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Vých Sítí a Trestní Právo Právnická fakulta Masarykovy univerzity Katedra trestního práva Disertační práce Globální systémy propojených počítačo- vých sítí a trestní právo JUDr. Andrej Lobotka 2015 2 „Prohlašuji, že jsem disertační práci na téma Globální systémy propojených po- čítačových sítí a trestní právo zpracoval sám. Veškeré prameny a zdroje informací, kte- ré jsem použil k sepsání této práce, byly citovány v poznámkách pod čarou a jsou uve- deny v seznamu použitých pramenů a literatury.“ V Brně dne 31. srpna 2015 ………………………….…………… JUDr. Andrej Lobotka 3 4 Na tomto místě bych rád poděkoval svému školiteli doc. JUDr. Josefu Kuchtovi, CSc., rovněž jako ostatním členům Katedry trestního práva PrF MU, jmenovitě doc. JUDr. Věře Kalvodové, Dr., doc. JUDr. Marekovi Fryštákovi, Ph.D., prof. JUDr. Jaroslavu Fenykovi, PhD., DSc., Univ. Priv. Prof., prof. JUDr. Vladimíru Kratochvílovi, CSc., JUDr. Evě Žatecké, Ph.D. a JUDr. Milaně Hrušákové, Ph.D., za vstřícný a ochotný přístup, odborné vedení a za cenné metodické rady, které mi poskytli jak při konzultování této disertační práce, tak během celého doktorského studia. 5 Disertační práce odpovídá právnímu stavu a judikatuře ke dni 31. srpna 2015. 6 ANOTACE/ ANNOTATION Disertační práce Globální systémy propojených počítačových sítí a trestní právo pojed- nává o internetové trestné činnosti a boji s ní. Práce hned po úvodní části ozřejmující vznik internetu a základního fungování internetu definuje internetovou kriminalitu a blíže popisuje její jednotlivá specifika (specifické podoby jednání, změna způsobu provedení klasických trestných činů, jurisdikce jednotlivých států, místní příslušnost soudů, změna charakteristiky „typického pachatele“ určitého trestného činu), ze kterých následně plynou i osobité požadavky pro vyšetřování a dokazování internetové krimina- lity, pro trestání pachatelů internetové kriminality a pro preventivní strategie, a to jak strategie národní, tak školní či firemní nebo individuální. Zvláštní kapitola je pak v práci věnovaná otázce trestní odpovědnosti právnických osob za internetové trestné činy a kybernetické bezpečnosti České republiky. The thesis “The global system of interconnected computer networks and criminal law” deals with the internet crime and the fight against it. Right after the thesis presents the history of the internet and its basic functioning, it describes the specifics of the in- ternet crime (specific forms of the behaviour, modification of the way of committing the conventional crimes committed via internet, national jurisdiction, local jurisdiction and modification of the characteristics of a "typical perpetrator" of a particular criminal offense) from which specific demands for investigating and proving the internet crime, punishing the perpetrators and implementing preventive strategies, national, school, corporate and individual, arose. Special chapters of the thesis deal with the criminal liability of the corporate entities for committing the internet crimes and with the cyber security of the Czech Republic. 7 KLÍČOVÁ SLOVA/ KEY WORDS internet, kyberprostor, počítačová kriminalita, kybernetická kriminalita, kyberkriminali- ta, internetová kriminalita, informační kriminalita, informatická kriminalita, e-kriminalita, trest zákazu používání internetu, kybergrooming, kyberstalking, Národní centrum kybernetické bezpečnosti, ISP, CSIRT, CERT, prevence Internet, cyberspace, computer crime, cybercrime, internet crime, information crime, informatics crime, e-crime, Internet access prohibition, cybergrooming, cyberstalking, National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC), ISP, CSIRT, CERT, prevention 8 SEZNAM POUŽITÝCH ZKRATEK trestní zákon - zákon č. 140/1960 Sb., trestní zákon, ve znění zákona č. 52/2009 Sb. trestní zákoník - zákon č. 40/2009 Sb., trestní zákoník, ve znění zákona č. 86/2015 Sb. trestní řád - zákon č. 141/1961 Sb., o trestním řízení soudním, ve znění zá- kona č. 86/2015 Sb. zákon o kybernetické bezpečnosti – zákon č. 181/2014 Sb., o kybernetické bezpečnos- ti a o změně souvisejících zákonů, v původním znění zákon o trestní odpovědnosti právnických osob - zákon č. 418/2011 Sb., o trestní odpovědnosti právnických osob a řízení proti nim, ve znění zákona č. 86/2015 Sb. Úmluva o kybernetické kriminalitě - Úmluva Rady Evropy o kybernetické kriminalitě ze dne 23. listopadu 2001, kterou Česká republika podepsala ve Štrasburku dne 9. února 2005, ratifikovala dne 22. srpna 2013 a která vstoupila v platnost pro Českou republiku dne 1. prosince 2013 CSIRT - Computer Security Incident Response Team CERT - Computer Emergency Response Team ISP - poskytovatel internetového připojení (Internet Service Provider) 9 OBSAH Anotace/ Annotation ......................................................................................................... 7 Klíčová slova/ Key words ................................................................................................. 8 Seznam použitých zkratek ................................................................................................. 9 Obsah ............................................................................................................................... 10 Úvod ................................................................................................................................ 15 Stanovení ověřovaných hypotéz .................................................................................. 17 Podrobnější vymezení cílů disertační práce ................................................................ 18 Základní metody práce ................................................................................................ 18 1 Internet ......................................................................................................................... 20 1.1 Historie vzniku internetu ....................................................................................... 22 1.2 Internet v České republice ..................................................................................... 28 1.3 Jak internet funguje? ............................................................................................. 30 1.3.1 Počítačová síť ................................................................................................. 30 1.3.2 Referenční model ISO/OSI ............................................................................ 31 1.3.2.1 Fyzická vrstva ......................................................................................... 33 1.3.2.2 Linková vrstva ......................................................................................... 33 1.3.2.3 Síťová vrstva ........................................................................................... 33 1.3.2.4 Transportní vrstva ................................................................................... 34 1.3.2.5 Relační vrstva .......................................................................................... 34 1.3.2.6 Prezentační vrstva ................................................................................... 36 1.3.2.7 Aplikační vrstva ...................................................................................... 36 1.3.3 TCP/IP protokol ............................................................................................. 36 1.4 Kyberprostor .......................................................................................................... 37 1.5 Válka o kyberprostor ............................................................................................. 38 1.6 Psychologické aspekty internetu ........................................................................... 44 1.6.1 Omezená percepce (Reduced Sensation) ....................................................... 44 1.6.2 Flexibilita identity (Identity Flexibility) ........................................................ 44 1.6.3 Změněné vnímání (Altered Perception) ......................................................... 45 1.6.4 Rovnost statutu (Equalized Status) ................................................................ 45 1.6.5 Transcendentální prostor (Transcendent Space) ............................................ 45 1.6.6 Časová flexibilita (Temporal Flexibility) ....................................................... 45 1.6.7 Sociální mnohočetnost (Social Multiplicity) .................................................. 46 1.6.8 Možnost záznamu (Recordability) ................................................................. 46 10 1.6.9 Narušení přenosu (Media Disruption) ........................................................... 46 1.6.10 Disinhibice ................................................................................................... 47 1.6.11 Psaní zpráv (Texting) ................................................................................... 47 2 Definiční problémy současnosti aneb rozdíly mezi kriminalitou počítačovou, kybernetickou, internetovou, informační a informatickou a e-kriminalitou ................... 48 2.1 Počítačová kriminalita .......................................................................................... 48 2.2 Kyberkriminalita (kybernetická kriminalita) ........................................................ 52 2.3 Internetová kriminalita .......................................................................................... 54 2.4 Informační kriminalita, informatická kriminalita a e-kriminalita ......................... 57 2.5 Jak k definičnímu zmatku přistoupit? ..................................................................
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