. Kunsi sampa he- using the language in a kinship. Last but not macan. Wanna waniyetu respectful, kind way, to least, wakanheza, chil- To preserve wikcemna sakowin sam your actions – to not dren, they too are sacred. Dakota as a yamni waun. My rela- make anyone feel bad. Just saying the names to tives, I greet you with a When we establish that one another, brings you living language, good heart and a hand- kinship and relative way, the feeling of family, and through it, shake. I am a great that closeness and love. grandmother. I am now We had our sacred hunka transmit Dakota 73 winters. ceremony, making of rela- lifeways to Ehanna, many years ago, tives. I searched, searched and We will talk again about future generations. finally found my spirit the other values we have, back to our old ways. I such as generosity, cour- searched out the wisdom age, perseverance and so “Mazaokiye Win” and knowledge of elders, Yvonne Leith much more. Our elders medicine men and taught us many things, a women, who had much we use the relative terms framework on how to live wisdom and experience in that embody that respect a good life – It takes work our indigenous lifeways, and responsibility of being and one which we must Dakota wicohan.
    [Show full text]
  • ED 069 166 AUTHOR EDRS PRICE ABSTRACT This Issue of the 1971-72 Series of Language in Sioux, Is a Bibliographic Essay Dealing Wi
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 069 166 FL 003 514 AUTHOR Slager, William R.; Ed.; Madsen,' Betty-M., Ed. TITLE . Language in American Indian Education: A Newsletter of the Office of Education Programs, Bureau of Indian Affairs;, United States Department of the Interior. INSTITUTION Bureau of Ind` an Affairs (Dept. of Interior), Albuquerque, N. Mex.; Utah Univ., Salt Lake ity. PUB DATE- 72- 4-'--- NOTE 116p. EDRS PRICE - MF-$0.65 HC-$6.58 DESCRIPTORS American Culture; American Indian Culture; *American Indian Languages; Bibliographies4 *Bilingual Education; Cree; *Educational Programs; English. (Second Language); *Language Instruction; language Skills; *Language Tests; Multiple Choice Tests; Papago; Test Construction; Testing IDENTIFIERS Sioux - ABSTRACT This issue of the 1971-72 series of Language in American Indian'Educationn contains articles on bilingual education and the testing of language skills. The first, ',The Language of the Sioux, is a bibliOgraphic essay dealing with the studies that have been made to date of the Sioux language and its dialects. ATitle 7 bilingual education project at Loneman Day School in Oglala, South Dakota,. and a Title 1 bilingual eduCation program in theBethel Agency, Juneau Area, Alaska, are reported. Otherarticles examine means teachers use to evaluate their students, progressin English. They include:(1) "Testing Language Skills,"(2) "Common Errors in Constructing Multiplethoice Itenis, and (3) "The Language of rests for Young Children.'! A section -on Indian languages-containsastory in Papago and a sample of the Cree materials presently being developed by the Title 7 bilingual project_on the Rocky Boy reservation in Montana. An information exchange secticnconcerning Indian education is also included. (RL) LANGUAGE IN AMERICAN INDIAN EDUCATION U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Print ED375649.TIF
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 375 649 FL 022 487 AUTHOR Harnett, Stephen A., Ed.; Meyer, Jim, Ed. TITLE Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota Session. Volume 38. INSTITUTION Summer Inst. of Linguistics, Grand Forks, N. Dak. PUB DATE 94 NOTE 132p. AVAILABLE FROMSIL-UND Work Papers, c/o International Linguistic Center, Bookroom, Dallas, TX 75236. PUB TYPE Collected Works General (020) EDRS PRICE HF01/PC06 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS African Languages; *American Indian Languages; Bantu Languages; Dakota; *Descriptive Linguistics; *Grammar; Higher Education; *Language Research; Linguistic Theory; Nouns; Paragraphs; Teacher Education; Uncommonly Taught Languages; Verbs; Vowels IDENTIFIERS Object (Grammar); Zapotec ABSTRACT This collection of eight papers and six "data squibs" (short research findings) are based on topics and languages under study by students and staff of the linguistics program of the University of North Dakota. The papers are:(1) "Dakota Sioux Objects" (Thomas M. Pinson);(2) "The Tapir: A Yanomami Text" (Irma Thiele);(3) "One Less Crazy Rule" (Stephen A. Martlett);(4) "Writing, Teacher Training, and Grammar" (Jim Meyer);(5) "The Paragraph: Toward a Richer Understanding" (Jim Meyer and Brendan Cooney);(6) "The Existential Use of Positional Verbs in Texmelucan Zapotec" (Charles Spook);(7) "Nontonal Floating Features as Grammatical Morphemes" (James S. Roberts); (8) "The Distribution and Properties of Babole Prenasalized Segments" (Myles Leitch). The research squibs are: "Vowel Features in Marlija" (Patsy Adams Liclan and Stephen A. Martlett); "Vowel Length in Seri Possessed Nouns" (Stephen A. Martlett and Mary B. Moser); "Seri Vowels and the Obligatory Contour Principle" (Stephen A. Harnett and Mary B. Moser); "Switch Reference in Seri" (Stephen A.
    [Show full text]
  • Perspectives of Saskatchewan Dakota/Lakota Elders on the Treaty Process Within Canada.” Please Read This Form Carefully, and Feel Free to Ask Questions You Might Have
    Perspectives of Saskatchewan Dakota/Lakota Elders on the Treaty Process within Canada A Dissertation Submitted to the College of Graduate Studies and Research In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy In Interdisciplinary Studies University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon By Leo J. Omani © Leo J. Omani, copyright March, 2010. All rights reserved. PERMISSION TO USE In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Postgraduate degree from the University of Saskatchewan, I agree that the Libraries of this University may make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for copying of the thesis in any manner, in whole or in part, for scholarly purposes may be granted by the professor or professors who supervised my thesis work or, in their absence, by the Head of the Department or the Dean of the College in which my thesis was completed. It is understood that any copying or publication or use of this thesis or parts thereof for financial gain is not to be allowed without my written permission. It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and to the University of Saskatchewan in any scholarly use which may be made of any material in my thesis. Request for permission to copy or to make other use of material in this thesis, in whole or part should be addressed to: Graduate Chair, Interdisciplinary Committee Interdisciplinary Studies Program College of Graduate Studies and Research University of Saskatchewan Room C180 Administration Building 105 Administration Place Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Canada S7N 5A2 i ABSTRACT This ethnographic dissertation study contains a total of six chapters.
    [Show full text]
  • Languages of New York State Is Designed As a Resource for All Education Professionals, but with Particular Consideration to Those Who Work with Bilingual1 Students
    TTHE LLANGUAGES OF NNEW YYORK SSTATE:: A CUNY-NYSIEB GUIDE FOR EDUCATORS LUISANGELYN MOLINA, GRADE 9 ALEXANDER FFUNK This guide was developed by CUNY-NYSIEB, a collaborative project of the Research Institute for the Study of Language in Urban Society (RISLUS) and the Ph.D. Program in Urban Education at the Graduate Center, The City University of New York, and funded by the New York State Education Department. The guide was written under the direction of CUNY-NYSIEB's Project Director, Nelson Flores, and the Principal Investigators of the project: Ricardo Otheguy, Ofelia García and Kate Menken. For more information about CUNY-NYSIEB, visit www.cuny-nysieb.org. Published in 2012 by CUNY-NYSIEB, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, NY, NY 10016. [email protected]. ABOUT THE AUTHOR Alexander Funk has a Bachelor of Arts in music and English from Yale University, and is a doctoral student in linguistics at the CUNY Graduate Center, where his theoretical research focuses on the semantics and syntax of a phenomenon known as ‘non-intersective modification.’ He has taught for several years in the Department of English at Hunter College and the Department of Linguistics and Communications Disorders at Queens College, and has served on the research staff for the Long-Term English Language Learner Project headed by Kate Menken, as well as on the development team for CUNY’s nascent Institute for Language Education in Transcultural Context. Prior to his graduate studies, Mr. Funk worked for nearly a decade in education: as an ESL instructor and teacher trainer in New York City, and as a gym, math and English teacher in Barcelona.
    [Show full text]
  • Test Template Document
    This document is made available electronically by the Minnesota Legislative Reference Library as part of an ongoing digital archiving project. http://www.leg.state.mn.us/lrl/lrl.asp Status of World Language Education in Minnesota Fiscal Year 2013 Report To the Legislature As required by Minnesota Statutes, Minnesota Laws 2007 Regular Session Chapter 146, Article 2, section 43 COMMISSIONER: Brenda Cassellius, Ed. D. Status of World Language Education in Minnesota February 2012 FOR MORE INFORMATION CONTACT: Ursula Lentz Student Support 651-582-8664 [email protected] Cost of Report Preparation The total cost for the Minnesota Department of Education (MDE) to prepare this report was approximately $ 3,884.08. Most of these costs involved staff time in analyzing data from surveys and preparing the written report. Incidental costs include paper, copying, and other office supplies. Estimated costs are provided in accordance with Minnesota Statutes 2011, section 3.197, which requires that at the beginning of a report to the Legislature, the cost of preparing the report must be provided. Cost of Report Preparation Special funding was not appropriated to cover the costs of preparing this report. Most of the costs involved staff time in analyzing data from surveys and preparing the written report. Incidental costs include paper, copying, and other office supplies. Estimated costs are provided in accordance with Minnesota Statutes 2011, section 3.197, which requires that at the beginning of a report to the legislature, the cost of preparing the report must be provided. Minnesota Department of Education Costs: The following is an estimate of the cost incurred by MDE: $3,884.08 Other Agency Costs: (List the agency such as local school districts, federal agencies, other state agencies.) The following is an estimate of the cost incurred by these agencies: $ 0.00 TOTAL ESTIMATED COST FOR PREPARING THIS REPORT: $3,884.08 3 Page TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents 4 PURPOSE AND EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5 A.
    [Show full text]
  • An Account of Lakota Verbal Affixes in Transitive Stative Verbs
    An account of Lakota verbal affixes in transitive stative verbs Avelino Corral Esteban To cite this version: Avelino Corral Esteban. An account of Lakota verbal affixes in transitive stative verbs. 16èmes Rencontres Jeunes Chercheurs (RJC 2013) : Modèles et modélisation dans les sciences du langage, May 2013, Paris, France. pp.1-12. hal-00966569 HAL Id: hal-00966569 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00966569 Submitted on 26 Mar 2014 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 1 An account of Lakota verbal affixes in transitive stative verbs Avelino CORRAL ESTEBAN Universidad Autónoma de Madrid [email protected] Universidad Complutense de Madrid [email protected] Résumé Il n’y a pas de raison de penser que les langues doivent obéir à des grammaires parfaitement structurées, sans anomalie en ce qui concerneles conjugaisons verbales, le marquage en cas, l'encodage des arguments, etc., et en effet c’est rarement le cas. De plus, il est facile de trouver des langues dont le système verbal manifeste de nombreuses irrégularités et, de ce fait, il semble plausible qu’il puisse aussi y avoir des verbes avec, par exemple, des configurations anormales d’indexation et de référence aux actants.
    [Show full text]
  • Dakota Sioux Objects
    Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota Session Volume 38 Article 10 1994 Dakota Sioux objects Thomas M. Pinson SIL-UND Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.und.edu/sil-work-papers Part of the Linguistics Commons Recommended Citation Pinson, Thomas M. (1994) "Dakota Sioux objects," Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota Session: Vol. 38 , Article 10. DOI: 10.31356/silwp.vol38.10 Available at: https://commons.und.edu/sil-work-papers/vol38/iss1/10 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by UND Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota Session by an authorized editor of UND Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Dakota Sioux Objects Thomas M. Pinson This article is a study of certai~ntactic and morphological processes in Dakota Sioux within the Relational Grammar wnework. There are three main topics dealt with as they relate to verb agreement: vancements to direct object, Possessor Ascension, and Clause Union. All three of these topics distinquish between direct objects, indirect objects, and obliques. Verb agreement is examined and shown to consist of two distinct systems: person agreement and number agreement. These two systems give empirical evidence to the support of the multilevel relational network of Unaccusative and Reflexive clauses. It is also shown that an analysis which posits advancements to direct object allows for concise generalizations, whereas an analysis which does not include advancements to direct object cannot capture these generalizations.
    [Show full text]
  • Linguistic Research in Dakota I Lakota Language
    \ } Linguistic Research in Dakota I Lakota Language by Janette Murray he study of the language of the Sioux Indians has been '" undertaken by many non-Indians fOr various reasons. In the early 19th century missionaries studied and learned. T the language of the Sioux tribes in Minnesota and Dakota Territories as a necessary prerequisite to their work. About the turn of the century, the federal government recognized the need for accurate scientific information about the lives, customs, beliefs and languages of the Indian tribes inhabiting the Great Plains and the West. Congress, through the BUTeau of American Ethnology, commissioned a nnmber of scholars to study these diverse tribes and to publish their findings in a series of bulletins and annual reports. After the 1930's when English clearly bttame the dominent language on the reservations, language research became the province of university trained scholars in field or applied linguistics. The Siouan language family, as outlined by J. W. Powell in 1917, covered a large territory with speakers as far east as North Carolina, as far south as Biloxi, Mississippi; west to the Rocky Mountains; and north into Canada. Sioux tribes residing in North Dakota and South Dakota speak one of the threc dialects belonging Suhail Hanna to the Siouan family. Nakota, or the ,\' dialect, is spoken by the Yankton on the Yankton Reservation; the Yanktonai on the Standing Rock Reservation, the Lower Crow Creek Reservation, and the Fort Totten Reservation. Dakota, or the D dialect, is spoken by the Mdewakantonwan on the Flandreau Reservation; the Sisseton on the Sisseton and Fort Totten Reservations; and the Wahpeton at Sisseton, Flandreau, and Fort Totten.
    [Show full text]
  • Indigenous Language Preservation Programs and Language Policy in Education: a Web-Based Intertextual Analysis
    AN ABSTRACT FOR THE DISSERTATION OF Gloria J. Bock Muñiz for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Education presented on June 8, 2007. Title: Indigenous Language Preservation Programs and Language Policy in Education: A Web-Based Intertextual Analysis. Abstract Approved: _________________________________________ LeoNora M. Cohen There are more than 6,900 known living languages in the world, half of which could be extinct within one hundred years. Approximately 150 indigenous American languages are still spoken in the United States; however, it is estimated that by the year 2050 only twenty of them will remain. Language preservation programs are a part of the struggle for the cultural and economic self-determination of indigenous peoples. These programs often operate within public school systems governed by laws and policies that are linked both with the goals of economic globalization and with basic human rights. This study explored the congruity of these policies, and their impact on indigenous language preservation programs. Its purpose was to provide information that can be used for planning and advocacy for indigenous language preservation programs that reflect the interests and values of indigenous cultural and linguistic communities. The research question addressed by this study was, In what ways do educational standards impact indigenous language preservation efforts? During the process of determining the impact of state policies and standards on language preservation program implementation, the context for the programs and the
    [Show full text]
  • On Quapaw (And Siouan) "Ablaut"
    On Mississippi Valley Siouan "Ablaut" Robert L. Rankin All Siouan languages for which we have morphological data show active or strong trace evidence of an alternation between stem-final vowels -e and -a. Within Mississippi Valley Siouan all languages have ablaut in this sense. Certain forms in a paradigm will have the one vowel and certain other forms in the paradigm of the same verb, the other vowel. The alternation is rather regular, in most of the languages it affects verbs exclusively, and the stem final vowels which alternate are most often, but not always, unaccented (but see endnote 4, below). In the following examples of ablauting and non-ablauting verbs in Lakota ‘make’ is unaccented and ablauting, ‘go’ is accented and ablauting while ‘spill’ is accented and non- ablauting or invariant. make spill go verb stem: káγa kalá yá plural: káγapi kalápi yápi negative: káγešni kalášni yéšni habitual: káγašna kalášna yášna adverbial: káγeya kaláya yéya interrogative: káγahe kaláhe yáhe as if: káγesʔe kalásʔe yésʔe whenever: káγakheš kalákheš yákheš In the Dakota language most verb stems end in -a. Of these, some instances of -a are invariant; they are always -a and never alternate with any other vowel. In other verbs, like ‘make’, however, -a alternates with other vowels, usually -e, rarely -į.1 It is this process of al- ternation that is called ablaut by Siouanists. The replacement of -e with -a or vice versa is called "ablaut" because of the perceived difficulty of specifying any clear phonological conditioning for the alternation. There is nothing in the immediate environment that allows one to predict the vowel change.
    [Show full text]
  • One Hundred Years of Lakota Linguistics (1887-1987)
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 347 813 FL 020 323 AUTHOR de Reuse, Willem J. TITLE One Hundred Years of Lakota Linguistics (1887-1987). SPONS AGENCY National Endowment for the Humanities (NFAH), Washington, D.C.; National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C. PUB DATE 07 NOTE 31p.; In: Kansas Working Papers inLinguistics, Volume 12; see FL 020 321. PUB TY1-E Reference Materials - Bibliographies (131) EDRS PRICE MF01/PCO2 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *American Indian Languages; AnnotatedBibliographies; *Anthropological Linguistics; Language Research; Linguistic Theory; Uncommonly TaughtLanguages IDENTIFIERS *Lakota (Language); Sioux (Tribe) ABSTRACT This document is an attempt ata comprehensive bibliography of all published and unpublishedmaterials relevant to the Lakota (Teton Dakota or Teton Sioux)langur.ge with comments for most items. The period covered isfrom 1887 to 1987, the date of the publication of James Pilling's "Bibliographyof the Siouan Languages" (1887). Items in Pilling'slistings are excluded from thisone unless they have been reprinted or reviewedafter 1887. Items included here are more than 200 books, pamphlets, articles,papers, theses, dissertations, published or unpublished,completed or in preparation, that bear fundamentally or marginallyon the study of all linguistic aspects of the Lakota language. Thisbibliography differs from Pilling's in that it deals only with theLakota dialect and not with any of the other languages or dialects ofthe Dakotan or Sioux subdivision of Mississippi Valley Siouan (i.e,the Dakota and Nakota dialects and the Assiniboine and Stoneylanguages), nor with other branches of the Siouan family. Generalreference works and bibliographies on the Dakota or Siouxare also not included. Most items are followed by informal notesbetween square brackets.
    [Show full text]