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Home , Amphilestes, Amphitherium, Haramiyidae, Pappotherium, Thomasia (animal)

INDEX

acanthodians I basicranium 119; Fig. 8.5 Adrover, R. 132 basioccipital 22, 25, 30 dawsoni 132,134,135,136; Fig. basisphenoid 30 9.1 Basutoland (Lesotho) 41,52 Aelurosaurus/elinus 73, 74; ·Fig. 5.5 Stage 104 Africa I, II, 18, 19,21,23,24,25,27,39, Bauria 25; Fig. 2.4 40,72, Ill, 141 Bauriomorpha, bauriomorphs 25 Stage 135 Beckles, S.H. 106, 108 alisphenoid 22, 23, 30, 54, 55, 56, 118 Beckles' Collection 106 Allen, P. 131 Beckles' Pit 106, 108 Allin, E.F. 84, 86, 93 Belesodon 37 alternation of tooth replacement 67, 71, 73 Beliajeva, E.!. 134 Alticonodon lindoei 140 Bettongia 120 America, North 10, 103, 108, 109, 135, 140, Bienotherium 41 141,142 birds, vii, 6, 140, 141 America, South I, 37, 72, 140, 141, 142 Bloemfontein 39 amnion 5; Fig. 1.3 Bolk, L. 77 amniotes 5, 6, 9, 10 Boonstra, L.D. 23, 27 amniotic fluid 5; Fig. 1.3 Branca, W. III Amphibia, amphibians I, 3, 5, 6, 7, II, Brancatherulum tendagurense III 74 braincase 14,27,28,29,30,31,39,41,53, broderipii 102, 103, 103n, 104, 54,55, 114, 118, 120 109, 114; Fig. 7.1 Brink A.S. 31, 32, 34, 35 Amphiodon 135 Broderip, W.J. 100, 102 Amphisbaenidae, amphisbaenids 93, 94 Brodie, P.B. 106 prevostii 101, 102, 103, 104, Broom, R. 27, 39, 40, 91 105, 125, 126; Fig. 7.1 Buckland, W. 100 Anacodon 72 Bug Creek, McCone County, Montana 140 anamniotes 5 Butler, P.M. 132 anapsid skull Fig. 1.6 Butler Farm, Wise County, Texas 136 angular 16,29, 34,64,98,99, 102, 116 Anomodontia, anomodonts 18, 19,22,23 Period I Antarctica 141, 142 Campanian Stage 114 anterior lamina of petrosal 54, 55, 114, 118, canines 14, 16, 18,21,23,29,41,54,68,70, 119, 120 71,72,73,74,75,77,79,83,86,87,116, aortic arch 6 120,121 Apataelurus 72 captorhinomorphs 10, 68 apes 90 Captorhinus Fig. 1.5 Aploconodon 103, 103n Period 3,5, 10, 11, 12,89 apomorphic characters 39, 56 carnassial teeth 73, 79, 80, 83, 111, 124 Aptian Stage 134, 135 Carnivora 19,27 aqueductus cochleae 55 Carroll, R.L. 10, II Archosauria, archosaurs 89, 141 Cassiliano, M.L. 103n articular 16, 30, 32, 34, 48, 50, 57,63,87,91, Cave Sandstone Formation 39, 52 94,98,99, 102, I iI, 116 cavum epitericum 22,23,30,31,54 Asia 134, 135, 140, 141 Cetacea 97 Astroconodon 136 Chaiiares Formation 37 Atheria, atherians, atherian 52, cheek-teeth (post-canines) 16,18,21,25,29, 55,56,57,58,59,60,61,64,87,98, 102, 32,38,40,41,45,50,59,70,71,72,73, 103, 109, 117 74, 75, 79, 80, 82, 83, 84, 85, 102, Ill, auditory ossic1es 48, 50, 64, 93, 94, 98 120,126 Australasia 61 Chelonia, 5, 9 Australia I, 52, 141, 142 China 41, 52, III Australian Region 35 37

143 144 Index

Chiniquodontidae, chiniquodonts 37, 39 Diapsida, diapsid reptiles, diapsids 89, 90, ChowM.111 93, 103 cingulum 61 diapsid skull Fig. 1.6 Cistecephalus Zone 21, 24, 27, 72 Diarthrognathus broomi 39 Clemens, W.A. 40, 103n, 106, 109, 124n, diastema 29,32,41,83,120,124 126, 132, 140 Dicynodontia, dicynodonts 19 Clepsydrops 10 Dietrich, W.O. III Cliff End, near Hastings, Sussex 131, 132, Dimetrodon 12, 14, 68, 70, 71, 91, 92, 93; 136 Fig. 1.7, Fig. 1.8, Fig. 1.9, Fig. 5.3 cochlea 55 Dimetrodon limbatus 71 coelacanths 1 Dinocephalia, dinocephalians 18, 19 Colbert, E.H. 22 dinosaurs 10, 35, 89, 140, 141 cold-blooded see poikilothermy Dipnoii, dipnoans 1 Como Bluff, Wyoming 108 distichial replacement 67, 71, 74 condyle (on dentary) 40, 48, 63, 87,100,103 Dixyea quadrata 21, 22; Fig. 2.1 coracoid 44 Dobinson, M.l. 104 coronoid 16,21,34, 102, 118 115, 116; Fig. 8.6 coronoid process of dentary 21, 23, 32 , docodonts 52, 58, 98, 104, 109, Cotylosauria, cotylosaurs 9, 18,68 111,115,116,117,124,132 Creodonta, creodonts 72 dolphins 97 Period vii, II, 14, 90, 114, 116, Dromatherium 40 118, 120, 125, 126, 131, 134, 135, 136, , dryolestids 124, 125, 126, 132 137, 138, 140, 141, 142 Durdlestone Bay (Durlston Bay) 106, 108 Crocodilia, crocodiles 31, 89, 108 Durlston Bay see Durdlestone Bay Crompton, A.W. 37, 39, 40, 52, 59, 82, 84 Crossopterygii, crossopterigians I, 3 ear drum see tympanic membrane Crotalinae (pit-vipers) 32 ectopterygoid 21, 23, 25, 55 Crusafont (-Pairo), M. 132 Edaphosauria, edaphosaurs 12, 14 Ctenacodon 121; Fig. 8.10, Fig. 8.11 Edaphosaurus 14 Cuenca Province, Spain 132 Edmund, A.G. 71 cusps 25, 41, 57, 58, 61,116,120,121,123, Egypt, North Carolina 40 124, 125, 126, 137 endochondral pectoral girdle 10 cuspules 61 endolymph 91 Cuvier, G.L.C.F.D. 100 Endotherium niinomii 126, 135; Fig. 9.2 Cynodontia, 19, 23, 25, 27, 28, entoconid 126 29, 32, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 53, 55, Eocene 72,117,118,141,142 56,57,59, 79,82,85,86,87n,94,98, 102, Eosuchia 89 118 45,52, 59 28, 53, 87, 87n, 98; Fig. 4.5, epiphyses vii, 44, 59 Fig. 4.6, Fig. 4.7, Fig. 4.8, Fig. 5.10 epipterygoid 16, 21, 22, 23, 25, 30, 39, 53, Cynognathus Zone 25 54, 56, 57 52, 59 Danville, lllinois 10 Estuarine Series 117 Dashzeveg, D. 134 ethmoid 21 dating, radiometric In Eupantotheria, eupantotheres Ill, 124, 125 Datta, P.M. 52 Europe 52, 108, 109, 135, 140, 141, 142 Dawson, C. 131 , eutherian 18,30,31,102,118,126 Deccan, India 52 , eutriconodonts 109, Ill, dentaryvii, 14, 16,21,23,29,32,37,39,40, 114,115 41,43,44,48,50,51,54,57,63,66,71, external auditory meatus 93 82,85,86,87, 87n, 91, 94, 98, 99,100, extinctions at end of Cretaceous 140 102,103, Ill, 116, 117, 118 Period I, 3 Fairlight Cove, near Hastings, Sussex 131 Diadectes Fig. 1.5 fenestra ovalis 30, 43, 48 Diademodon 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, Fissipedia, fissipedes viii, 70, 79, 86, 97, III, 83,84; Fig. 2.5, Fig. 2.6, Fig. 2.7, Fig. 2.8, 141 Fig. 5.8 fissures 41, 102, 108, 109, 124 27 foramen magnum 22 Index 145 foramen ovale 55 incisors 16,21,41,54,70,71,73,74,75,79, foramen pseudorotundum 55 116, 120, 124 foramen pseudovale 55 incus vii, 29, 48, 50, 64, 98, 99, III foramen rotundum 55 India 52, 141 Ford, R. 132 Inotranscevia 19, 73 104, 116, 117 inferior dental nerve 32 Fourie, S. 40, 41, 83 insectivora, insectivores 97, 1l7, 137 Fox, R.C. 134, 135 intercostal muscles 34 Freeman, E.F. 104 internal mandibular groove 32, 118 Fremont County, Colorado 109 Istiophorous 14 frontal 21 Jenkins, F.A. 35, 52 Galve, Teruel Province, Spain 132 Jerison, H.J. 90 gasserian ganglion see semilunar ganglion Joggins Reef, Nova Scotia 10, 11 geckos 95 jugal 9, 14,21,29, 114, 118 Gibert, J. 132 Period 39, 40, 41,44,48,50,52,59, gills 1 60,89,96,97,98, 100, 102, 103, 104, 105, glenoid (on squamosal) 37, 48,87 106, 108, 109, Ill, 114, 116, 117, 118, glenoid (pectoral girdle) 44, 59 120, 121, 123, 124, 125, 126, 131, 132, gnathostomes vii 135, 138 Gold Springs, Arizona 52 Gomphognathus see Diademodon Kamptobaatar 118; Fig. 8.8 Gondwanaland 141,142 Karroo 18,27 Goodrich, E.S. 6, 7, 9 52 Gorgonopsia, gorgonopsids 19, 21, 22, 23, Kermack, D.M. 40, 59 24, 25, 27, 39, 56, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 77, Kermack, K.A., 39, 44, 52, 55, 67, 77, 79, 79, 82 82,85,93,94,114,117,132,135 Gow, C.E. 39,40 Kermackia texana 136; Fig. 9.3 Guimarota, Portugal 109, 116, 117, 118, Khovboor, Outer Mongolia 134 120,121 Kielan-Jaworowska, Zofia 55, 118, 120, 124n, 140 Kielantherium gobiensis 134, 135 hag-fish 1 Kimmeridgian Stage 109, 117 Hahn, G. 45, 117, 120, 121 Knollenmergel 44 Halberstat 44 Kota Formation 52 116; Fig. 8.7 Kotatherium haldani 52 Hallau, Canton Schaffhausen 40, 44 Krebs, B. 109, 132 , haramiyids 37,44,45,52, 117 Kuehneodon 120; Fig. 8.9, Fig. 8.10 Hastings, Sussex 131 58, 59, 61, 87, 93,102,103, Henkel, S. 109, 132 104, 124, 125, 126; Fig. 4.10, Fig. 4.11, Hennigian 'sister groups' 57 Fig. 4.13 Hoepen, E.N.C. van 39 kuehneotheriids 52, 58n Holoclemensia texana 136, 137; Fig. 9.4 Kuhne, W.G. 40, 41, 43, 44, 52, 59, 109, Holwell, Somerset 44, 45 116, 132 homing in vertebrates 96, 97 homiothermy vii, viii, 35 Labyrinthodontia, labyrinthodonts 7 Hopson, J .A. 83 lacrimal 114, 118 • Huene, Erika von 40 Ladybrand, Orange Free State 39 Huene, F. von 37 Lagomorpha, lagomorphs 120 humerus 59 lampreys 1 Husin Coal-field, Manchuria 135 lateral temporal fossa (fenestra, vacuity) 9, hypoconid 126 14,21,41 hypoconulid 61 Latimeria 1 hypoglossal (XII) cranial nerve 31 Laurasia 109 Lees, Patricia M. viii, 131, 132 Ichythostegalia, ichyothstegids 3 Leiria, Spain 109 Ictidosaur A and B 39 Lepidosauria, lepidosaurs 89, 95 Ictidosauria, ictidosaurs 37,39,40 Lesotho see Basutoland 146 Index

Liassic 52 103, 104, 109, 114, 115, 116, 118, 119, Lilligraven, J .A. 140 120, 126; Fig. 4.1, Fig. 4.2, Fig. 4.3, Fig. lizards vii, 29, 59, 68; 89, 93, 94, 108 4.4, Fig. 4.9, Fig. 5.11 Loxaulax valdensis 132 watson; 48 Lu Feng Beds, Yunan 52 Morganucodonta, morganucodont, morga• Lupeosaurus 14 nucodontid 39, 40, 52, 59, 109 Lycaenops ornatus 22, 23; Fig. 2.2 Morrison Formation, U.S.A. 103, 108, 109, Lycosuchus 23 111,115,121,132,135 moths 97 Machairodontinae 72 , multituberculates 44, 45, Machairoides 72 56,58,105,109,114,116,117,118,120, malleus 48, 50, 64, 98, 99, III 121, 123, 124, 131, 132, 134, 136, 140 mammary glands, mammae viii, 48 Mussett, Frances viii, 39, 52, 93, 94 Manchuria 135 mustelids 70 Manchurodon simplicidens 135 mandibular branch of Vth cranial nerve 55, nares 119 120 nasal 32 mandibular foramen 32 neurocranium 30 manubrium of malleus 98 Norian Stage 45 manus vii, 35 Marsupialia, 30, 54, 72, 98, 102, occipital condyle 22, 25, '54 114, 117, 120, 126, 131, 135, 136, 137, occlusion, active 38, 82, 86 138, 140, 141, 142 occlusion, centric 82, 86 masseter muscle 32, 41 Oligocene viii, 135 Matthew, W.D. 117 Oligokyphus41, 43; Fig. 3.2, Fig. 3.3 Matthew's Principle 117 Ophiacodon 68; Fig. 5.3 maxilla 14, 15,23,25,29,32,66,68,70,71, Ophiacodonta, ophiacodons 12, 68 72,106 opisthotic 30, 31 maxillary branch of Vth cranial nerve 55, 124 120 orbitosphenoid 54 maxillary teeth 68 Period 1 Meckel's cartilage 34, 118 Ornithischia 140, 141 52, 59 Ornithorhynchus 35 Melanodon hodsoni 132 ostracoderms 1 Mesa County, Colorado 109 otic capsule 91, 92, 94 metacone 61, 126 otic notch 7,9 metaconid 61, 126 Owen, R. 41,100, 106, 108 metacrista 137 owls 70 metastyle 61 Oxfordshire, England 100 Miacis97 Microchiroptera 96 Pacey, D. 44 Microconodon 40 39,40 Milk River Formation, Alberta 140 Paddock hurst Park, Sussex 132 Mills, J.R.E. 102, 104, 114, 126 Palaeocene 97, 120, 121, 124, 141 teeth, molars 54, 57, 58, 59, 61, 70, Palaeogyrinus Fig. 1.5 77,83,102,103,104, III, 116, 120, Palaeoniscoidea, palaeoniscids 1 121, 124, 126, 131, 132, 137 palatal teeth 21, 29 molariform teeth 102, 116, 120 palatal vacuities (fenestrae) 25, 27, 118 molarization of premolars 116, 120, 123, palate21,23,25,27,29,41,53, 114, 118 137 palatine 21,23,25,27,29,119 Molteno Beds 27 Palmer, R.W. 99 Mongolia 134, 135, 140 Pantotheria, pantotheres 101,102,109,114, monkeys 90 124, 125, 126, 132, 138 Monotremata, vii, 44, 52, 57, Pant Quarry, Glamorgan 44 58, 63, 98, 114, 118 Pappotherium pattersoni 136, 137; Fig. 9.5 Moore, C. 44 paracone 61, 103, 126 Morganucodon 39, 48, 50,'51, 52, 53, 54, 55, paraconid 61 57, 58, 59, 87, 87n, 89, 93, 94, 98, 102, parapsid skull Fig. 1.6 Index 147

para sphenoid 30, 41, 53 protocone 126, 132 Parieasauria, parieasaurs 18 protoconid 61 parietal 21, 28 pseudo-talonid III paroccipital process III pterosaurs viin Parrington, F.R. 21, 35, 45, 52, 67, 92 pterygoid 15,21,22,23,25,30,41,53 Patterson, B. 82, 136 pterygoid flange 15, 16, 21, 29, 34 Paulchoffatia 118, 120; Fig. 8.9, Fig. 8.10 Ptilodus 121; Fig. 8.12 Pelletier, F. 131 Purbeck Formation 106, 108, 109, 121, 132, Pelycosauria, pelycosaurs 10, II, 12, 16,18, 135 23,68,70,71, 74, 91 Pycraft, W.P. 73 pentadactyl limb 3 126; Fig. 8.14, Fig. 8.15 Quadrate 7,9, 14, 15, 16,21,22,29,30,32, Period 18, 19,21,23,24,25,27,35, 43,57,63,87,89,91,93,94,98,99,112, 56, 80, 89, 93 116 Permo-Trias 142 Quadrate ramus of epiterygoid 53 pes vii Quadrate ramus of pterygoid 21, 53 petrosal 54, 57, 118, 119; Fig. 8.4 Quadrato-jugaI21, 29, 87n Peyer, B. 40 phalangeal formula vii, 24, 27, 35 radiometric dating see dating, radiometric phalanges 22, 23, 35, 48 Rao, B.R.l. 52 Phascolodon 103, 103n Read, H.H. 108 bucklandii 102, 103, 104, Red Beds (South Africa) 39, 40, 52 109, 114; Fig. 7.1 Red Beds (Texas) 12 pineal foramen 21, 25, 41,53 reflected lamina of angular 34, 93, 116 pinna 96 Reptilia, reptiles 5, 9, 10 Pinnipedia 19 resorption of teeth 70, 73 pit-vipers see Crotalinae retroarticular process 34, 98 , placentals 30, 54, 77, 84, 102, Stage 39, 45, 52 103,131,135,136,137,138,140,141,142 Rhaetic Formation 40,41,44,52 Plagiaulax 123 Rhaeto-Liassic Age 117 see Ornithorhynchus Rhynchocephalia, rhynchocephalians 89 Plethiodontidae 3 Rich, T.H.V. III Pliocene 72, 141 Rigney, H.W. 39, 52 poikilothermy, poikilothermic (cold- rodents 118, 120, 124 blooded) 35 Romer, A.J. 10, 11, 12, 19,25,27,37,68, post-canines see cheek -teeth 71,82 posterior temporal fossa 15 Rubidgea 72, 73 postorbital 9, 14, 25, 28, 41, 53 Rubidgea atrox 72 prearticular 16, 34, 98, 118 Russell, D. 52 precoracoid 44 Russia (USSR) 11, 18,19,23,27,73 prefrontal 53 Rye, Sussex 131 premaxilla 14, 29, 66, 68, 71 premaxillary teeth 14 Saint-Nicolas-du (de)-Port, France 44, 52, premolariform teeth 102, 116 58n premolars 70, 84, 102, 116, 120, 121, 123, Santa Maria Formation 37 124, 126, 137 Saurischia 140, 141 preparietal 21 Sauropsida, sauropsid reptiles 6, 9, 19, 35, Prevost, L.C. 100 93 III; Fig. 8.3 Savage R.J.G. 104 Price, L.I. 68, 71 Scalenodontoides 27 Primates 90,91,97 Schaffhausen (Swiss Canton) 40 Probainognathidae 82 Scylacops capensis 75; Fig. 5.6 37, 38, 39, 82; Fig. 3.1 Scylacosaurus 23; Fig. 2.3 Probelesodon 37 semilunar (gasserian) ganglion 30 27 Shaximiao Formation III pro-otic 30, 31 Shikama, T. 135 propalinal movement of jaw 43 Shuler Museum of Paleontology, Dallas, Protoclepsydrops haplous 10 Texas 136 148 Index

Shuotherium dongi 111 Tendaguru, Tanzania 111 Sichuan (Szechwan), China III Teruel Province, Spain 132 Sigogneau (-Russell), Denise 19n, 44, 52, Thecodontia, thecodonts 89 58n thegosis 38, 87 Period 1 Therapsida, 11, 18, 19,21,23,25, Simpson, G.G. 40, 72, lOOn, 103, 106, 108, 27,29,30,32,43,59,71,79,80,85,89, 109,111,112,116,121 93, 94, 116 Sinemurian Stage 52 , therians 51, 57, 58, 59,61,64,87, 52 98,102,104,105,109,111,114,116,117, Slaughter, B.H. 136, 137 124,132,135,136,137,138,140 Smilodon 72; Fig. 5.4 Theriodontia, theriodonts 18, 19 Soricidae, soricoids 87 Therocephalia, therocephalians 21, 23, 24, Spalacotheriodes bridwelli 136 25,27,72,73,75,77,79,82 taylori 132 Theropsida, theropsids 6, 9,10,11,142 Spalacotherium tricuspidens 132 antiqua 44; Fig. 3.4 Sphenacodon 68, Fig. 5.3 thoracic cavity 34 Sphenacodontia, sphenacodonts 12, 70, 71 thorax (in mammals) 34 Sphenodon 77 35, 37, 85, 93; Fig. 6.2 Sphenodon bipunctatum 89 72 Spinosaurus 14 Tighe Farm, Isle of Oxney, Kent 132 Spinosuchus 14 Titanosuchia, titanosuchids 19,23 splenial 16, 32, 34,102,118 tortoises 9 Squamata 89 Period, Trias 10, 11, 14, 18, 19,25, squamosal vii, 9,14,21,28,29,30,37,39, 27,35,37,40,41,44,48,50,59,79,84, 40,41,43,44,48,50,51,54,55,82,87, 89,90,93, 114, 118, 140, 142 87n, 94, 98, 99, 102, Ill, 116, 117 tribosphenic teeth 116, 117, 126, 135, 136; stapedial artery 30 Fig. 8.16 stapes vii, 14, 16,22,30,43,48,50,91,92, Triconodonta, triconodonts 101, 102, 103, 93,94, 111 104,109, Ill, 114, 117, 124, 132, 134, 140 Stephanian 10 Triconodontinae, triconodontines 104 Stereognathus 101,104 trigeminal (Vth) cranial nerve 30, 32, 54, , Oxfordshire 100, 101, 102, 103, 120 104 trigon 61 Stonesfield Slate 100, 102, 103, 114 trigonid 61, 103, 111 Stromer 14 Trinity Sands formation 135, 136, 137, 138 stylocone 59, 61, 126 /erox 106, Ill; Fig. 8.4 surangular 16, 34, 37, 39, 82, 87, 87n, 98 Trioracodon major 106 Swanage, Dorset 106, 126 Trithelodon 39 Sykes, C. 103n trituberculo-sectorial teeth 57, 58 , symmetrodonts 103n, 124, 41,44,45 125,132,136 , tritylodonts 37,40,41,43, Synapsida, 10, 11, 18, 35 44,58,101,104,118,119,120 skull 9, 10; Fig. 1.6 tuatara see Sphenodon bipunctatum Synostocephalus 19 Tumarkin, A. 91, 92 systemic arch vii, 6, 10; Fig. 1.4 turbinal bones 32, 91 Szechwan see Sichuan, China turtles 9 tympanic bone 64, 98, 99 Tachyglossus 35 tympanic membrane vii, viii, 9, 29, 30, 48, Taeniolabis 124; Fig. 8.13 63,91,92,93,94,97,98,99, 111,116 talonid 61,103,126 tympanum see tympanic membrane talons (of birds of prey) 70, 79 tapetum 95 Una, Cuenca Province, Spain 132 Tapinocephaloidea, tapinocephalids 18, 19 Urodela, urodeles 3 Tapinocephalus Zone 18,23 taurodont roots 59 Varanosaurus 68, Fig. 5.3 Taylor, 1.H. 132 Varanus 68 Teilhard de Chardin, P. 131 vena capita lateral is 57 temporalis muscle 32 viviparity, viviparous vii, viii, 5 Index 149 vomer 21, 23, 27,39 Wilcox, 106 vulva 98 Willett, E.W. and H. 108 Williston, S.W. 10 Waldman, M. 104 Windsor Hill Quarry, Somerset 41 walrus 72 Woodward, A.S. 131 warm-bloodedness see homiothermy Wouters, G. 52 Watson, D.M.S. 7, 9, 21, 27, 31, 57, 68, 92, Wiirttemberg 40, 44 93 Wealden Beds 131, 132, 134, 136 Yabe, H. 131 Westphalian 10 Yadagiri, P. 52 Wever, E.G. 94 Young, C.C. 52 Whaitsia 24 Yunan, China 52 whaitsiids 25 whales 97 Zaglossus 35 Wight, Isle of, Hampshire 132 zygomatic arch 21, 28, 29, 30, 41, 118