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Languages of the Middle Andes in Areal-Typological Perspective: Emphasis on Quechuan and Aymaran
Languages of the Middle Andes in areal-typological perspective: Emphasis on Quechuan and Aymaran Willem F.H. Adelaar 1. Introduction1 Among the indigenous languages of the Andean region of Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, northern Chile and northern Argentina, Quechuan and Aymaran have traditionally occupied a dominant position. Both Quechuan and Aymaran are language families of several million speakers each. Quechuan consists of a conglomerate of geo- graphically defined varieties, traditionally referred to as Quechua “dialects”, not- withstanding the fact that mutual intelligibility is often lacking. Present-day Ayma- ran consists of two distinct languages that are not normally referred to as “dialects”. The absence of a demonstrable genetic relationship between the Quechuan and Aymaran language families, accompanied by a lack of recognizable external gen- etic connections, suggests a long period of independent development, which may hark back to a period of incipient subsistence agriculture roughly dated between 8000 and 5000 BP (Torero 2002: 123–124), long before the Andean civilization at- tained its highest stages of complexity. Quechuan and Aymaran feature a great amount of detailed structural, phono- logical and lexical similarities and thus exemplify one of the most intriguing and intense cases of language contact to be found in the entire world. Often treated as a product of long-term convergence, the similarities between the Quechuan and Ay- maran families can best be understood as the result of an intense period of social and cultural intertwinement, which must have pre-dated the stage of the proto-lan- guages and was in turn followed by a protracted process of incidental and locally confined diffusion. -
ENJOY the EXPERIENCE OF: the KINGDOM of the CHACHAPOYAS CHACHAPOYAS (06 Days / 05 Nights)
ENJOY THE EXPERIENCE OF: THE KINGDOM OF THE CHACHAPOYAS CHACHAPOYAS (06 days / 05 nights) Price from US$549.00 per person Brief Itinerary Day 01: … / Jaen / Chachapoyas ✓ Arrival to Jaen and transfer in to Chachapoyas; Day 02: Chachapoyas - Kuelap ✓ Full-day tour to Kuelap Fortress by cable car; Day 03: Chachapoyas - Gotca ✓ Full-day tour to Gotca Waterfall; Day 04: Chachapoyas - Karajia & Quiocta ✓ Full-day tour to Karajia Sarcophagi and Quiocta Caverns; Day 05: Chachapoyas - Revash & Leymebamaba ✓ Full-day tour to Revash Mausoleum and Leymebamba Museum; Day 06: Chachapoyas / Jaen /…. ✓ Transfer out for departure flight; Day #1 Chachapoyas| With wild, unspoiled landscapes and important historical sites, this is true ‘Indiana Jones’ territory Arrive in Jaen, known as the Land of the Brave Bracamoros, reception and transfer to selected hotel in Chachapoyas. Overshadowed by the Incas in popular knowledge, the Chachapoya culture ruled over a large area of what is now the Amazonas region of northern Peru. The name Chachapoya was likely given to the group by their Inca conquerors, derived from a Quechua phrase meaning “cloud forest”. On the way you will see the large plains of rice in the province of Uctubamba, you will also pass through the hottest city of the Amazon region Bagua Grande. Afternoon arrival to Chachapoyas after an approximately 4 hours drive. (None) Day #2 Kuelap| Many consider it to be the second most impressive ruin complex in Peru, known as The Machu Picchu of the North In the morning you will explore the ancient fortress of the Chachapoyas known as Kuelap. a magnificent Pre-Inca fortress which many consider it to be the second most impressive ruin complex in Peru after Machu Picchu, with a parallel drawn between the stunning settings of the two archaeological sites. -
Animals of the Cloud Forest: Isotopic Variation of Archaeological Faunal Remains from Kuelap, Peru
ANIMALS OF THE CLOUD FOREST: ISOTOPIC VARIATION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL FAUNAL REMAINS FROM KUELAP, PERU by SAMANTHA MARIE MICHELL B.S. Idaho State University, 2014 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Anthropology in the College of Sciences at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Summer Term 2018 © 2018 Samantha Michell ii ABSTRACT Stable isotopic analyses of faunal remains are used as a proxy for reconstructing the ancient Chachapoya dietary environment of the northeastern highlands in Peru. Archaeologists have excavated animal remains from refuse piles at the monumental center of Kuelap (AD 900-1535). This archaeological site is located at 3000 meters above sea level (m.a.s.l.), where C3 plants dominate the region. The study presented here is one of the few in the Central Andes that uses faunal remains to develop local isotopic baselines, reconstruct resource exploitation, and provide insight into dietary variation. Bone collagen stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotopes are used to investigate animal diets of nine local fauna (Camelidae, Cervidae, Caviidae, Chinchillidae, Cuniculidae, Leporidae, Felidae, Canidae, and Aves). Different taxonomic families were evaluated to explore the range of isotopic variation within and between these animals. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic values of both the wild and domesticated Kuelap faunal samples suggest a diet of both C3 and C4 plant foods. Significant dietary differences were identified between domesticated and wild animals (specifically camelid and cervid), suggesting ecological differences or strategic provisioning from possible domestic C4 crops (maize) by humans. The domesticated camelids displayed a large isotopic variation similar to other highland archaeological studies in Peru, with an average δ13C value of –14.13 ‰ and a standard deviation of 2.96. -
Settlement Organization and Architecture in Late Intermediate Period Chachapoyas, Northeastern Peru
SETTLEMENT ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE IN LATE INTERMEDIATE PERIOD CHACHAPOYAS, NORTHEASTERN PERU Anna Guengerich Chachapoya societies that lived on the forested eastern slopes of the Andes in northern Peru between A.D. 1000 and 1450 remain largely absent from broader narratives of the Andean Late Intermediate period (LIP). This paper argues that envi - ronmentally deterministic frameworks and lingering Inka biases have led scholars to problematically isolate Chachapoyans from their highland contemporaries. This work reviews three aspects of Chachapoya built environments— settlement pat - terning, internal organization, and architectural style— in order to provide a baseline for comparison with other regions. Chachapoyas shared a pattern of hilltop settlement locations with nearly all of the highlands, which suggests that its inhab - itants faced the same shared factors that prompted changes in settlement organization on a massive scale in this region during the LIP. At the same time, comparison of Chachapoya built environments with others of the northern, central, and southern highlands highlights the considerable diversity within and between regions. This demonstrates that Chachapoyas is best interpreted as simply one of many regions that were characterized by distinctive spatialities and architectural forms. These reflected locally specific cultural practices and social institutions. Including Chachapoyas and other regions of the Eastern Andes in accounts of the LIP underscores the diversity and dynamism that characterized this period -
Program and Abstract Book
26th Congress of the International Society for Forensic Genetics Krakow, Poland August 31 – September 5, 2015 ISBN:978-83-942760-1-0 26th Congress of the International Society for Forensic Genetics Dear Friends and Colleagues, We are very pleased that the 26th Congress of the International Society for Forensic Genetics is being held in one of the most beautiful and historic towns in Poland with a long and distinguished academic tradition – Krakow! The conference program encompasses 10 workshops, during which recognised specialists will share knowledge in their fields with us, and plenary lectures, which will be given by eminent scientists with an indisputable influence on contem- porary forensic genetics. The exceptionally rich scientific program, which includes 56 oral presentations and as many as 408 posters, will be additionally enhanced by an equally extensive exhibition program. We believe that the 26th ISFG Congress offers great opportunities to present new research results, exchange ideas and opinions, draw inspiration and make scientific contacts. For six days, the Auditorium Maximum of the Jagiellonian University will be transformed into a discussion forum for forensic geneticists from around the world. The conference venue is located just a few minutes from the historical centre of town, where there are numerous cafes, restaurants and clubs. We are confident that the unique atmosphere of Krakow and the exciting social program will help you to fully enjoy the conference. The Congress would not be possible without the support of many people involved in its organisation, as well as its sponsors. We wish to extend our sincere gratitude to everyone who participated in the preparation of the 26th ISFG Congress. -
Music, Plants, and Medicine: Lamista Shamanism in the Age of Internationalization
MUSIC, PLANTS, AND MEDICINE: LAMISTA SHAMANISM IN THE AGE OF INTERNATIONALIZATION By CHRISTINA MARIA CALLICOTT A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2020 © 2020 Christina Maria Callicott In honor of don Leovijildo Ríos Torrejón, who prayed hard over me for three nights and doused me with cigarette smoke, scented waters, and cologne. In so doing, his faith overcame my skepticism and enabled me to salvage my year of fieldwork that, up to that point, had gone terribly awry. In 2019, don Leo vanished into the ethers, never to be seen again. This work is also dedicated to the wonderful women, both Kichwa and mestiza, who took such good care of me during my time in Peru: Maya Arce, Chabu Mendoza, Mama Rosario Tuanama Amasifuen, and my dear friend Neci. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation would not have been possible without the kindness and generosity of the Kichwa people of San Martín. I am especially indebted to the people of Yaku Shutuna Rumi, who welcomed me into their homes and lives with great love and affection, and who gave me the run of their community during my stay in El Dorado. I am also grateful to the people of Wayku, who entertained my unannounced visits and inscrutable questioning, as well as the people of the many other communities who so graciously received me and my colleagues for our brief visits. I have received support and encouragement from a great many people during the eight years that it has taken to complete this project. -
Animals of the Cloud Forest: Isotopic Variation of Archaeological Faunal Remains from Kuelap, Peru
University of Central Florida STARS Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 2018 Animals of the Cloud Forest: Isotopic Variation of Archaeological Faunal Remains from Kuelap, Peru Samantha Michell University of Central Florida Part of the Anthropology Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Masters Thesis (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STARS Citation Michell, Samantha, "Animals of the Cloud Forest: Isotopic Variation of Archaeological Faunal Remains from Kuelap, Peru" (2018). Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019. 5942. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/5942 ANIMALS OF THE CLOUD FOREST: ISOTOPIC VARIATION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL FAUNAL REMAINS FROM KUELAP, PERU by SAMANTHA MARIE MICHELL B.S. Idaho State University, 2014 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Anthropology in the College of Sciences at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Summer Term 2018 © 2018 Samantha Michell ii ABSTRACT Stable isotopic analyses of faunal remains are used as a proxy for reconstructing the ancient Chachapoya dietary environment of the northeastern highlands in Peru. Archaeologists have excavated animal remains from refuse piles at the monumental center of Kuelap (AD 900-1535). This archaeological site is located at 3000 meters above sea level (m.a.s.l.), where C3 plants dominate the region. -
Artificial Mummies from the Andes
Coll. Antropol. 28 Suppl. 2 (2004) 141–157 UCD 572:903:614.64(=98) Original scientific paper Artificial Mummies from the Andes Sonia E. Guillén Centro Mallqui, The Bioanthropology Foundation Peru, Lima, Peru ABSTRACT In 1997 agricultural workers, turned into looters, found an intact funerary site in the cloud forest in northeastern Peru. A prompt archaeological rescue project permitted the recovery of an important collection of mummies and artifacts that are providing impor- tant insights about the archaeology of the Chachapoya people that established in this area around 900 AD up to the Inca conquest of this territory around the year 1475. The mummies recovered showed evidence of cultural practices devised and used to assure the preservation of the human bodies. Such practices are also reported for among Chin- chorro and Chiribaya mummies in the Andes. A cultural interpretation of these funer- ary activities is discussed connecting the practice of the cult to the ancestors to the access and management of resources and territory. Key words: artificial mummies, embalming, Andes, Chachapoya, Chinchorro, Inca Introduction The two most ancient traditions for ar- time the soul left the body, immediately tificial mummification in the Old and after death, and when the sem priest New World occur in dry environmental breathed life into the mummy’s mouth settings. Here, however, similarities in and thus restored soul to body2,3. The in- ritual and significance end. The earliest dividual, once more complete, then trav- Egyptian examples date to the 4th Dy- eled west to the afterworld. There was no nasty (2613–2494 BC), including cases worldly reincarnation, no cycle of regen- where the internal organs of the deceased erated human life. -
Agricultural Change Among the Alto Mayo Aguaruna, Eastern Peru: the Effects on Culture and Environment
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1984 Agricultural Change Among the Alto Mayo Aguaruna, Eastern Peru: the Effects on Culture and Environment. Martha Adrienne teresa Works Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Works, Martha Adrienne teresa, "Agricultural Change Among the Alto Mayo Aguaruna, Eastern Peru: the Effects on Culture and Environment." (1984). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 4036. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/4036 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this document, the quality of the reproduction is heaviiy dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help clarify markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or “target” for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is “Missing Page(s)” . If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark, it is an indication of either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, duplicate copy, or copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed. -
Inca Garcilasco's Comentarios Reales, Or Who Tells the Story of a Conquered Civilization?
Comparative Civilizations Review Volume 58 Number 58 Spring 2008 Article 4 4-1-2008 Inca Garcilasco's Comentarios Reales, or Who Tells the Story of a Conquered Civilization? Darío Fernández Morera Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/ccr Recommended Citation Morera, Darío Fernández (2008) "Inca Garcilasco's Comentarios Reales, or Who Tells the Story of a Conquered Civilization?," Comparative Civilizations Review: Vol. 58 : No. 58 , Article 4. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/ccr/vol58/iss58/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Comparative Civilizations Review by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Morera: Inca Garcilasco's <em>Comentarios Reales</em>, or Who Tells the S 6 Comparative Civilizations Review INCA GARCILASO S COMENTARIOS REALES, OR WHO TELLS THE STORY OF A CONQUERED CIVILIZATION? DARIO FERNANDEZ-MORERA NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY [email protected] Literature transcends ideology, national boundaries, and racial consciousness in the same way as the individual tran- scends this or that -ism. Using some scientific -ism to explain history, or interpreting it with a historical perspective based on pseudo-dialectics, has failed to clarify human behavior. From Gao Xingjian's Noble Prize lecture, "The Case for Literature." Civilizational studies, particularly those on the New World, have suffered from the ideologies of postcolonial criticism and "subaltern" studies. Their limitations can be foregrounded by applying these approaches to pre-colonial narratives while reversing margin and center: by reading these native narratives as situated at the center rather than at the margins-as narratives of conquerors rather than conquered, as homoglossic surfaces that attempt to cover up the underlying het- eroglossy of their subject matter. -
Letín De Arqueología Pucp / N.° 23 / 2017, 207-230 / Issn 1029-2004
BOLETÍN DE ARQUEOLOGÍA PUCP / N.° 23 / 2017, 207-230 / ISSN 1029-2004 L « » Anna Guengerich a Resumen Este artículo critica la idea que las sociedades preinka de Chachapoyas compartieran una tradición de arquitectura doméstica que las distinguieran de las regiones vecinas. Con frecuencia, la presencia de una supuesta «arquitectura chachapoya» en un contexto arqueológico se toma como indicador de tales sociedades. Como resultado, el concepto ha adquirido importancia notable en una situación actual de estudios regionales, en la que se vienen acumulando evidencias de que existió gran variación a nivel local, en cuanto a otros campos de cultura material, como la alfarería fina y los entierros en barrancos. En cuanto a la arquitectura doméstica, tres rasgos —las cornisas, los frisos y las bases plataforma— son interpretados con frecuencia como típicos de la tradición «chachapoya». Pero la comparación de varias subregiones principales —entre ellos Luya, los distritos de Leymebamba y Chuquibamba y la cuenca del Sonche—, devela gran variabilidad de los atributos arquitectónicos, y en algunos sitios, ni siquiera se encuentran estos tres rasgos, supuestamente típicos de la arquitectura «chachapoya». En contraste con las otras formas de cultural material, donde sí se reconocen las variaciones locales, la tendencia a suponer una homogeneidad en el campo de la arquitectura doméstica refleja marcos teóricos ampliamente difundidos en la arqueología. El reconocimiento de la diversidad arquitectónica que existió en Chachapoyas antes de la llegada de los incas promete enriquecer nuestras visiones actuales de la diversidad social y cultural que caracterizó a esta región y ayudará a problematizar la construcción cultural y analítica de concepto de «Chachapoyas» en el presente y el pasado. -
Books About Adolf Hitler and the Third Reich
Advance Renew Your TBR Subscription BRINGING HISTORY INTO ACCORD WITH THE FACTS IN THE TRADITION OF DR. HARRY ELMER BARNES Today and We’ll Send You a Free Copy of This Hard-Hitting Book by Peter Christian! The Barnes Review A JOURNAL OF POLITICALLY INCORRECT HISTORY The Massive List of Topics VOLUME XXIV NUMBER 1 JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2018 WWW.BARNESREVIEW.COM Covered in LUCIFER’S ARMY: The Torah • conquest of Canaan • the Messiah • rebel- lious Judea • the Talmud • assimilation • the Khazar FREE empire • the Karaites • the Kabbalah • the Rosicrucians WHEN YOU • the Protestant Reformation, • the Alumbrados • the RENEW Society of Jesus • the Golem • Freemasonry, • the English Civil War • the Sabbateans • central banks, • the Enlightenment • Hasidism • Currency Act of 1764 • the Rothschilds • the Order of the Illuminati • the The Secret Cabal American Revolution • the French Revolution • the Bank of the United States, • Washington’s Farewell Address • proofs of a conspiracy, • the Napoleonic Wars • emancipation • the War of 1812 • the Second Bank of the United States • socialism • the Opium Wars • B’nai that Orchestrated B’rith • Communism • Knights of the Golden Circle • LUCIFER’S ARMY the War Between the States • Reuters • Alliance Israelit e Universelle • plans for world wars • anti-Semitism • DVANCE RENEW your domestic U.S.A. subscription Ordo Templi Orientalis • Jews in America • the assassi- the WWI Bloodbath for one year at $56 and we’ll send you a FREE copy nation of Czar Alexander II • Round Table Groups • the A of this book published by TBR as your reward.* Panic of 1893 • The New York Times • Zionism • the Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion • the Spanish- ABOUT LUCIFER’S ARMY .