... ~! I~;~~~~,~--,:;:~,-:~-~~·· D -13 k. !'.::-"'!, .,,j •',·'; I ; .• ' ' I
; '
\ ., ") .• >; • •'.. : .: . ., .. i!}: . ,cirHrSTORr C8 .BOT SPrttNOS NATIOOAL P~.RI . _...... _. ---. ", ~· •'i · .•/.i::· ;~ ,. r·'> )• .. ' ,"t_ 7 ·1.orr~s:t·M. Beneosr'.and tcnald ·s. Libbey ··:>'.··~-. '.,,t··~' r ... ,\;; , ' -< '·.,, ..: :~:·,;r-;.. · <"'.< .;~~:f~1f::p 1ABL! ~:~TmTs
'./" 1• " ""-'.1, ~ \·~ > '- ,' :. /' ~ ~ , \' ; ; '
-- '-!. • ' Introduction .... •:••.• •• , •• ••.•·••••••••••••••••••••••••••• • • •.• • • l
Aboriginal Ri•toZ'J'•,• •••••,~ ..... ~ •. •·• •.• • •••• • •••••• ~ •••••••••• •. • 3 . ' Coming ot The White Man •••••· ••••••• , •••. , •••••••••••••••••••••• 6
Louiaiana Territory Under Other Flags ••••••• ~...... 8 ~· . l ·.· Hote~, • .~a thhou.sea •••••••••••• •.. • ~ --~- ...... lh ~ans-port4tion ••••••••• •.• •••••• • • .-~ • • •• •• •••••••••• • •••••••••• 21 // . ••• f!?indary ·St.a tus •••.••••••••••••• • • • • •. • •••• '! , ...... • • • .FedeNt1. 18st~trat1on Bonrd,._ ••• ••J •;• •••••• • ••••••••••• • ••• • •• •• 27 Legietitive History•• ~~ ••••••• •••.••••••••••••••*••••••••••••••• 32
I . -.... Appo~tive Off1ciais ~ Charge ••• •••.~ •••• " ...... •.•• •• •" liO
Mincttllaneoua Important Dntes ••••· • ., •• ••••••• : •••••••••••• -~-•••• . ·"tfP
Dibl1ogl"aphy•• • •••••••••• •:• •.• t'9 ...... • •-•. •. • •. • •• • ••• •. • ..... • • • •
~.-<-:-; .
B& W Scans ~.. s~s·.zo0s- ON MICRORLM ATTENTION:
Portions of this Scanned docu1nent are illegible due to the poor quality of the source document. I NTRODUCTT ON I '.I
. ' . '!J~ .t Hot Spd.nge Nat1orinl Park, embracing the hot aprinr?tt in Onrland ; /.- •' County, central Arkansas, was the first renorvntion or this character made by the federal government for the benefit of the public. It baa ;I 11pecial historical intoroot as the nucleus or thr.it mngnificiant oyatem of national parka and monumente which is preserving for us eo mnny- of ·I· the moet beautiful and wondertu1 w~r.ks or nature in various pt'll"te or the country, some or 1'hich mir,bt otherwise have been impaired by
:.1 commercial eiploitntion, or else have long remained inacc~nsible to
many or those who tray· now enjoy them.
I Unlike most or the other parks,· hovever, the ronMn for sott.ine aside thie first national resort was not primarily for ito scenic bonuty,
but was due to tho fact thnt the fodernl authorities 1n chnr~e of adminie- l•e' ~I . taring the atta1rs ot the Mi.eaouri, and lo.ter of the Arknnan~ TerrHory, ! eo.rly realiTied the necessity of establishing a permnnent and moro rir"id ,.&I 1: ,•/ I· control over the hot springs, which even then wera resorted to by many I ill travclore for the supposed therapeutic value of tho -wntern. ~ ! The Hot Springs, nbout h7 in nutrber, nro all locotod slonr, the I base of Hot Springs l'ountn1n, nnd produce n flow of npproximately one nd.llion gallons daily. Several -theories are advanced as to why thane I ,.,a.ters are hot but the generally accepted bolief seems to be thnt. tho I opring water, someuhere in its underground course, pnsses near n hot . ir.noous intrusion that has not boon exposed at' the earth's surfnce. I
••:·' I I
•• The first act setting the area aeido as a federal reaorvation ~as 1- /-- pneesd in 1832, th~ lands ourrounding tho hot. springs havinp.: beon codod to the United States by the Quapaw Indiana in 181A. '!be orea orir.inally
1 contnined over 2 1 500 acres, but hns been diminished by the establishment of tho ci~ ot Hot SprinP,s, to ~ich the government ceded, by r,ift~ lands I tor street and alley purposes. :I \\1th the recognition of the '1'err1tory of J\r-knnsna, Ambrose H. f:evior, first terr! tori al delegate to Congress, recognized the irrportnnce of U10 1· Hot fprinr.s to the people or the United States and introduced a bill into Conr,rees atatingt
I 11Be it enacted by tho ::;enate and Houae of Representativeri t.lrnt
tho Hot Springe 1n Arkansas Territory, together with four aoctiono of lnnrl
with tho springs as near the center as may bo, r:tr"e horoby rcsarvod nnd
I•• cot npnrt tor future disposal by the United rt.."l.t,oo Oovornmont., nnrl 111·0 rwt
to bo entered, pre-enpted1 or appropriated for any purpo5os 'Whatsoever." I The bill becarro law on April 20, 1832. I :1 I I I -2.-
•• ------~ I ' . '" ' .. 1• ·. 11. I ABORIGntAL HISTORY I
'l/.- The earlieAt Tisi tors who carre. to tho hot sprin~s to "tske the baths"
and seek health from its myaterioua waters rnay have been a group of lnd1en8
1 on the Archaic level to whom some archeologists hnve assigned the name \ I Gulpa af'ter one of the creeks_ near which their prosurood romaine have been round. Undoubtodly the "Mound Builders" occupied the .area that is n011
1· Hot Sprinr,a National Park as evidence of thetr occupation is scattered
throughout the State with pottery fragments, skeletons, and other uti- facts in abundance, with inescapable evidence or mounds and fallen earth lodges left everywhere. Although no nctual sites hove been identifiod
within the Park boundaries, 1t is fairly enfe to as#llme they did utiltze
the springs, as traditions contends the locnli ty was held ns a noutral
territory by the various hostile tribes, and that they laid a~ide their
teudt atttl thtH~ 'ltbi" eluba fh@ft p:11it1titot1 herG to en.1oy the gil'ts or tho
great Manitou who pro~ided over the hot springs. 'Ibese were undoubtedly
Caddoan-speald.ng tribes, in lnte pre-SJ>anish and snrly historic times.
'll1ere was another inoentivo be~ides the hot springs that attrnctod
the red men to this locality, of which substantial evidence remaimu
I this was the deposits of novaculite, which outcrop on sovernl of the I mount.nine aurrounding the springs, and which afforded a resource perhnps even more important to the barbarian culture of those tiroos. Novaoulite, I on extremely fine-grained, dense, translucent eilicious rock, variably whito, pearl, groy, yellow, or reddish black, could be readily shnped
I into a keen cutting edge. Because of its superior quality for the
' ••1' ·3- I
1,I,) t. '. 111\: 11 : . 11•· manufacture ot weapons and domestic tools, 1 t be cane the basts of en
importRnt primitive industry. Soma or the beds were extensively, thour,h
no doubt intermittently worked, probably tor many centuries, and arti
tacta t~om this source are found scattered over a wide territory• especial.17 to the south, througll the Red River Valley and to the. Oulr ot Mexico. 'Ibe feet that much of the Hot Springe section is underlaid with I novaculite, plus tho presence or salt springs in the diatriot, muat have
contributed to the transient population, and to the heterogenous mixture
or tribes found in this particular area. The~e people knew nothinr, of I the use of irm, and \-1ere forced to find a suitable substitute from which to fashiori implements of war and domestic er.ricultural and hunting I•• tools. ~I On Indinn Mountain, in Hot Sprinr,:s Nntionsl Park• if! one of the 11 :1 largest quarry groups lmown to students or nrcheolocy. 'l'he~e quarries I are_ at the crest or a· narrow ridge, the lnrgeat pit being something like ii a 150 feet in diameter and 25 feet deop. ' Actual shaping of the tools end implement.a ptobnbly never ·was done
I at the quarry. 'Ihe "blanks" were carried to the villnges end carrp~ nlonr: t.he creaks and rivers. 'Where the workrnen, with the uso of atone
hammers, and flaking tools made from antlors of deer or elk, chippod
the rock into tho desired shape for knives or points.
Since thore was evidently a larr,e traffic i,n novaculite, it is
likely that the knowled~e of the exist.once of ::;pr:f:nr;s of hot ,.,nt.or
-L· ··',
. I ·1. I •. ;' . I . • i . I I .~ . . . "'1 thin less than· tw'o mi.lea of the quarries became widespread among
Indian tribes from many sections ot the country. 'Jhnt the Indiana wculd ccnsidor these naturally hot vatore a supematU.ral manitestation ot spiritual eignificnnce is in leeping with what we know or the reliRione 'I·. thought ot the aborigine. 'lb.us it is probable that these waters were uned, both ceremonially ·and medicinally, not only by the resident tribes-
I. man but by visiting Indiana rrom tar and near. ! L'-!t,er, 1n historic times, came other Indian tribes moving west
trom the Southeaetcrn Unitod States -- the Qunpaw in the;l8th century, I and the Choctaw, Cherokee and others early in the 19th century. :I 11:• 11 . ' I (•' 11 !
Ii I
J I I I I ••• ..
.... I ------COMING OF WHITE 11AN
The first -white mEll supposed to hnvo vini tod the Hot Springe region
~ere Hernando de Soto and his followers, in September l)Ll. Thie tanous expedition had set out to explore the great continental province, then
know as Florida, in search or fabled mines end populous oi ties 1 which . . they confidently believed would rival those or Mexico and Peru. In the course of their wanderinr,e through the trac:kloes forests and swamps or the l0t.Jer Mississippi valley, having crossed thnt great river eomErnhoro
below the present city ot Memphis, they turned to the we~t 1 traversing
pnrts of the rug~ed Ouachita region until they reached an Indian town on the Ouadlita River.
Although the references by the historians of De Soto•e expodition to this part of their travels is aomG'What vngue and uncertain, thore can be little dnubt that their route lod thom throur,h thie locnlity• nnd thnt ' it lTllS f'rom their winter camp oomewhere in the vicinity of tho hot Pprlnri;s
thot Hernando de Soto set forth on the last tra~ic etaga of hie wnndoringa,
to end for him a few l'\onthe lator in a natory p,rave beneath the floods or the groat river he had diccovered.
After the visit by De Soto, the area lay unexplored for many yenrs.
ln the two and a half centuries intervening bet~een th~ time of Do Soto'a I expodi tion, and that or Dunbnr and Hunt.er, a party connected wit.h the Lewie tmd Clark expedition of 1801..i, trappers, huntora, and travelers, I . I must have found their ~ay to the hot aprinr,s from time to time without I lonving nny account of the event •. It ls stated in the report of Dunbar
•••(' ., [~---~- -- 1 ':
1r1 I
I-· and ~unter, that 'White men 'Were. already visiting the eprings tor the )ii ,,_- '. purpose ot taking the baths and they tound "an open lop; cabin with a :~ . ~ row hut.a or split boarda all ot which had been oalcula ted for summer encarrpmont tor the recovery ot their heal th."
'!be ctirious oircums tances thn t th is extremely in tereeting local.1 ty . I I wa.e for ao · 1ong a tirne overlooked by the various travelers who explored I I and described the lower Mississippi valley and the Louisiana Territory,
'ii"., ie only to be ·accounted for by the fact that it lay in a rugged and I inaccessible country, some distance away from any or the; great navi(!able
I rivers, tJhich then .furnished the only main nvenue of trnvel through the uncharted wilderness. I , I . IQ 1&>6 Manuel PrudhomJT.e establiahed a cabin and became the f iret ,,. 'White re.sident of the Hot Springs Area. i. II II I • 11 I I I
-7- t' ••' ' I I
LOUJITTANA TERRtTOm' UNDJ<':R OTHER FLllO~ --1682 -· 1877 -----French Rule, 1662 •·1762- Arter the passage of De Soto through the torritory ot Arko.nsae, . ' ', I Spain did not attempt· to retain control ot this now land. In 1682, Robert CAvalier de LaSalle claimed the territory in the name ot France, and the era or French rule began. '!he French were primarily interosted in trading -with tho Indians,
and with the exception of lands upon which to conet.ruct tradin'.J poste,
and 8171all acroar.es for farm.inFr, 1 the Indians i.10re left in posi;eaaion of their lands. In the event tho post was abandoned, the lend reverted '
to its Indian o-wners. Under such a libornl policy it can be readily
understood why the French trndare on friendly terms with the nativol!I. Although the area surrounding the Hot Sprinr.s was utilized by tho aarly French trapper and trader, no atta~pt was. made to obtnin poosossion of tho hot springs and the ad.joining land. Spnnim ~' 1762 - ~ i ! 'With the Treaty or Fontainebleau on November 3, 1762 I the French :,I and rndinn '\o1 nr was concJuded and France relinqiished nll hor posnonrdonR 1'1I' woRt ot the Missiesipp:t to Spain. Ar,:oin the Spanish policy was plnc~d ~ into effect in lot\ ich, deaplt.e the orir,innl hum.'lne ordere or tha commisnion to Cortez, and subsequent· comrnmdere, the Indinns were exploit.ad. fipnnieh authori tiee never accepted the idoa thot tho lndinnn were t.he owners of ~ J' I, -8- I •# • t I ii ' ~ ;1' ".. ·' •" A 4 .. , . ;";':,··,·<.~'.·' ' ./.I I / ' .1, •• .:. . 1' all the land,· .but onli ot such ·tracts aa \!ere sotunlly occupied, or !t.,- - ware neceasnry to supply .the wants or t.he tribe. All other lends wore ' ·1 claimed by Spain "by right o't .dincovery" 1 end the poHcy or dealing "1t.h the Indiana was based upon this. hypothoeis. Frequont land grants ware mnde to individuals without th• authorities going throur,h tho formality I I ot ascertaining \!bother l!UCh land.a were occupied by the Indians nnd this .I· lad to great confusion in later years when o""'1ership of the Hot Springe ! :1 was brought into the Federal court2'. With the advent of Spanish rule over the territory of Louisiana, ,.I their system or granting title to lands was often h1ghly irregular. No written contract or deed '4t18 considered nccessery to ontabli~h title ' to land. In some cases a "Written petition woe Aubmitted by the person asking tor a grant of land, and thir! petition, bearing the indnrsoment ot tho proper o1'!1oin1 was often the only record or thn trnnnnist:lnrh 1::• 1 Transfers or real estate wero made tho same as transfers of personal ll) property • the consideration being accepted, t.ho purchnser wns placed 11 in possession and this completed the deal. The Spanish had no probnte courte to settle estates. When a man died, his heirs, creditori'I, ond I other interested parties assembled at the parish church, where the eot.nte 'Was settled according to the recomrrendations of the ptirinh priest, Aft.or the f.panish came into possession of Louisiana, the French inhnbi t an ts o..doptod the .fpa.nish customs and it is not rmrprieing t.hat, under I such a loose SyRtem, titles should become a matter of dispute. 1.•• -9- ' .'! "· ' .. . ' '·"' '...;, '' I ' . /~~,:~~ ; ., ' ., ' i ~ . ' ., ... ~ "./ . French !2!!,1 ~ - 1603 ·:~ I . :>' I I 'I · By eecret treaty ot St. lJ,detonso, >hrch 2h, 1801, posaeeeion passed t'rom Spain back to Franca •. Since the provision of tho treaty prOV'1dod tor secrecy, the.Spanish Viceroy 1n New Spain oontinuod to gront righta : ' · and pr ivilegea that vere to breed considerable contusion as to land • I titles, etc., m the yenr1 to coma. . . ; ' '' • United Stntes Rule, 180)- Present . -- ' \.1th the pirchase ot 'the Lou1a1ana territory from France, April )0 1• 1 1· 180)1 tor tl5 ,0001000 1 and the transfer or Upper Louisiana to the United States on March 9, 180h at St. Louie, Spanish end French rule endod in I all Louieiana, and Arkansas became recognized as a territory of the , 11 I : United St.ates • Again the Indians were scorned and nor.lected, and by the conclueion ot several treaties the Indiana were relieved or the~r ·lands and forcod I! ' • ii to move vestward. In 1818 a treaty was entered into with the Quapaw I , Indinne who ceded to the United St.ates all lands south of the lirlrnnans I ' . River, including the lMds on which the Hot Springs were located, 1• With the increatmd popularity of tho hot rrrr 1nge some individuals ii were aware of the potential comrreroinl value of mmorehip arJd considor- '' able effort was expended to lay claim to title to the hot epringe. I Ono of the· moat persistant claimants of tho area surrounding the i Hot f.pringe was Joan· Filhiol, alleging it had been granted to him by I I Governor Miro, a Spanish administrator of the Lou1siMa Territory, in II·· 17fJ7. About the time the Unit.ed States cnrro into poai:;eesion of Louisiana, '• · Filhiol, ·in order to strengthen his claim, transferred the land to Narai.aso Bourgeat; who a little later sold it back to Filhiol. United Statca commiss1onera appointed in 18o5 to study land· titles, etc,, found the evidence of title insutticient and recornmonded that the grant not be coofirmcd. Upo.n th1e finding, the government refused to iernio a patent to Filhiol. i . 1· Gramnont Filhiol, aon of the or1.r,innl grantee, assimod the claim to a epeoula.tor named William Ball, end 1n 1829 Ball began proceedings I : II in the Federal Courts to obtain· title to and posse~sion of tho lond, Then the Spanil!lh records or St., Louis and Now 'Orleans were carefully I examined, but not n lino could be round to indicate thnt Governor Miro ho.d really granted the land to Jean Filhiol. The· courts decided that Ball has no legal title. Through neii1spopar articl~s, continued over a period or aovoral years, Ornrnmont Filhojl I r~· tried to create a sentirnont in tavor of hiD claim, but the court.a ii refused to grant another hearing. i:I Meam.~hile, development of the Hot Sprinr,e area continued al thow;h to i I the t1tlo the lards lJae not eottJ.ed. II In 1020 1 Elias Roctor, purchnsed a Naw Madrid oert1ficato from . Frmcois Langlois, and loCA ted on a tract, including t.he sprinp:s. Appli 11 cation of the. entry of this tract was mnda 88 enrly as Jnrniary 27' 1019. I 'Ihe following year it was surveyed,, and application. was nnde to the ii general land office for a patent. 1ha commissioner' withheld a patent 11 r· -u- I I It•• ------______J I - - - - I '. '· on the ground a that the Indian title hnd not then been mctingu!.ehed. A little later William \1.rt, attorney-general of the Unit.ed Stntoa, renderod an opinion that the New !l'adrid cortificate 'could not be located upon lands eouth of the Jrkanru1s River. In 18li)1 Henry M, Rector settled 1n Hot . Springs and began an errort to hnve the claim upheld by the Govemmant, and a patent issued. 'Ille Supreme Court of • the United States upheld the op1n1m of the attorney-general, thareby invalidating the Rootor claim• .Another claim was that ot the Belding heirs, who claimed title I I 11 undor the pre-emption act or 16161 upon the settlemont at the springe in 1828 of Ludovicua Belding. In 18511 Ma,.1or William·H. 0Bines1 mnrr;ed ill ' nnria Belding, one or the heirs, and assumed the mnnagement of their claim. 11• nie Hale claim was based upon tho sctt.le1>·ont and oecupnMm hr :. John Percival. After Percival's death in l8u6, John c. Hale, located at the springs ~n 18LO and purcha~ed from Percival'a widow nnd oon their claim to the hot springs. In 1052", the throe claimants began litigation t.o det.ormino which ' \-ms entitled to the property. They found themselvos hnndicapped nt the atnrt by an Act of Congreso o£ 1832 1 which had set apart four sect:lons · of l.nnd, 1ncluding the springAJ as exompt,from private ormership "b:r 11 purchaRe, settlement, ar pre-emption~. :1 I -12- • ••:' I. t I ' I Ir r,I ., •. In 187$, Senator Riso from .Arkansas, introduced a bill in Conrroas . ! '. ,:I ...... - '. requiring all litigants to tila euit in the Court of Claims in \'anhin{!ton, ·-'I .....-. Theeo wero tiled and settled in favor or the Government, end upon boing ll appealed to the United States Suprome Court, Justice Bradley delivered the courta t opinion on March It• 1877, atfirrrlng the d~cree or the Court ot Claims, vesting title ot the lands in the United States. 11I :1 In 1877, Congress authorized the appointment of Co1T1nissioners to ·1•· sottl.e t.he rights of possession. ; The. Comminsioners placed valuations upon the various parcels of l~ .and decided who were entitled to pur ... 1.. 11· l\ ; ' chase them. In this way Belding md Hale claimants were nble to purchase "~ l ·.ii.i at least a portion of the land claimed, but the Rootor cla:lm 'WO.S barred j I under the ruling of the attorney•genoral. i'.lil\ :.· ' !!•"' 1• \!,I - ! 11 II I I I -1)- h I ••I 1--- - - I I I -· . •• IIOTF!,S • BA'i'tntOUSES !I I r__..-;'-/ . With the consummation ot the Louisiana J'Urchase in 1(1.0.3, President 11; Jefteroon appointed several expeditions to explore thie acquired terri• tory and report as to just Wint the government had purchased. Ono ot ·these expeditions, Dunbar and Hunter, visited the Hot Springs in lOOL, 11: . . /,1. made eevoral analyses or the wators, and collected infor~ntion on the I' geology, geography, and vegetBtion or the region. 'Jbe report recorded I· 1.,11: cabins at the eprinr~s which had evidently been built and utilized by ' the enrly French traders and trappers. II In 1806 Manuel Prudhomme established n cnbin and bees.mo the first I.: ·. white resident or the Hot Spr.1ngs area., remainin~ until 1808 when ho , returned to his original home near Natchitoches Parish in Louisinna. l'I~ ln 1807, John Purcival purchnsod Prudhomrre' s hold inr:s 1 and later Vtn"D I claimed pre-emption rights to the cpringe t.hnt navnr ttnenrmlMd by !I the Government.. From thie dElte forward, tor rnnny year!!!, parties cnme I I from the south to spend the hot summer months, utilizing the sprinr;;a, 1:1 and renting cabins f~om Purcival. 1;1 In 18281 Ludivicus Bolding and family, u~ed one of Purcivnl•s i cnbins. Lator he built other cabins and opened a littlo store, oxchnnr. /I ing provisions for pelts, and const.ructed tho first hotel. I 11. In 18J), Aea ThompFon leased the hot sprin~a, npparently from Belding, and operated the first bathhouse, havinr, one wooden tub, in . ' I which ho r,ave three bathe for one cbllar. lformal bathing facilitios nt tJ10t ti.mo l-JOro very priiritive, bo1nr, mare c'1wities cut in the turn rock, •• , -1L- I I 'I ;)' ' I :I~ ;.~· ( ~I I • i:I into ~hich the water ran, serving 81 tube, with a eorean or bushes lending ,1 :" an inadequate touch ot privacy. The tirat vapor bath facility 10as a· nicha cut into the tura rock, tho bot wator· being conyoyed into a pool under an 9pen tloor, over wh1oh a rude seat for the bather to eit upon was constructed. The niche lnlB covered overhead with rocks and boards, . '' ' and in front with a blanket. The cooling room was the 11 out-o.f-doore". In 1832, John c. Hale conat\"Uoted the second hotel. At this time the per~anent resident population;ot Hot Sprin~a was npproximately 250. . In 1839 1 there were five .bathhouses. David Dale OWen 1 in his geological report on .the State in 185R-59, gavo a diagram indicating I there were seven bathhouses and three small pavilions built over tho ii\ . springs or mud holes. Ae late as l8to, water was conveyed rrom the spring to bathhouses in wooden troughs supported on wooden frames. From the tnnks above the •• bathhouses, the ·water shot dow on pulling a rope and riil~lti~ 11 f11Ur,• I into a top made of thick boards or hmm from a lo~• ri th the eettl.ement of the major question as to the rightful o\mer- ehip of the Hot Springs, and the establishment of a commission to rer,ulRte the use of the eovernment reservation in 1877, a permtmont plan of improve- I mont wns announced together with the prorrrulJT,atfon of rules and regulations I dos1r,nod to properly administer the aroa. Dy this time the resident population had multiplied to 3 1 ~5'h, with I a total efltimated annual v1s1 tor populn tion 'of ~O ,ooo. A newnpnper wna I established and the following account appeared in the Hot Pprinr,e Jlltrntrnt11d /'·,,' I •• i ii .' I( Monthly tor February, .18781 :1• 1' lk-' "ln this city bathing 1e the chief employment ot the· :1 invalid. _Upon rising in the morning, it tho we~thor ie suitable, and it uaually :ts, a. short walk around the oi ty ii taken for exel"cise and a cup or two of hot "1ater in• dulged in, then breakfas~ is taken •. After breakfast an hour or two is devoted to reading the morning papers, chatting, etc., then it is about time to visit your Jiiysician J after seeing him,, yau go to your hotel and • I prepare tor your bath. Upon reaching the bathhouse tho I. servant prepares the water £or you, and you nro notified :1 ( ' that the bath is ready.· 'lhe water you will find to be from 98 to 100 degrees an your physician ad vines J upon 11• getting in it a delightful feeling is experienced, pro• I duced it ie supposed by the therno-eloctric condition i'I ot the water.· Frorn six to ten minutes is usually spent I I in t.he tub during 'Which tirno you taJ.ce frequent potations ot hot water •. Then into the vapor room you r,o, this iA a snall box room, having a slat fl.ocr undor -which "Wnter of fron; 120 to l!JO degrees fiovs,, the temperature of tl1e I' 11 vapor rooms vary in s~ma of the roome it is ns hiRh as '· I 120 dec;reoe. · At the expirat,ion of from one to 'two minutes, ii durinr, which tine yo~ have boon drinkinr hot ~atcr, you I ngain go into the tub room "1here the servant hns prepared •• ·16- I ' '. :II :1• your blankets 1n the tub for packing you as it 18 callod.1 which. consists in wrapping you up in blankot, ~ere you :·1/- stay for njne or fifteen minutes, and drink ho~ water, 11 'lbe perspiration by thia time is newing quite freely, and you begin to feel slightly depreseed. You are I then Wiped off Yigorouely 'With a rough towel by the servant, until you are thoroughly dry. Arter putt:i.ng ,:I· on your clothes as rapidly as poeeible,,you wrnp up closely and go to your room1 vhere you remain for halt 11'i an hour or more, end then t.ake dinner. This process is gone thrrugh daily, and generally, eadl day, you reel improved, and thnnk God far haVing created the celebrated Ark1msas hot springs.• Steadily the vieitation to the Hot fiprings increased, and promotional 11teratut't tnt ettetll.Atl\tl lb IU.Httl1.1ttft th!h lHlbNU\t~ tt\ f1nU.~\\'* "'"~~ for the yenr 1889 the following account was t.II'i ttent ••The waters are olear 1 tasteless and in odorous; they come from the sides of the ridge pure and sparkling as the pallucid NevaJ holding in solution, as they rush up hot and bubbling from natures most ~onderful alembic, every valuAble min~ral constituent. In the oure, especially of nenrly all manner of blood nnd chronic diseases, they are unequalled, nnd their wonders have becorre mainly knmm~ to all the world by the I living and breathing Rdvertiso1ronts of those who have proven 1• in their own persons their wondorful curative powers." -17- I ' t I ' I ,I '.< •.. . ~.',,·/.ti' !: '~ ;, ~..... 1. ! By 1690, twelve bathhouses 11ere 1n operation on the government . ,. .' reservati~, with the tollo'Wing dates listed ss the granting ot 'the :·~- original leanest ,. Arl1ngtcm , December 15, 1878 'I ~· ' Rector December 16, 1878 I Old Hale May 10 1 1679 ;I· · Rammolsburg . \ May 7, 1880 (present Buckntatr) I Independent June 15, 1880 (present Maurice) ",• July 1880 !:1· . Big Iron .' ?5, Palace January 26, 1881 (Present Fordyce) Ozark .. April 7, 18111 ,. Magnesia May 2A, 108) (present ruapaw) Horseshoe June 12, 1883 (present Quapaw) Lmnar July 2h, 1883 Superior Decembor 7, 18A3 Together w1th the twelve hour,es on the r eserv11 ti on, there were "oattered throughout the city the following bnthhouBeBI Avenue July lL. lAAl Eantman · January 17, 1889 Alhambra March 1, lflf:l9 I Tho renainine houses were utilizing wntor, but no records of orir,inal lenses can be round. According to "?-~usick" the follO'\dng hourms did not I havo leaf!es but only "verbal perrdssion" to(tnke the wa.ter1 I Rockefeller Grand Central : f ••' -18- ~------. I ::1: .....· .. ,,.! !· French·<.. i1 SWnp .... Park : I 'the number or bathhouses fluotuated up and down during the ensuing •' !:·I years, but 'rl.sitati.on continued on an upward trend until nt the prevant "p· dat.e eight.em bathhouses are in operation; eight on government property, and ten eituated. at various poi.•1ts throughout the city. The 19>0· consue or t.he city of flot Springs listed ·29 .. 307 rooidont.s within the city limi t.s, ' . ' vi th an add1t.1ona1 7 ,!)OO living in cloae proximity, Vitd.tation to the ;I; "' :, Hot Springs National Park year totaled 3J8,B28. ,, tor the 19~3 q I• 1·11: ' . The following bathhoueos were op~rnting in 195h, .each authorized !:··· under a contrnct with the Secretar1 of tho Interiors Al hsf!lbra Majestic iiI· .~ .Arlington Mnuriee Moody I . Baptist • Buek&Wt Ozark De Soto Pythian • Fordyce Quapaw H:ile Rockafellow I 'I Jack Ter . St. Joooph Lama.r fluped.o:r I Eight of the bathhouses • rtoz., Buakstn.ri', F'ord;tee, Hale, tmnrrr, I M~uriee t Ozark, C)ln1:mw and Superior occupy lenM sites i:n the i'odt;rnl •• ,----- 1 I ·1 ",,'!-: :.1 area ot Hot Springs National P.Z.k, bordering the r amoue magnolia end ... - ,. • \i'.: 'I. holly tre• sidewalk which parallel.• Central Avenue in the muni.clpality ·, ot Hot Spd.ngs. Ten bathhouses exist in the oity of Hot Spring a, Tlz. • Alhambra, 1• Arlington Hotel, D~ Soto Hotel,. Jn.ck Tm- Hotel, Ma,jestio Motel, l~oody '..I ltot.el, Nati.onn.1 Baptiflt. Hotel, Pythien Hotel, Roakat'ellov, and St. ' Jo~eph Hospital. There are also two undar water therapeutic p<>oln, I one at the Maurioe Bathhouse the other in the Leo N. L~vi Manorial I . . In addition there is the Leo N. Levi Memorinl Hospitnl. 1 'Which ie I not open to the general public·, and the Government B::ithhouae, The latter 1e operated by Hot ~-pringe National Park to provide bttthe without ehnrge :11ii· . .~ 11-e for indigent&, as ailthor-ized by Act of Congrmrn, Deeerrher 16, 1878 1~:1 (20 Stat•. 2S8). 11!:i I ii~ ~-1 I: I I I ·i ·' ___ _J ••' I I :I 11• TRAT!SPOP..TATJON !I Pioneer vial tors to Hot Sp.tinge tound very poor transportation facilities available. In 18001 the old Southwest Trnil va.a the only I.·.. road into Arkansas Territory, abd the ro.ed to Hot Springs from Little Rock was an obscure path~ Later, Congress became int.erested in ron ae the Nntlonal Road. 'Ibis extended·oouth from St. Louin ~~rou?h Cnpe 11•;: i Girardeau, Little Rock, . and what ie now Ark adolph1.tt. A traU connected 111 vi.th this National Road at Malwm, ma.king a 21l·m11e overland trip into ~ ..: 11 Hot Springs by foot, horseback, or carriage. I Vith t.he oonstructlon ct the St. Louir.t-Iron Mountnin...Southern Rdl• :, I , road into Malvern, A,.kan.sas, the overland ,journey w-as terminated when Jooeph Reynolds completed the "Diamond '"loe 11 railroad into Hot Springe :~· in the 1670• •• ~ · 'Ihe Hot Springs Ernnch Rail.road Company, the "Diamond Joe tinou, / 111 was d:lartere'd on July 21', 1870, under the general r.ttilroad lrrw-~ or Ark· Jl an~aa. The president• aecretary1 and treas\lrer of the company fro,"!\ t.he 11'· :1 t.1me ot 1ncorporntion until 1891 was Joe Feynold~, ~hoaa addr{ms "'ns himself 1 W. Fleming and J •.T. Bimsett of' MdJ:regor,. Iowt11J l\ w. Ell~wortJ1 I of lfot Springs, and P. c. Rumbmgh of Llttle Bock. Tua cnpitn.l stock I van ~600.000, repreBcmting the coat of the rosd. .Built to a. 3 ... root gauge (narrow gauge) al").d la.id with 52-pound rnn, it ~6 oponad for I , traffic in November, 1875 • •• I .~. ,A ..... i1-, '.'' I, ·~·~~;J~~/,l ·, •' , .•. ,,v; '°f"~' , ' ,·." '\'"\:! Historical legend has it th.a\ "Diamond Joe" btiilt this railroad • . ~'""•·.~1:.r ' . i because he had made the overlahd trip tt"om Halvorn to Hot Bpr1nr,.s1 md . .. , -~ ' was 10 incensed at. his diacorrlort.. that he promised to btlild a railrond .I into th.e town, reducing the inconvenience to vicitorn 'Who vllhed to avail thtnnsel vee of the thermal waters. I t\lrlng the ent1ro pariod. the t-ond ~as oar.t:r~lled by Re)'Ylolds no tintmeial or operating otatistica vere i11sued to the prean, financial .1 jourmil.1 or to the general public. Ho"~ever, it is known that the ro~d oi.n1ed.thrae locomotives, seven passenger cnrs, end forty-one freight :I cnre 1n 1890, ,. The gauge was ctumged to tha standard L'B:i" on October 17, I Other presidant,tJ of the company we:re i I ·~. 1892 - L. D. Richardson, Hot str 1ngs l89h ... E. M. Dickey, Ch1c~r:o 1 Illinois •• 1096 • Jay Morton, Hot· Springs ).901 • Francis I. Gowen, Philadelphia, Pa. I I . .. On May ), 1902,, the tranehisea and property~ were purchnaed by the I Chocta;f...Oklahorna-Gult' Railroad, a Rock I eland t:i11baidiary, for ~600 ,ooo I in stock, and therenft.~:r remained Rock Island property, At t.ha present t.ima, Hot Springs is 1:Hn·vad by the Miesouri PP.o1J'.'ic I .:lnd Hock J ~lr.md Railroad. !be to a decrease i.n rni.1 trnffic1 with tho c:r~n.\~t1r perefln tat:e of t,ravel to the ID"ee. arr.lving by automobile, Hoek I !~land dhicontinued pa.ssen{\er service on Septel"'ber 22 1 19~1, al thourh I fra1;;ht !'Jarvi.co is st:lll nva:ilable from the railroad., •• I , . I: . ;- Other means of accesa· to Hot'. Spring a Ua tional Pnr k are the Chicago • and Southern Airlines, vi th connection to all ma,1or air aorvico1SJ and by ' " I automobile on u. S, Highways 10 and 270, and Stnte Hlghvaye 7 end ea. ·1 I I .1 .. -:I !•• :I . :: '1 ;; ;~ I !1l. '. ' "'.l' " ~ 'I I. I •• •' BommARY STATUS With the pti&sage o.Qi the original act on April 20 1 18321 it wee anncted "that the Hot Sprhtgs in Arkansas Territory, together with four eeotiona ot lsnd including such springs, as near the center thereof' aa may be shall be reserved tor the tuture disposal ot the United Stntes ' ' . and ehall not be entered, located, or appropriated for any other purpose whatever." Under the provisions or this act the eouth halt of SectionfJ 28 and 29, and all or Sections 3~ and 33 1 township 2 south, rnnge 19 ~est, I I : I ot the fifth principal meridian, and tho north halt 0£ S~ctions L and 5, township 3 south, rnnee 19 ~est, were sat apart nnd designated ae the I ,. original hot springs reservation. On December 111 18791 the Hot Springe Commission we.8 created by appoin'bnent of the President of Messrs. Aaron H. CrRg1n, John Coburn, ~. and M. L. Stearns, Authorized by an net of Con~rosn• approved ~nroh lt ••~ !'. lBn·. This commission made their final report to the Secretary of the Interior in which they st.ate that "the claims for the right to purchase 'I' lend have· all beoo adjudicated, the records made up, the appraiaenente 1• have bGen made, the surveys have been completed, End the unreserved lnnd II laid out as a town ••••• " As a result of their work, the orir;inal Hot I Sprinr.s resorvation1 containing 2.~29 .10 ac:rea was subdivided ns follows s I Hot Spr inga Mountain 26lt.9.3 acres North Mountain 2?L. 7h I Sugarloaf Mountain 129.02 Wost Mount.ain 2Al.9h City Lots 1,270.10 Streets and Alleys )58.)7 Total 2,>29.10 ncree ·2L· I I 1, I,: '! ' •11 'J· ....~~, ;. I I, ••• On the basis ot the above gitul-es, reports submitted by Superintendents ai variou1 times through the ensuing years showed discrepancies as· to acre a~oo within the reservatlon. · To establish a base upon . 'Which to prepare l'l nd ownoreh1p records, a survey waa conducted by the General Land orrico, end a mnp compiled, dated July 13, 19)2, Which has been taken as the point of \ • ' t ·1 '. origin, and subsequent acreage figures were tabulnted from this material. 'lbe acreage shown on land o'W11erahip records, as of this date, is aa tollownt ii I ' I Hot Sprinr,a· and North Moontain 499.6~ ncros Lesa l.rrrry & Navy Hospital Grounds 2h.03 16.lh !I Less Deed No. l · . 110917 Total 169.liB' 127.lh Sur,orloar Mountain 2r.2 .96 ~I Wcwt nountnin 11.55 ~111ttington Lake Area Block 82 (Donated by Chamber ot Co~merce I ~ for Free Bathhouse 8/9/19) o.7L 001.07 acres iii. Totnl rrea :1 Subsequent boundary revisions were as foll~s s June S, 192h - .camp~ound donaied by Clrnmber of 1 16.lh r.:.1!i Commerce Parle W2 SW.,- Sec. 27 i; ' April 201 1932 - Fordyce Donation. Indian Mountain. Tract cronsed by paved county hiWi-way August 22, 1937 •Perry McGlone donation. Park I entrance lots. Lot 5, Block 188 l.So June 2,, 1938 • Purchase from B~ L. Wright. Parts of Lot 1 Block 188 0.15 I 1 October 3, 19.38 - Purchase from Gertrude furr. Part ' of ~ix lots in block 18~-108 I Jun9 2L, 1938 - Transfer from public domain. Blocks 188 and 189 16.20 I November 22 19.38 • Purchaao from a. M. ilondorson • 1 Pnrt of Lot 1, Block 188 .• ••i 11 I 11I 1,I . •.. March 29, ·1939 • Purchase from E. c. Ellsworth. · · Pnrt ot Lot 1, Block 188 0.09 acres :1/-; July JO, 191t0 - Purchase from E. T. Hou!!!ley. I .. Lot 6, Block 188 o.60 January ) l9Ll • Donation from City Council :1 1 Hot $pr1ngs, Abondonement of III certain streets. · 2.~ May 22, 19hl • Purchase from O. H. Belding. Lot 11, Block 101 0.90 11· June 11, 19Ll - Donation f'rom City Council. Abondonment of' certnin etreete. o.Po .. 'I July 28, 19lih - Donation from J • Erirl Hrusley. I Public Health Service Medical Center 33.02 I By Ac~ of Congress, June 2h, 19)8. Minus 0.36 ii 'Minue 33.02 , I Act or Congress, ruguet 2u, 195L 11 ' l.955 - Tot.al Acreage this date 91'16.ll I •• 11 ,1 I :I 11 -26- I ••:'", 111 ;1 ''· 1il I•• FEDERAL REO!STnAT! i ! 4ftle AnnuHl ll!3port of the Superintendent of the Hot Springs Re,serva tion, 1 · I I I.1.-:. ,.,-· to the Secretary or the Interior 1 tor the yottr 1905 contains t.he following. outline or the need for, and the creation of 1 a Federal Regist~ation Board to regulate the practice of physicians and to enforce the Rules end Regula- \ t'-ons of the Secretary. of the Interior applicable to the United States Hot I Springs Reservations "'!be year just ended hae marked a decided Advance movement on the part or the I)3partm~nt in the enforcement of its rules and regulations for the better government of this reserv~tion and in the methods adopted for. the protection of its patroni:Y. A~ide from the loyal support of the Business Men's League (the principal ' Comme~cial organization Of' the city) I the or r-anh:ation known BB' the Vis-'ttors' Protective Association, and a fe~ private citizenA, the Dopartnent has battled nlmost s 1ngle hondt1d Ahd Alnt\ft fol" t.hb elevation of this resort and protection for the r.ick and afflicted "1ho come here for relief' 1 'While the manucipality, the ~reateat beneficiary of the succeastul operation of th:IA property by the National Government, sits icil.y by, engrossed :ln a masterly in• I activity. I "Thie lack of active aid from the city prop~r is not so much due to disinolinntion of officials or ~ant of sympathy with or I appreciation of the general objects aineq nt by the Government no it ie to the ndver~e influence or municipal politics, ~hich ie I largely controlled by the corrupt, demoralizinit, and nefarious -27- I ' ••L I I 1 ii(: drurmt1ng system which haa flourished here ror years-a vicious I i•• practice whose rnm1f1cationa have indisiously permeated and il.r I\ •• corrupted' the morals, integrity, and honor or the comrrunityJ ·-· . ' r ii a vieious mon!4ter who fattens and feasts on the sick and afflicted; the crention or a propaganda or professional brigands ·I who solicit patients through the medium or paid Policitors called drummers, who, atter gaining the confidence or the sick visitor, ·1·'. easy and Ruccesr,f~l aocompliehment of this ,end by the drumrr-0r is best understood -when considered that the victims aro sick and debilitated in body, thelr minds enfeebled in sympathy with their.physical infirmities, rendering them an ~asy prey for these vultures 1n human form. "For years this Department has boen engnp,~d :lt1 l 1ftu~~bl• effort to destroy this hydra•headed mon~ter, through ite rules and regulation~, ~ith varying degrees or succeee. Under the ), ::1·ii )I rules end regulntions approved June 6, 1903, provision ~a~ made ,:I that a board o.f med3cal comrniseionere P:hould pass upon the quali- I. ficatione and character or phvsioians ~ho cle~ired to prescribe :1 the baths, and prohibiting the p~tienta of drumming doctors from bnthlng in the various bath houses having franchi~e from the :1.I. Oovomment, establishing a registered li~t of tho~e found com- :I potent, ,.,,hich list was filed in this o.ff:lce for tho &uidance of the superintendent in the enforcerriont of the rulos. Under thot 11• I , , I •I registration 9~ nawes were certified to the euperintcndent as ; ·qualified, ~hile 2$ were tinal.l.y rejected. From this reg1etra• . ' . tion an appeal wae taken t.o the United States c1rou1 t court, enst«!m district or '·rkansaa, by the nonregiAtered doctore, WO '·I prayed an injunction against the superintendent restraining him \ from enforcing the rules ~d regulations, which caul'Je wae rue- ta.ined by ·the court and decided against the OovernmentJ on the grounds the.~ the law of Congress approved 'March J, 1A91, lmm-.n • as the Hot .springs Act, di~ not explicitly confer the power and authority upon ~h~ Secretory of the Interior to ITilJko rules govern ing the prescribing of the bn.ths. In conformity wi. th this decieion Con~reee passed an act, .approved April 20 1 1904, entitled, "An act,. conferring jurisdiction upon United St.ates commlsoloners over o.ffenses committed in a portion of the 'Pormanent Hot Springs Reservation, Arkansas, tt in which, arrong ot.her protUi.tsliil J t.htt por:ers imd authority or the Secretary of the Intorlor are enlarped, and full power is vested in him to make all needful rules and rer:u- lations for governing this reservation, the uses of the water, and I prescribing the baths by physicinnfl nnd others, and prescribing I panelties for violations or ~nid rules. I I "'In accordance with the provisions of thir. act, under date I I of October 31, l90lJ, the fiecretary of the Interior appointed a I board of cornmissionera, consisting of William H. Bl"!rry, M.u., I ' ! I -29- ! I I I •• ------~------___J II I I I ' ~ ' . (. . . ' ' , I I(.,···.. ., , i:, ,, , : Capt, E'..anuel L. Steer, u.· a· •. Army, and Hon. Charlee D. Oroavcs, ( .. to pllfJS Upon the qualif'iOAtionB a~ character Ot physitiana ' !. i~-; desiring t.o prescribe the waters from the Hot S'pr~ngo Rescrva• :I tion, and also approved an amended eerioe of rules end rogula• · I. tions ror the guidance or the board end the superintendent. I ' \ \ "Following the registration of January 25, 1905, euit was 1,I I I, again brought by s, c. Van Le~ in the United St.ates circuit court against the superintendent and the medical board, attackin~ .Ute constitutionality ot ~e act of Congress and va11dity or rules and reeulations, praying ror an injunct:ion .nrr.ainst the superintend ent and the board restraining ·them from carrying into force nnd effect the rules and regulations and the orders of the Secretary 1:1 ! : of the Int.crier, end asking for dn11an·ee in t.ho sum of t10,ooo. !••• Upon trial of the case the court held that the Unit.ed States by ' virtue or it.s ownership of the reservation hnd tull f'ltltJbi' t.~ f'tlt\P1 :I the act of April 20, 190L, oonrerring authority on the Secretary of the Interior to nnko the rules and rep,ulationsJ thn t thoy nro ·,I valid and have the force or lnw; that the medicnl board wns duly created and exercises ouasi judicial po~erJ that their action I can not be lnquired into except. for malice or fraud." I i:I Tho present Federal Rogistrat.ion Bonrd consists of h registered I physicians, Hot Springs National PtTk1 the Commnnd:il"lr;i: Off icor of t.he ~rrry ii ond Navy General Hospital and the Superin tondent of Hot !iprinr.s Na Uonal Park, the lnttar acting as ·S~cretnry of the Board. The duties of tho I Eonrd D.re covered by the Rules and negul[)tiona af! prornulr.atcd bv t.ho ., ••I-'' •. ' -JO- I i 'I Ii-. I I i :·.1 i••. ' I Secretary or the Interior, viz., to determine the qualitioatione Rt)d character of applicmi ta to prescribe tl1e Hot Springe 'WR tore and to odviRe 1l--·'I !ii the Superintendent concerning the use or the Hot Springe waters •. On September 26 l95L, the the Interior I 1 Secrot.ary of approved the I I ·1 entablishment of an Bcarnining Bonrd for Technicinne to com1jst of one reeistered physician, one .registered physiotherapist, one registered 1·· mnaeaur, one registered b~th attendant and one mombar of the etnff or the : t'uperintendont of Hot SprinGI National Park, to prescribe the requirements I and conduct examinations for all applicants seekinr, to be regietared I phyaiothorapiste, hydrotherapists, masaeure and bath attendants. ,··, ,. I '\ . •• I' I I; I 11 ••• ·31-. ''i II. ·' . . 'I tEOT SLATIVE HlSTOFY I" . •• MMy ·k- ;. lep,1alat1ve act~ were pas~~ that had a bearing on tho ftdminiatra- 1 ;··. t.1on or the area. Some or the most notable ~ere t An Act authorizing the Governor of the Territory of Arkansas to lease ·tho SAlt Spri~s, in said territory, arxi for other purposes. 'I 1· Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives or the Unitod . 'I ~tates America 1n Congress assembled, that the S~lt SprinRB lying on tho or :~· Waehi ta River, on. Little River, and on· Saline Creek, in said territory of \ . Arkansas, together with ee many contiguous eoctions to each of eaid sprfor,e ·1 as shnl.l bo equal to one tO'\·mahip, and every other enlt spring which may be I ;: . discovered 1n said Territory, with the section of one mile equare which I . ; .. ' : •. included it1 ehall be reserved far the future disposal of 1he United St.tea, I · end ehall not be liable to be entered, located, or appropriated, for ony . I other purpose ."11ntover. 1: S'ection 2. And be it further enacted, that the Governor of said I Territory ehall be, and ie hereby, authorized to let out or lease said sprinr,e for o term not. exceeding five yeare; and the rents and profits arising from said springs shall be applied by the Leglslnture of ea.id Territory, to the opening and improving such roads in sntd Territory ea r,aid Le~ielaturo may direct, and to no other purpose ~hntever. Saction J. And bo it further enacted, that t.he Hot f:prinr;s jn said .. 1· 'I'erritc-ry, together with four sections of landdncluding such epr~nr.fl, ns noar t.he center thereof as mny be, shnll bo reserved for the future dis- por.nl of thA Unit.ad Strttea, and Rhnll not be entorod, located or npprnpd ntcd, ror any 0 thnr purpose whatever. i' • -32- I \ . \ I I !I .I:· . i I ! ~-? :,.~ :; ' .' l ~ :. ' ' . 'o _.,.. '· ,_.r ·1 Juno 11 1870 (16 Stat, lb9) I ii. 1 '.: ~ ·:{ : f ~ .. " ,· .. ~ Section 1. Persona claiming title ·to Hot Springs Ref!orvntion may bring ·:1 -~-- '. eiu1t in Court or Claill\9 to settle same, provided th11t such suit be initiated .. w1thin 90 days or passage or act Ol' forever barred. . i ; i \ i ' Mnrch 31 1887 (19 Stat. 377) Appointment of three Con:niseloners to lay out Hot Springs Roeervation and to assess tax on waters from springe and to uubmit report to Secretary I I or Interior within. JO days covering permission for lnnde to be .tiled upon 1n t.he Reaervatiori. · I. December 16, 1870 (20 f>tat. 2~8) To correct an error in not establishing funds for payment of duties · ;:.... I assign_ed. '!be lensing or bathhouses for ~ yenr periods at a true of ~1~ .oo por tub including lnnd ront. To prevent monopoly no bathhouse with more ••• than )JO tuba and water for aaJTee F.rea bathe tor indirf,cttUh TU.1~~ f,~ lJ1tHJ :I r,ivon by Unitod States ohall exclude the right to drill for water. Hot II f.prin~a and ?1ount.ains forever free frorr. sale or alienation. I . June 16, lf1.80 (21 Stat. 2~13) foction 1. · Land titles adjudicated by the commisaioners. Sole rir,ht :• of entry and payment prer-:erved by payment of LO% aaROsfled value for lf.l 'I I months after notice. ' rection 2. Certificate isoued for condenncd buildings (e~cept {.'162) II: \ made receivable for entries and purchnse money· for landR fa Hot Sprin~e I. rosorvntion. :1• ·33- I . '" . ; t I I 1 ;1,· ;, . '' ' '. ' I i I·!,:·,···: ._.··. . . ··: I I i 1\ ! :r: · · . · section 3. ·Mountainous dtatrict* defined and dedicated to public use : ' ,forever and to be known as u. s. Hot Sprin~s Reserv3tion •. . t ·I. ..r--· . 1. .J.---"'"".~ Section L. Cemetery lot shall be vested in town. I Section S.. Secretary of Int.erior authorized to designate 6 i·ots for .. ! 1,.- echool and to convey plot of land to Baptist Church •. . I . . \ ' \ Section Streets, ooUJ"ts, and alleys ceded to ·city Hot Springa. I i : 6. or I 'l ·. i ., 11- ·. Section 7. Remainder or town lots and blocks not disposed of or 1 reserved, to be sold at public auotiort at not less than their appraised I. vnluo. · I · June ~, ier.2 (22 stat. 121) Establishmont of Army and Navy Hospital at Hot Sprinrs, ftrke.neae. 'I .;:j'· ' .. I,: •.. Mnrch 3, 1887' (2l.t St,at. ~h7) , Hot water to be euppliod_ to bathhouses off the reaervntion provided not ~ ' to intorfere w1 th ArJl1)' nnd Na'vy Hospital or bathhouses On reservation • March 26, 188A (2, Stat. 619) • Authorized establishment of ) bathhouses off reservation. Annual tub 1· rent rnised to t 30.00 per tub 1n all houses. Nr:'\lt houses cnnnot bo en-med b'' people having houAB on reservation. t1arch 3, 1891 ('26 r.tat. BM>) Lonse bnthhouscs for 20 year periods with annu~l rent of t)).OO por tub. Authorized Secretory to rnnke all rogulntion and nffix fees. No peraon,. -;L- I I I ''. I I I•••• ~rporaUon, eta., may hllva an intorGat in more than one houna. I~~~'. Socti"n ), ' luthorbed state ~at.ion ot personal property on .;· rooerwt.ion. · , December 21 1 1893 (28 Stat. 21) /I I. Granting right or way tor construction of railroad nnd other improvomont \ I ·over and on Wost Mountain. : 1!1 Au;!Uot 7, 189h (28 Stat. 263) i Hot f;prinr.s r.·ater Company given 2P year leaBe on site for cold \:a.ter 1;1 rosorvoirs on West Mountain. !1 March 19 1 1898 ( 30 Stat. Lo~) I. ,, r.~crotary may authorize construction of observatories, etc. !Jay 9l 1R9B (30 Stat.liOJ) :.:•I ntp~a~e Lodge, Knights of pYthina may oroct SAnitnrium on r~nnrvnt~on. 11 The Sta to or Arkansas was adrr·i t.tod to the Union upon t.ermo sot forth I in the Act of Admission, Juno 15 1 1836. Since reservation ·or jurir,diction :I· over the llot Springe reaervnt1on \.'D.S not among these terms, the Government, i ·, pr for to 1903, had no more jurisdiction over this oroa thnn it had ovor nny ·1 at.her public lnnde in the rtate. 'Iha followin~ aot -wne 1x1.aeed to allov!nto I· i:I thnt oituntion. I nir,er:;t of the Stn+.ut,ea of f\rlrnnr;.'lo .1 1921, soc. l ?1 I P• 2 il. Ceding exolueive jurisdiction to United States of Hot Sprin[".o 1·'o\1n t.nin 'I.I orea (dofinod). Civil lnws nnd taxation concurrent. 1. , , .1:: .. ' j "~ ... ! 'i I I.; Arz:il 12, 190h (.33 Stat. 173) Secretary R\1thor1zed to grant a~ many bath tubs in hotols, etc.·, as 1n discretion he may deem proper end necessary and the .anount of hot water I . > . I will just!ty. .•' • I I . I ;I April 20, 190L (33 Stat. 18?) Acceptance of exclusive jurisdiction on Rot Springs lt>untain. Designated aroa a.a p.'lrt of Arkansas .1udic1al district. Misdemeanors defined end penalty I .,fixed. Solicitation of patronage by physician forbidden. Commis~ionore : 'r:iven power to issue warrmtts or arrest, and pareros authorized to make arrests defined. "March 2, 1907 (3hStnt. 1218) ~ny u. s. Commissioner shall have power and jursidiction over violntorn of the oforemen tionod Act. n Fobn1ary lcJ, 1911 (.?6 Stat. 906) 'Masonic Lodge 62 given authority to construct buildings on specified area. and for "rmtor. for drinking and to furnish 5 tubs. ~"lrCh 2 t .1911 ( 36 ,C.:tat. 101~1 Requiring persons ~ho bathe Qt Free Bathhouse to taka oath (they nre ~ithout nnd unnble t~ obtain funds) and designated penalty for tnlae oath. Juno 31 1912 {37 Stat. l?l) Leo N. Levi Hospital su thorized to occupy and const.ruct building on specified lot.s.. Hot wa tar and 5 tubs granted. -36- ,------:I.: .. · • 1 I 11· '~· . ii . I ••. Jul;v n, 1919 (39 Stnt. ~1) ·i .' ! ,1 Water turniRhed £or tive ()) tubs tree to Levi Hospitaf providing l..('-- ;~o!'pi t,al send ~bulance tor and treat all emerRenoy patient!! originating ., . . ' on the aroA of the Hot Springs neeervations. I February 2, 1921 (State Law) GenerAl Acte of Arkansne 1921 1 pa~e ~3 '.I Ceding t.o the United States exclusive jurisdiction over Block 82, 1· · March )J 1 1921 (111 Stat. llt07) I 'The Hot Springe Roserva.tion ~hall. be known as the Hot Springs National t Park. :I September 18, 1922 (Ji2· Stat. 8'11) / Acceptance of Pct of Fob~uary 2 1921. !• .··. , 1 ~nroh 27 1 19~~ (State Law) ~·~1- ' :1 Ceding ·excl~eive jurisdiction to United States et auto111eb1lo tnutiht ,f Q ;11 camp. H M:irch 3 1927 Clrh Stat. 1359) ::I 1 Acceptance of nbove. ":t • :1 Febrnnrv lL, 1931 016 .Stat. 110?) •' ·I Arlington Lawn designated (Arlington Hotel burned en li/5/?;) • Area formerly occupied bv the Ar3-ington Hotel to be kept, retained and mnintained I. by t.he Uni t.ed States for pa~k purposes .and. no o~her lease to be gi"antod. lhrch ?~, 1933 (!;tote La~) Exclu91ve jursidiction coded by State of Arkansas, providod, that this •37- I I :,,. grant or jur1ad1ct1on shall not prevent t.he execution or any process of the State, c1v~l or crim1nnl 1 01" an1 person who may be in the Park or Park I prom.1.eosJ provided further, t'tlai the right to t.n:x ell etructuros nnd other I property 1n private ownership on the Ho'\ Gprjngs tlstionnl Park 1e .h0reby reoerved t.o the St:.ate or .Arkansae, I Jurisdiction aooepted ,June 2,;t '!J~?? (~O Stn.t. 2hJ) I :Tuno lz1 JV~ 019 Stat. 1$16) Doundary extension to include Lot 11, block 101, lot S, block 185; t lot 6, block 1861 lot S, 6, 7, block 187, s.nd lot.al, 2, 3, 61 and 1~, ,. block lRA (purchase by fundf' nppropristed not to exceed fl5 1000) • .?11n,02fi J.9,3~. ill9 St-Rt. lC>7?) An act inoreanin~ the penalty tor making false onth for the purpose of bathing at government free bnthl:rnuge• . (t25 ... t-300 a.nd to dn.ys). ~u~~ ?a.~~37 (f\lbl;!?.No. 12?) / I Act nccepted t.'1e ca:;sion 'b7 the Stat,e of Arkanan.s o.f ,iu.risdiot1,ori over . . !I all lmds now or hereafter included vi.thin Hot Springs National Park and I . i for o1:.her J)'Ul"poses. 'I' ~1;..ns ?b.t-~.~?8 J~ts Stnt:• .10~8). I l'oundaries extended and land gra:ntsd ·to oit,y of Hot Sprinr;a. J,ppro- I.: prli:it,ion s.i.t t.h.orizntion for· purchtrne o.t boundary extonsion in Section 1 •. ; I :;' . . .•I __ J I ,I . .. .. '·' ,, .. I .. ' :e 4 .. ' "' ' ·~ t· .. ' ·~ l\mendu:ent ~-Act or June lS, 1936. ' Section 2. SUpplernental appropriation of' ra,ooo tor t.ho purehtU!IE! of' lands deecribed in original act. Sect.ion 3. Secret.ari or Interior authoriied to nocept donation of ln~ds or int.ei•e111ta in landft within the ~it". limits of Hot Springe, Arkansas. Upon ! acceptance of land• they ahall beoome a part of trot Spri.nge .National Park. 11! ; A!l~1.!:t 2h, ~95h ~ 68 Stat. '790,2 Cod1.n~ to Hot Springa School nt.atr1ct No. 6 nnd Garland County Henlth •·;, and '''olfare Unit tor school md ·county purposes :3).02 a.eras of la.nd located I at former United States Public Health Service Medical Center. ~ ' .· I,, -••M / ! I ! j l { •I I 1. I •• I .I: >'· ,. AP?O!N'l'TVE OP'P'!CTALS Ttl CHAHlE · I ,,. STNCE F.STAJ3t,tSm1TINT, APRtr, ~ 1832 I 12/31/82 «leneral Benjamin F. Kelley Superintendent 9/6/77 - . United St.ates Army 7/l.li/85 :1- Samu.el Hamblen do 1/1/A) • do 7/lr!,/8'5 - 6/18/M Cht:irlos ""• Field ~/31/93 I<'rnnk M. 'lhompeon do 6/1°/89 - do 6/1/93 - 3/31/1.900 :I Williarr: J. Little h/l/no .. 3/31/07 l~artin A. E:tsele do do h/1/07 ' - ~flt:/09 'k'• Scott Smith f'>/1/13 Harrv H. Myere do 7/1/09 - I Chnrlos R. Tro'lr1br1dge Inspector 1n Olnrge Md ftctln~ Super1nt,andent 8/h/13 .. 9/2'?/1) 8/J/lh Charles R. Trowbridge .superintendent 9/23/13 - 8/li/lh - 2/28/22 I -tt~Wi.lliam 'P. Pnrka do do J/1/2'2 - 3/23/2u ClBrmce H. Waring 7/16/29 Joroph Bolton do .3/2U/21.! .. d.o 7/17/29 - 12/i?/JO I Hu~h de Valin, M;D. l/ lt;/32 Geor~n~ L. Collins, M.D. do 12/13/JO do l/16/32 ... 5/2b/36 'l'hom1~ J. Allen, Jr. 12/31/38 I , . Donald Libbey do )/2~/36 -- s. 1/1/39 .. Preston P. P~traw do do lt/l~/h) - ~~i;Ll:J Sohn w. ~::mmert 9/1/Uh .. 6/lO/h6 Donald s. Ltbbey do Thomne Dolel!I do 6/10/h6 - 1/3lf'l h/1/t~1 .. fli' bh f~\i t, •• Donald s. Libbey do ;II *lntil control Wl'is vested in a euparintendoot, t.he Hot Spr:l.ngs Rsr.ervation ! !I • . . • '· \ms o.dministered fro111 March 30, 1877 tc Decewber ll, 18791 by t.ho prtmident ... i:.,j ' itU.ly a.ppointed Hot Springs Conmd.asion, hav:i.nR three roombora. I **The n.ome o! the Hot Sprtnp.;e Reaarvation w:u changed to Hot, ~pd.n~a Mntion~1 Park by an Act of Congress in l92lt during Doctor Parka Administrr:ltion. I 'lbomam J. Allen, Jr. was the first Pt1rk S-0rviee Super.infamdoot. I . I. I •• ~J I ii ·.·. • ·~ ~ '\ !.. ,·, .. 1,.• MrecELt,ANEOUS t'MPORTANT DATES ..( .. '\' , I 16)6 • June lS, · State ot Arkanaae admitted to the Union. .I t •' 18)8 • l\ib11c aurveyn or land, l ; 1878 • Fire mtept Yi.rtually all the business district. Throe bnthhouses 11' burned•. 1883 • Hot Springe Creek bridged. o'Nr. Length 3SOO feet, Oost $136, 7h~. 78 1890 - Flood. R eaYy damage. 1695 • Smallpox epidend.c. Hundreds died. 1905 • FiJbruary 25. Fire cleared ,)1) blocke and en.used several dtrnths. 191) • September S. P'ive hundred ·eighteen bui.ldi.nr:a de~troyed by fire. Loss 2 ... lJ million. 19lh • Fire swept out LO blocks. 1915 - November 26. Tornado. Twelve deaths and h~vwy propert.y dame.go. 1916 • J11no 2h. Tornado. Several· deaths. 1923 • May lu. Flood ripped out pavement alonr; Contral Avonu.~ and flooded "/ ' .l business houees~· :I ' ~I •• ... ,,..r:._ ... 11 .. AUMpp, Fred w,. - Po1klore ot Romsnt1o Arkansne, Volume 1. Grolier r"°ciety 1931• 11 Arndt, R~bert H. - Geology ot the" Hot Sprinr,e .Arna. Department of Oeology, Un1VE'fre1ty of Arkansee. I Cron, Frederick w. • Mineral -water at Hot .Springs. The Mili tnry Engineer, II March • lpril. 1930. - NarrowOauge Railroads., Grahams H. Hardy. Oaklnnd, II CalU'ornia. 19119 • . - Hot [1Jr1n·r,a Nature Notes. Hot Sprinr,a NnturAl 1• Hi~tory Association •. August 19.3h. • Report of an A'J'!.alysie of ThG Waters of Uta Hot 1•. Springs, ate. Government Pdnting Office. 1902. I . Herndon, Dalles T, • Centennial HS.story of Arkansai.i;, s. J. Clnrko Publim1ng Cornpany. 192?. • A" Thu.rribnail Rit11tory of Hot Spr:l.ngu. Hot Sprirwn tlaturol H1sto%7 AssQCia.tion. 19.37. Kuroda, P; K. - Radioactivity or Rivers And Lnk~t.i 1.n pn.i·tn o! Garland and Hot Sp:rinc& Counties, .Arkanstrn, Economic Goolory, 1·1 i. F.urndn, P. K.; D1::P1or<, P. E. and 11. iiyde, H. I. • R9dioactiVity of the Spring 1:ata:re of Hot Spritwn National Park, Ark:maa.s. Arri ••1ournal of' f>cience, I •• I t 1 t I ttx, H• w. . • .Hot ~inge·N~tura Notos. Hot Springs Natural .~ - . . .(<.--' History Association, April, 193~ • Musick, 'Tho111Bs H. • Investigation ot Hot Spring Affairs. nopart to 1· the Secretary of Interior. Government Printing Office. 'Washington, 18?0. Nowapnpers • Sentinel Reoord, April 25, 19.32 anci March 121 1916 ~chlundt, Herman - The RRdioactivi ty of the ~pring W11ter on tho Hot i Springs Reservation, Hot Springe, ·Arknneae. Am. Journal of. Science, Vol. xxx, pp. L5910, July 19"5 Weed, Walter Harvey• neolor,ical. Sketch of Hot Sprinr;a 1 Arkansas. I Oovernmont Printing Office. 1902. / :I . Weldon, N. H. • Hot Springs Natura Notes. Hot Springs Natural History Asr.ociation. February 19.3$' • U,.,lmown - • Biographical. and HlRtorical Memoirs of Central . . ••• Arkansas. Goodspeed Publishing Co!Tlj,any. ch!c~~o. di 1889. I :1 ,I I :I I '1• r . -L3- r '. '• ... · .. Hot. Springe National Park i1 aituate4 in the approximate ge~ graphical center of th• etate ot Arkansas, 50 mile• aouthweat, of t.he . . . capitol oit7 ot Little Rocle, and about 75 mile• east ot th• Oklahoma etate line. Located in aoutheaatern Garland Count.7, it 11 on tho boundtU7 between the Zigzag Mo1a'ltaift1 (a.range ot th• Ouachita mo\Dltain a;retem) and the Mazam ba11n. The adjoining mountain ridge• are part ot the Zigzag mountain• which lie in a bel\ extonding approximatelJ" •ix mile• ' . west-northwest and nineteon milea east-southeast. ot Hot Springs. The mountains are more or leas continuoua zigzag ridges whose individual trends are preponderan~'.17 in a northeaat-aouthweot direction. The mountain tops stand on the average 500 teet above the general level ot the Mazarn basin, and their highest elovation ia 11 200-11 220 feet at. the western end ot West Mountain, juet outoide th• park boundArF• The Mazarn basin and the southern flanks or the Zigzag mountain• drain to the east through the Ouachita (Waah-1-ta.w) River ·and its l. tributaries. . The northern tlanks of the Zigzag mountains drain to !I.. ' i l) the no~heaot and east through the Saline River snd its tributaries. By interpreting the nature and relationships ot rooks and their roaeU and mineral oontenta, in the light or what. is happening on the carth•a surface toda;y1 geologiata have gradually pieced together a remarkable goologioal history ot the earth that extends back immsno• . \ - 3 .. I',\ 1-- 11 '< 1 i I . ·age• ot tiine. An explanation ot the ~ot springs logioal.1¥ begin• vit.h •• ·.. a lumal'7 ot the geological bietol'J' ot thil region, including tho Jll'Oo ceaae1 that eventual.17 prod.uceci our present. topograpbioal features •. :.t-;- -' With roapeot to origin, all ot tho rooko ot the Ouachita 1110untain1, with the except.ion of several igneous intrusions ot moderate extent, ,, are of marine eedimontar;r tormationa, deposited 1n horizontal lqore , ' :11 on the floor ot an ancient 1ea over a period ot million• ot 79ara, during th• Paleozoic era ot geo1ogio time. During most of the Paleozoio 1:.1· era, thia present mount.ainoua region va1 submerged b7 the waters ot the . ~ Ouachita Emba111ent which vaa a westward-extending arm o! the Appalachian 1:1-' geooynoline, an ancient aea located roughly between Louisiana and New Hampshire. To the south ot this gradu~ sinking Ouachita Embaymont I;i .• ·1 ··. '" . area of weetarn Louisiana, '1'exaa, and aouthorn Arka.n11aa and Oldahoma, / l.q the land ot lott;r mountains known •• Ll1:1norio. ·The eroding rocka or the northern Llanor1a were carried northward bj1' rivers and atreDJ'l!JJ into the Ouachita hbqment. &l\d depoeited there aa gravel, aand, m:ud.1 :.:1 and chemical precipitates. Throughout the hundreds ot millions ot .'\ l! y~are believed to have passed during the Paleozoic era, thesa eedi 1\i :!jl mente continued to accumulate 1.Ultil tbe7 roached the remarkable I I thickness ot over 30,000 feet. •. This deposition all occurred in ii comparativoly shallowvater, aoco;npanied by a gradual corraaponding I sinking or th• ocean tloor• !1 In late Pennsylvanian time there came a period or mountain- !I. making compressive forces from the ocean to the south. and. southeast 11'' •• I .. ' '! ·.·1 , 'I,. applied againat. the thick aedimenta arid raised their 1urtace above ' :•• sea-level. In this ~levation, the ~ooka were compreaeed ao aeverel.7 that, thq now ocoup7 but one-halt.their original aurtace area. A . . ' . ~~-' lfidt.h of 100 mile• or rnore waa rectuced to the present average SO mil•· width ot t.he Ouachita mountain•• Thia compre11ion produced a. 1~rie1 ;I ot tolda, or anticline• arid aynclinea. Where thoy were unable to ' withstand the strain produced b7 the enormous pressure, the rocka :1 ' . fractured, and orten adjacent maasea moved up and down, reapectivol.71 1· along the break, or ta.ult plane. · : The rocka ot the Hot Springs area have remained above aea.-level ' . t. during most or all· ot the time ainc• thoir emergence near the end of the Paleozoic era, and have been subjected to.eubaer1al erosion trom I that time. Thia erosion did not· proceed steadi.lJr. At least twice, · :·1 : this area was reduced to loV:-1,ying land Of)&Uch low relief that erosion practical.17 ceased. · Areas at this etage are knawn a1 peneplains. :•• There alwqa followed an uplift, which reaWD.ed th• eroeion prontee. · · Tht tiret ot these peneplaina, nov evidenced by the higher mountain create, ,I . . occurred ~t the end ot the Jurassic period; and the second, evidenced "I by the present intarmountain baaina, developed 1n earl)" Tertiar;r time. I Horizontal layers ot aediments beneath an inland sea were lifted many ·1 thousands of teet above sea-level, compressed and folded into one-halt its original space. The lott7 ridges were cut down until the7are now I valleys •. II.; I -s- I}- ••. ~. ------11.: .. I' ... · ,( / ~ ',l ' I m ma SPRINOS Practical.17 evert visitor Who oomee to Hot Spring• Nati!'nal Park 11 curioua about.the origin and.zieohanica ot the hot. springs.; Until aever&l. centuries ago, aupernatur&l. agencies were credited with .the ' cause tor ~uch phenomena a• lara• atreama o! hot water guohing out ot the ear~h. Evil monsters were a tavorite expia.nation .or incomprehensible ' .. occurrences in nature •. La.ter, the water of springs, and expeoially of hot opringa, wa• belieyed. by many to be torced up b7 the wind• produced by innnense subterranean tiroa~ - Mi~Qoncoptions ot volcanoes gave crtidenoe to thia idea ot tirea beneath tho earths aurrace. Tod~, with the devolopmont of geology, we know that hot springs mn.7 have one or a l combination ot various sources or heat. / It is believed b;r probably the majority or goologista that tho highly tractured Bi&tork chert formation is the aquiter upon which rain _ wator tall.a and· nows through, .. between tho collecting aroa and. the spring outlets. 'nl.e Womble shale below, and the Polk Creek shale above retain the water within the chert tormation. Anal.ysio o{ the hot epring ·1 \- water w~uld indicate that the water is at least chie:tl.y sneteorio (rain) ' in origin. The minerals in eolution, with possib)Jr one exception.. ore I those wldch would be expected in rain water tha.t has !lowed through I rocks or the kind that ocour in the spring ares.. Furthermore, the geologic structures required b7 the :meteoric theory seam to be preoont. From the collecting area, the water flows down southeastward in I.; ' I the Bigfork formation beneath the lowoat part of the trough ot the . f -6- ••,, ' I I • '',' ., :I~ told. .(11Dolln•)' whiob 11•• below Wen Mountain. 'l'b• va.te:r 1.1 t.hen :. toroecl upward b7' hJdroatatio pr•1a11N·along t.h• we•t.•m pa.rt ot t.h• ,- l llpt.umed told. (anticline) llhioh cu•• up Hot, Sprin&• Mountain. The ~ I • ' •· f ; .•'• • I oprlnge e1Ul"ge frOll t.he bua of t.he at.anl.q &bale and the t.op ot the 1 ' . . . . \ ,, ! . . 1.I Polk Creek ah&l•, M1111ovi Mountain shale, Arka.iuaa novaculit.e, and I , 11 1001\ of th• Ho\ Springs aa.nduton•. The logical ata~ion i• that. I . thin tranater 1a aooompl.18hed along & tia11ur11, or fault., at th• •lte . . '' ; . ' 11 of the sprlnp._ Ind~cationa art favorable tor the exiat.ence of thi• tault. 'l'h• a.bnorm.all.T high tempwe.ture or th• epring water i• it.a 11 moat unuW&l. cha.ract.orinic. To aoocnmt tor the eource ct beat., w II must rol.T on hJ'poth•••• l>ecau• ot the lack of M:f definite diagnostic criteria, I , The gonerall;r accepted b•11et todq ae~me to be that the apring , .• rl :intrusion that baa not been expoffd at tho earth• eurta.c•. Poa1iblT th• wattir ia h~a.t.ed chiefl.J' bf rising hot. vapcra ~a.ting :from this 11 / cooling ma.as Qt. igneous :rock. fhi• potud.bilit;r ia 1mpported by the II trace of baron vhioh baa been found ir; the w&t.®r. Ste&m would be a pr:ineipal oenstitu0Ut of th•e• vapora and ·w condoo:d.ng would a..dd to II. t.he meteoric -wa.t.$?" ot th• epri.ngs. Sae geologist attribut$ all or I . '. :1, most of t.he wat•r to thia juvenile 80\U"Cit. It 'IM:f' " that the water mer$l:r approached near enough to the buri~ igneous mass t.o heat thtt 1,; water by ccmduotion and convection.. \ the11"8 are Hver&l areu ot expoaed igneous r®k and n~rous ·1 =t ••"i~ I ~·. ·~~~. ' '\ "~· ~"' $ • ·" • ·I (. d.ikea in.. th• YioinitJ ot Hot. Spi-ina• Rational Park• Th•a• are auppoe•dl.1' rela.ie4 t.o \h•.hraer:'1t\.ruina.; '1'hia igneoua rook • ' ~ ·~.~'\ ,:,~:· I i,. material ie beli•ffd 'to .have. beft '.intruded into tb• eed.imanta.17 • i'. \ i '' ' I,·~ torma.tic:ma near.th• en4 ot the·toW._. Oretaceoua epooh. · Presumably I ' . ·i Mr1' heat of au.ch anoient 1gneoua acttivit,. would bavo been dissipated :I before now •. Cone~nt]¥, it i• not uintained that tho exposed igneous W>.sn•• ·repreeent. a part of-. ~h•. identical. ~.tic bod;y which '. I wppoeedlr heat• the •pring vat.el"•• -. ! ... I Prob&bl.7.· th• ehiet objection to this theoJ7 explaining th• origin ot the apr1np ia the apJ)s.rent inad.equ.ao7 ot the oollect1ng buin to II wpply the luge n>l'llM ot water- which the epr.tngs produce. Th& tact. that part of the ·eoll•cting area ha• an elevation li;)'W$r than that ct I: e.G.'M ot the springs ha• alao bee uetl as nidoooe again.et this th0¢ry. 1-· H~ver, it ha.a not been shown that an ad.equnte supply of' water at ... euttieient elevation d.oea not exist. I It baa b.en euggea1o$d th.at. eu.bt.erran&&i eh.~miea.l activi.t7 produce& the haat" but. this ie not borne out by anaJ.7sis o! the wa.t.r. It would I he expected to/find unuamUJ.T large wnou.nts or mineral m.att~I", in I oolu.t.i(')t\ or ndneril.11 diti'~r&nt trom those ordinarily extra I period~ i:>t 1.ntenao stnss. eucb as obtained during pe:rioos Qf mountafn... I, 1113.king produces h-0at, by m:rr aueh eonn~tion 'bet:1w4t0n the hot t.iprings Md th4' orog~ev ot this regiMl is too r•ro.ote. 1 i I- The Hot Springs,. about 47 in numbtn... , ar• all located along th~ •• -a- ~------I ' ' bal!le ot Hot Springa Maunt.a.tn.1 and prod.u.e• a now ot appro:d.mllto17 1.,0001000 gallon• d.a.UT• The larg•.t apring, the Big Iron Spring, locatecl at th• eouth end of th• ulington lawn, ha• a da~ now ot . • ~: .....l, . ...~;,\~ I 201,600 gallon• according t.o mo•wrement.e u.d• bT Hqvood. Smaller i·I spring• range clown t.o e.a low ai Sll.ga.llone per dq•. El.Oh or the 1:1 spring• tr~whioh waters tor batlrl.l\g and drinking are oolleeted'ia care.f.'ull7 sealed to prevent· contamination .. Coll~cting pipee troa ell .1· ot t.heoe eprinp oon'f'erge into lU.in•• bringing All ot the hot va.ter into the la:rg• oval.-ahaped und.ergromd Qolleoting reservoir behind t.he I Adminimtrnt.1cm Oftiee Building, at th• south end of' l3athhou1e Row. I Adjacent t.o thia h'1g8 eubt.ortilllea.n vat is a pump room housing two I powertul •lee\rieall.T p~red centritcgal p"Wnps, each cap.able of handling 3 600 gall.one per hour. fheee pumpa litt th$ wa.t~r dircct.11' ii 1 I ii ' . to a two-eompa.rt..nt reservoir with a c°'mbin$d capao1ty of t.00,000 I . gall~ns, illg$%'1:1ousl.T cone~ bftneath a carctull:y' la.ndeca~ elope abon the tirat; lap ot t.ho pa.YGd. roat1 on the v~$t slop~ ot Rot Spring; i1•I Mountain. Thia reservoir ia at an elevation ot 720 f~~t, 119 tut above .Bathhouse Row• pronding a atroog gravity now to ill o,f the I I .. I In ord@r to prO"fide p?"ee~ s'U.f!ioimlt to eupply b~thhou$e8 I loo~too mor\l rem.ot•l.T, and at. higher •l@vations, an •uxili~ pu-w.p :in eonn~ction with tho iu.in gre.vit.7 reservoir lifts s~• ct th• wat~~ ii tram thio uin r@et:rvoir, up t"' a, 1001000 gallon high 1.n"'~H~sure :t"@HI'TI)i.r ii. b~mn,\th the slo~a farther up the hill at a.n utituds ot a20 te®t. I The opcr~ticn of th• water a7st~ is a ~el ot e!!ici~no7. I f I I••~- . ------_ _J ' . .. . ,I ( , I ...•, :.~ Jlleotric..U, operated an4 &utolaa\10~· controlled> th• pumps "kick-on• wtien· ·th• wate~· lneli. Sn \h• ·reee~lr are lOlternd. M4awrement. ot ' ' • ' ,. •: ·;~-,,:\ I ' ' te.uq>eratur. of th• "ater ls conn.ant.' ·bJ" u•• of a continuoue opera.tin&: recording thermometer. 'l"h• insul.•tion or the piping ia no ottec~ive that water averaging 143° tem?tr•ture in the main collecting reservoir, ' ' 1s delivered. to.th• tub• in the bathhouses on th• p.uk area at. a temperatu.re ot onlJ' about 4° cot'.>ler. Since the temperature ot the v&ter delivered to the various bath b.ou.sea 1.s atUltiio0.hot· tor 'bat.hitig,' and sinoe on expoaur~·to air the minertU. content precipitates, and the radioactive gaa (radon) paooes from th•· ntor, & cy11t.em 'Ma.ft d.maed war~by th• hot springs vat er wae .. ~ases through a ·aerio11 ot tubes, which were sill"l"ounded by cool watiar :I and by a traneter ot heat tr0111 the hot, to thi!I< continual.lJ' e ireulfl.ting I ~ cool vat.er, the hot apring wa.ter waa cooled without exposm-* tG air, and this cooled. water piped to the various bathhwt1s1J to temper the •• baths for proper ba~hing. 'th• natural hot. spring w·,r,.te:r 111 nn·er in a.etual contact with. this cooling water and thllr~fore r1tta1ned it& / :1 purity, losing,icmly several degrees <>t hest. ll Whatever t.he source ot the water s.nd its 11.-,at, the springs con tinue to have a conetUi.t d.all.1 now ~t ttl.mst a ndllion gal.lone. of :\1 water 'With & constant. t.emperatu.r• o! over 1430 F., rmd the «!lombinl!ld -water !rom. tha several springs ~ded in a eentral collecting :1 r~e~rvoir poneiia~s ra.dloa.et.itlt;r of .al millfal1.eromwies per litGr. 1., I •• - 10- , ' I ' ' ' .. I· the initi&l exploratinn and. sa\tlement 1n this area, and have regulated t~• growth &n4 ~arit1 .ot .the .o.1~1 er Rot Springa, u well as th• 1·1• .reputation of. Hot.. Sprj.nge. . National. . . r ·, ·...Park ·, .u a Spa tor ,thousands ot.. vi.sitora a~eking he.alth and, ~cr6at.ion. ·· ' • .I''• I I< The chnio~ con~en~ or the.·~at~al hot vatcr ha• been t.ound t.q bes ' •1 .' ''' ! • t~·. ~ ii ' . ' (P~~ pe~·:·cllion) ' i 1: , 8111~.a (fJi()a) ....:•~o•• ...... 4S I • . · Iron (re)•••••••••••••••••• ·.~ .os I M&.nganeoe (Mn)...... 26 I Calcium (Ca) ...... ~ .. • • • • • • • • 4.6 ,. Magnea1um (Mg)...... s.s 'I SOdiur.a (Ra).••••••••••••••••• 5.1 Potaesiwa (I) •••• ~...... l.6 Bicarbonate (HOO)) ••••••••••• 165 '• Sulpb&t.• (S04). •.• •••••••••••• 9.1 i·I Chloride (Cl) •••••••••••••••• 2.1 I I nuorid• (r) ••••••••••••••••• 0 I I Nitr~t• (NO)) •••••••••••••••• 0 I Qaaee in cubic oentimet~rs ptlr litm- I at O!J C. and 760 udll!Mtera p:reesuret ,~ ' Nitrogen (N}, a.Br