DOCSLIB.ORG

31 Network Security, Threats, Authentication, Authorization, and Securing Devices

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
31 Network Security, Threats, Authentication, Authorization, and Securing Devices 31 network Security, threats, authentication, authorization, and Securing devices WenbIn Luo IntroductIon by intercepting the network traffic, keyboard logging, or simply guessing, then the attacker can get into all their other Nowadays, almost all the information is stored electroni- accounts that share the same password. Also, if an insider in cally in computers, network servers, mobile devices, or one system compromises their password, their accounts in other storage media. We cannot protect electronic infor- other systems are also compromised. mation in a cabinet in the same way we protected physical In this chapter, first, we will review private key encryp- documents in the past. We have to come up with new tech- tion and public key encryption techniques. Then, we will give niques to protect the information from unauthorized access, examples of how to perform private key encryption, public use, or manipulation. The easiest way to protect electronic key encryption, and digital signing using GPG. Second, we data is to encrypt it so that people cannot figure out what will discuss some of the threats, which a computer system it contains without knowing the secret keys. Over the last or user may face, and how they work. Third, we will exam- several decades, two major types of encryption techniques ine some existing authentication techniques and take a look have been invented: private key encryption and public key at various authorization methods, especially those used on a encryption. Linux system. Finally, the last topic will be on how to secure Private key encryption, which is also called symmetric devices. encryption, scrambles the original data with a secret key. In order to unscramble a message or file, people need to have the same secret key. Otherwise, there is no way to recover PrIvate Key encryPtIon the original data. Public key encryption, also called asym- metric encryption, usually scrambles the original data with Private key encryption was invented earlier than public key a publically accessible key. In order to unscramble a mes- encryption, and it is the standard form of encryption used sage or file, people have to be able to supply a different pri- nowadays. The purpose of private key encryption is to keep vate key, which is paired mathematically with the public key the data secret. Its advantage includes efficient algorithms used in the encryption phase. Some special software tools are for encryption and decryption. However, the limitation is needed to generate the pair of public and private keys. We that both senders and receivers must share the secret keys. will demonstrate how to create your own public and private The difficulty in sharing secret keys is how to safely transmit keys later, using a free open source tool called GNU Privacy them before one can even start encrypting messages. Many Guard (GnuPG or GPG). security systems or mechanisms use public key encryption Cryptography is a good tool for security, and it is the to transmit secret keys, and then use private key encryption basis for many security mechanisms. However, it should be to encrypt the actual data. The reason for that is to combine mentioned that it is not the solution to all security problems. the beauty of public key encryption with the speed of private Building a reliable and highly secure system is a multifaceted key encryption. and very complicated process, which requires us to look at Figure 31.1 shows the building block of private key various potential attacks from different angles. A system’s encryption. The meanings of symbols in this figure are as actual security status is not the same as the technology follows. employed to secure it. For example, passwords, which are the foundation on which much of computer security is built, • E: encryption unit pose one of the biggest practical problems [1]. Nowadays, • D: decryption unit people visit many different websites and are required to set • M: plaintext, that is, the original message passwords for many of them. In order to make things easier, • C: ciphertext, that is, the encrypted message many people use the same password for various accounts. In • K: the secret key shared between say an operator and such cases, if their passwords are harvested by an attacker a manager 506 K10922_C031.indd 506 7/5/2011 7:32:19 AM 31 Network Security, Threats, Authentication, Authorization, and Securing Devices 507 C C M K M E D Transmission PK K K + Fig. 31.1 The building block of private key encryption. M It should be noted that the encryption and decryption algorithms (E and D) are publicly known. A simple exam- PK ple of encryption and decryption is as follows. Assume that we have a one-byte secret key (K) “?” whose ASCII code in hexadecimal is “3f.” The message (M) we would like to C = PK + M encrypt is a character “%,” whose ASCII code in hexadeci- mal is “25.” Assume that we use the following simple encryp- tion algorithm (E): just do bit-wise exclusive-or operation of Exclusive-OR operation M and K as follows. Fig. 31.2 A stream cipher. K: 3f = 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 M: 25 = 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 C: 1a = 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 The PK generation algorithm is the most important part of a stream cipher. The diagram of a stream cipher is shown in The decryption algorithm (D) is similar to the encryption Figure 31.2. algorithm: just do bit-wise exclusive-or operation of C and K To recover the original message from the C, the stream as follows. cipher needs to take the same key K from the user and gener- ate the same PK based on K. After that, it applies bit-wise exclusive-or operation to C and PK to uncover the message K: 3f = 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 C: 1a = 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 M. RC4 is a widely used stream cipher, which was designed M: 25 = 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 by Ron Rivest of RSA Security in 1987. It is used in popu- lar protocols such as secure sockets layer (SSL) to protect Internet traffic and wired equivalent privacy (WEP) to secure It is clear that the original message, M, is recovered. This wireless networks. simple scheme can be extended to encrypt and decrypt long messages or data with long keys. If the length of the key is the same as that of the message and each key is used once and block ciphers only once during encryption, then the above system is called one-time pad, which is very secure. However, it should be Block ciphers work differently from stream ciphers. Instead mentioned that the above method is not secure and should not of generating a PK of the same size as a message, block be used in practice when a single key is used repeatedly. A ciphers divide the message into blocks of the same size, simple cryptanalysis could either recover the message, M, or which is usually 64, 128, or 256 bits. Then it encrypts each reveal enough information about M from the C, without even individual block with a user-supplied secret key (K) of fixed knowing the secret key, K. This is especially true when M size, such as 56, 128, 168, 192, or 256 bits. Figure 31.3 shows consists of human audio conversations because of the abun- the diagram of a block cipher. dant redundancy in natural languages. Similar to encryption, a block cipher starts decryption by dividing the C into blocks of the same size first. After that, it Stream ciphers decrypts each individual block of C with the secret key. The core parts of a block cipher are encryption (E) and decryp- Generally speaking, a private key cipher can be classified as tion (D) algorithms, which usually involve some mixing either a stream cipher or a block cipher. Figure 31.2 shows operations several times. Data encryption standard (DES) how a stream cipher works. It takes as inputs a key (K) and and its variant triple DES, and advance encryption standard a message (M). The key is usually of fixed size such as 128 (AES) are two of the most widely used block ciphers. DES or 256 bits and the message can be of arbitrary size. Given a uses substitution-box (s-box) to perform some mixing opera- fixed-size key, a stream cipher will need to generate a pseu- tions, whereas AES relies on mathematical operations in dorandom key (PK) of the same size as that of M, and then finite fields to achieve similar goals [2]. It should be men- do bit-wise exclusive-or operation of M and PK to get the C. tioned that block ciphers could work in different modes, K10922_C031.indd 507 7/5/2011 7:32:20 AM 508 Networks, Security, and Protection The mathematical proof of why RSA works can be found E in many textbooks such as Stallings 2003 [2]. A public key cryptosystem can be used in two different ways: data encryp- n-bit message blocks n-bit ciphertext blocks tion and digital signature. Assume that two users mentioned above, an operator and a manager, want to communicate with K each other. Further, assume that each user has a pair of public and private keys (Kpa, Kra) and (Kpb, Krb), respectively. We D will demonstrate how to generate a key pair later. data encryption n-bit ciphertext blocks n-bit message blocks Assume that the manager wants to encrypt an M and send K the encrypted message, that is, C, to the operator.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Operating System Boot from Fully Encrypted Device
    Masaryk University Faculty of Informatics Operating system boot from fully encrypted device Bachelor’s Thesis Daniel Chromik Brno, Fall 2016 Replace this page with a copy of the official signed thesis assignment and the copy of the Statement of an Author. Declaration Hereby I declare that this paper is my original authorial work, which I have worked out by my own. All sources, references and literature used or excerpted during elaboration of this work are properly cited and listed in complete reference to the due source. Daniel Chromik Advisor: ing. Milan Brož i Acknowledgement I would like to thank my advisor, Ing. Milan Brož, for his guidance and his patience of a saint. Another round of thanks I would like to send towards my family and friends for their support. ii Abstract The goal of this work is description of existing solutions for boot- ing Linux and Windows from fully encrypted devices with Secure Boot. Before that, though, early boot process and bootloaders are de- scribed. A simple Linux distribution is then set up to boot from a fully encrypted device. And lastly, existing Windows encryption solutions are described. iii Keywords boot process, Linux, Windows, disk encryption, GRUB 2, LUKS iv Contents 1 Introduction ............................1 1.1 Thesis goals ..........................1 1.2 Thesis structure ........................2 2 Boot Process Description ....................3 2.1 Early Boot Process ......................3 2.2 Firmware interfaces ......................4 2.2.1 BIOS – Basic Input/Output System . .4 2.2.2 UEFI – Unified Extended Firmware Interface .5 2.3 Partitioning tables ......................5 2.3.1 MBR – Master Boot Record .
    [Show full text]
  • Effective Crypto Ransomawre Detection Using Hardware
    Effective Crypto Ransomawre Detection Using Hardware Performance Counters John Podolanko Department of Computer Science & Engineering The University of Texas at Arlington Supervisor Jiang Ming, PhD In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Computer Science May 2019 Abstract Systems affected by malware in the past 10 years has risen from 29 million to 780 million, which tells us it is a rapidly growing threat. Viruses, ransomware, worms, backdoors, botnets, etc. all come un- der malware. Ransomware alone is predicted to cost $11.5 billion in 2019. As the downtime, data loss, and financial damages are ris- ing, researchers continue to look for new ways to mitigate this threat. However, the common approaches have shown to yield high false posi- tive rates or delayed detection rates resulting in data loss. My research explores a dynamic approach for early-stage ransomware detection by modeling its behavior using hardware performance counters with low overhead. The analysis begins on a bare-metal machine running ran- somware which is profiled for hardware calls using Intel R VTuneTM Amplifier before it compromises the system. By using this approach, I am able to generate models using hardware performance counters extracted by VTuneTM on known ransomware samples collected from VirusTotal and Hybrid Analysis, and I use that data to train the de- tection system using machine learning techniques. I have shown that hardware performance counters can provide effective metrics for use in detecting and mitigating the ever-growing ransomware threat faced by the world while ensuring no data is lost. ii Acknowledgements The author thanks the supervisory committee for all their guidance, support, and patience.
    [Show full text]
  • SL8500 Modular Library System
    StorageTek SL8500 Modular Library System Systems Assurance Guide Part Number: MT9229 May 2010 Revision: L Submit comments about this document by clicking the Feedback [+] link at: http://docs.sun.com StorageTek SL8500 Modular Library System - Systems Assurance Guide MT9229 Revision: L Copyright © 2004, 2010, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. This software and related documentation are provided under a license agreement containing restrictions on use and disclosure and are protected by intellectual property laws. Except as expressly permitted in your license agreement or allowed by law, you may not use, copy, reproduce, translate, broadcast, modify, license, transmit, distribute, exhibit, perform, publish, or display any part, in any form, or by any means. Reverse engineering, disassembly, or decompilation of this software, unless required by law for interoperability, is prohibited. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice and is not warranted to be error-free. If you find any errors, please report them to us in writing. If this is software or related software documentation that is delivered to the U.S. Government or anyone licensing it on behalf of the U.S. Government, the following notice is applicable: U.S. GOVERNMENT RIGHTS Programs, software, databases, and related documentation and technical data delivered to U.S. Government customers are “commercial computer software” or “commercial technical data” pursuant to the applicable Federal Acquisition Regulation and agency-specific supplemental regulations. As such, the use, duplication, disclosure, modification, and adaptation shall be subject to the restrictions and license terms set forth in the applicable Government contract, and, to the extent applicable by the terms of the Government contract, the additional rights set forth in FAR 52.227-19, Commercial Computer Software License (December 2007).
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 3. Booting Operating Systems
    Chapter 3. Booting Operating Systems Abstract: Chapter 3 provides a complete coverage on operating systems booting. It explains the booting principle and the booting sequence of various kinds of bootable devices. These include booting from floppy disk, hard disk, CDROM and USB drives. Instead of writing a customized booter to boot up only MTX, it shows how to develop booter programs to boot up real operating systems, such as Linux, from a variety of bootable devices. In particular, it shows how to boot up generic Linux bzImage kernels with initial ramdisk support. It is shown that the hard disk and CDROM booters developed in this book are comparable to GRUB and isolinux in performance. In addition, it demonstrates the booter programs by sample systems. 3.1. Booting Booting, which is short for bootstrap, refers to the process of loading an operating system image into computer memory and starting up the operating system. As such, it is the first step to run an operating system. Despite its importance and widespread interests among computer users, the subject of booting is rarely discussed in operating system books. Information on booting are usually scattered and, in most cases, incomplete. A systematic treatment of the booting process has been lacking. The purpose of this chapter is to try to fill this void. In this chapter, we shall discuss the booting principle and show how to write booter programs to boot up real operating systems. As one might expect, the booting process is highly machine dependent. To be more specific, we shall only consider the booting process of Intel x86 based PCs.
    [Show full text]
  • Taxonomy of Linux Kernel Vulnerability Solutions
    Taxonomy of Linux Kernel Vulnerability Solutions Serguei A. Mokhov Marc-Andre´ Laverdiere` Djamel Benredjem Computer Security Laboratory Computer Security Laboratory Computer Security Laboratory Concordia Institute for Concordia Institute for Concordia Institute for Information Systems Engineering Information Systems Engineering Information Systems Engineering Concordia University, Concordia University, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Montreal, Quebec, Canada Montreal, Quebec, Canada Email: [email protected] Email: ma [email protected] Email: d [email protected] Abstract—This paper presents the results of a case study on C programs in general, as well as statistics on their relative software vulnerability solutions in the Linux kernel. Our major importance. We also introduce a new methodology to track contribution is the introduction of a classification of methods used the patch solving a security issue based only on the contents to solve vulnerabilities. Our research shows that precondition validation, error handling, and redesign are the most used of the security advisory. methods in solving vulnerabilities in the Linux kernel. This The paper is organized as follows: we examine previous contribution is accompanied with statistics on the occurrence work that was done regarding Linux and C security in of the different types of vulnerabilities and their solutions that Section II, followed by a description of the methodology we observed during our case study, combined with example used in order to obtain the solutions to the vulnerabilities in source code patches. We also combine our findings with existing programming guidelines to create the first security-oriented Section III. Afterwards, in Section IV, we show our results, coding guidelines for the Linux kernel.
    [Show full text]
  • (Fake Websites) Spam, Phishing and Pharming Are All Terms Relating to Dubious
    Spam (Junk email and Phishing email) and Pharming (fake websites) Spam, phishing and pharming are all terms relating to dubious online practices, either to sale goods or services online or to gain access to confidential information, often with malicious intent. Spam is the term used to describe unwanted (junk) emails that are typically distributed in bulk. Spam messages will typically contain commercial content – examples include pornography, pharmaceuticals, dubious financial transactions, or ‘too good to be true’ offers. In most cases, spam emails are sent with fraudulent intent, but there are also cases where reputable companies or private users send mass emails too. An example of Junk email: (to many recipients, requesting a response) Spam can also be used to launch phishing attacks where users are sent emails tricking them into ‘updating’ their personal details online via a fake website (imitating a bank or similar). The tricky part is that phishers pretend to be someone you know, like a bank or even a department from right here at Purdue, to make you think they are trustworthy. That’s why it’s so important to keep in mind that CLA-IT or any other Purdue department will NEVER, under any circumstance, ask you for your login information via email or web form. Anyone asking for this type of information via email is undoubtedly a fraud. Spam can also be used as a means of distributing malicious software, which can install key-logging software on your PC without your knowledge. Pharming is the term used to describe the process of redirecting users to a fraudulent copy of a legitimate website, again with the aim of stealing personal data and passwords for criminal intent.
    [Show full text]
  • Encryption Suite
    comforte_Encryption_Suite.qxp_comforte_Encryption_Suite 29.10.17 13:33 Seite 1 comForte´scomforte’s encryptionencryptio nsuite suite ProtectProtect passwords passwords andand confidentialconfidential applicationapplication data data on on HP HP NonStopE Nonsto psystems systems SSecurCSecurCS Se SecurTNcurTN Se SecurFTPcurFTP Sec SecurLiburLib Secu SecurSHrSH Secu SecurPrintrPrint communication is our Forte comforte_Encryption_Suite.qxp_comforte_Encryption_Suite 29.10.17 13:33 Seite 2 Overview comForte offers a rich set of products The following diagram shows all products All our products take advantage of the most depending on the protocol you want to together. This diagram may look confusing widely used and accepted security protocols: encrypt. Even for a single protocol (such at first glance, but we do believe that our Depending on the product, connections are as Telnet) we offer different solutions rich set of products allows us to tailor our secured either via SSL (Secure Sockets Layer, depending on your requirements. solutions according to the customers’ now standardized by the IETF as Transport requirements rather than according to our Layer Security – TLS) or via SSH2 (Secure Shell product set. The purpose of this flyer is to protocol version 2). provide an overview of the different products and to help you find the right solution for All our solutions can restrict access to your your requirements. NonStop system to “encrypted only” and also provide some basic firewall capabilities. comforte_Encryption_Suite.qxp_comforte_Encryption_Suite 29.10.17 13:33 Seite 3 Telnet Encryption Many organizations are realizing that using Webbrowser access to NonStop 6530 single, integrated product. SecurTN replaces Telnet over a heterogenous TCP/IP network and 3270 applications and services, TELSERV, thereby eliminating the “256 session results in reduced security: all protective delivering them to users both inside only” limit of TELSERV.
    [Show full text]
  • Omegakey Manage Your Device at the Management Module
    Welcome to use our latest version of Lost Mode How to Start to Use it Bluetooth tracker. Detect the distance between the device and Bluetooth Tracker module your phone under the lost mode .Turn on the Step 1: Download the latest version App(version 1.6.0) from Apple App store. omegakey Manage your device at the management module. alarm at alert whether the device is lost, there Step 2: Open the Bluetooth and App. are two levels of lost alarm mode. Select the Thank you for purchasing omegakey Freely set and remove your device here. Step 3: Tap the Beacon for 3-5 times on hard surface, and the Beacon will be connectable when you Double-click the “call” button to find your device. alarm mode you want from the device. Phone hear a buzz. alarm, and both ends alarm. Step 4: Click the Beacon in the App which you want to configure and enter a name to connect it. Step 5: Now, you can configure and use the Beacon normally. NEXT Note: If you're having trouble with the Bluetooth, we recommend you completely remove the battery from the unit for 10 sec and reinsert it. There are many apps you can download some are better than others, we have linked just click on the apple / android icons on the first page Once you have selected the app you like download it and follow the on screen instructions ATTACH BLUETOOTH BEACON EXTERNALLY FOR MAX PERFORMANCE Found mode More View the alarm location or item's last location Find the device under the find mode according p.s make sure your Bluetooth is on and your phone is compatible with 4.0 Bluetooth to the strength of the signal.
    [Show full text]
  • Openpgp Card Application User Guide
    OpenPGP Card Application User Guide Cédric Mesnil ([email protected]) May 30, 2018 Contents 1 License 3 2 Introduction 4 3 How to install GPG Application 5 3.1 Nano S / Blue . 5 3.1.1 From Binary . 5 3.1.2 From source . 6 3.2 System Configuration . 6 3.2.1 Linux . 6 3.2.2 MAC . 6 3.2.3 Windows . 7 4 Nano S OpenPGP Card application explained 8 4.1 Menu Overview . 8 4.2 Device Info . 9 4.3 Select Slot . 9 4.4 Settings . 10 4.4.1 Key Template . 10 4.4.2 Seed mode . 11 4.4.3 PIN mode . 11 4.4.4 UIF mode . 13 4.4.5 Reset . 13 5 Nano S OpenPGP Card application usage 14 5.1 GPG . 14 5.1.1 Configuration . 14 5.1.2 Get/Set basic information . 15 5.1.3 Generate new key pair . 16 5.1.4 Moving existing key pair . 21 5.1.5 Decrypting and Signing . 23 5.2 SSH . 23 5.2.1 Overview . 23 5.2.2 Generate new key on device . 23 1 5.2.3 Add sub-key . 23 5.2.4 Configure SSH and GPG . 26 5.3 Trouble/FAQ . 28 6 Annexes 29 6.1 References . 29 2 Chapter 1 License Author: Cedric Mesnil <[email protected]> License: Copyright 2017 Cedric Mesnil <[email protected]>, Ledger SAS Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the “License”); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on an “AS IS” BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
    [Show full text]
  • An Architecture for Cryptography with Smart Cards and NFC Rings on Android
    OpenKeychain: An Architecture for Cryptography with Smart Cards and NFC Rings on Android DOMINIK SCHÜRMANN, TU Braunschweig, Germany SERGEJ DECHAND, University of Bonn, Germany LARS WOLF, TU Braunschweig, Germany While many Android apps provide end-to-end encryption, the cryptographic keys are still stored on the device itself and can thus be stolen by exploiting vulnerabilities. External cryptographic hardware solves this issue, but is currently only used for two-factor authentication and not for communication encryption. In this paper, we design, implement, and evaluate an architecture for NFC-based cryptography on Android. Our high-level API provides cryptographic operations without requiring knowledge of public-key cryptography. By developing OpenKeychain, we were able to roll out this architecture for more than 100,000 users. It provides encryption for emails, messaging, and a password manager. We provide a threat model, NFC performance measurements, and discuss their impact on our architecture design. As an alternative form factor to smart cards, we created the prototype of an NFC signet ring. To evaluate the UI components and form factors, a lab study with 40 participants at a large company has been conducted. We measured the time required by the participants to set up the system and reply to encrypted emails. These measurements and a subsequent interview indicate that our NFC-based solutions are more user friendly in comparison to traditional password-protected keys. CCS Concepts: • Security and privacy → Usability in security and privacy; Key management; Hardware-based security protocols; • Human-centered computing → Mobile devices; Additional Key Words and Phrases: NFC, near-field communication, smart card, ring ACM Reference Format: Dominik Schürmann, Sergej Dechand, and Lars Wolf.
    [Show full text]
  • A Future-Focused Forensic Imager Designed to Streamline Evidence Collection Processes
    A Future-Focused Forensic Imager Designed to Streamline Evidence Collection Processes Extremely fast forensic imaging speed surpassing 50GB/min. Clone PCIe to PCIe at speeds above 90GB/min Image to/from Thunderbolt™ 3/USB-C external storage enclosures with an optional I/O card. Image and verify from up to 5 source drives up to 9 destinations simultaneously Create a logical image to capture only specific files needed Concurrent Image+Verify greatly reduces duration of image plus verification process Two 10GbE connections provide fast network imaging performance Network capture feature to capture network traffic, VOIP, internet activity Multi-task. Image from multiple sources simultaneously FEATURES n The Falcon®-NEO achieves imaging speeds when imaging directly to large capacity Thunder- n Image from a Mac® computer with USB-C ports surpassing 50GB/min and can clone PCIe to PCIe bolt 3 RAID storage enclosures for evidence data using a USB-C to USB-A cable and Target Disk at speeds at over 90GB/min. collection. The card connects to the Falcon-NEO’s Mode or use Logicube’s USB boot device to n Image and verify to multiple image formats; 2 write-blocked source I/O ports or 1 destination I/O image a source drive from a Mac computer on the native copy, .dd, dmg, e01 and ex01. The Falcon- port. The I/O card does not currently support imaging same network without booting the Mac computer’s ® NEO provides MD5, SHA1, SHA256, and dual hash in TDM from Mac systems, refer to the Falcon-NEO native OS. The Falcon-NEO supports imaging from ® authentication at extremely fast speeds.
    [Show full text]
  • Component 3 Learning Aim B Cyber Security- B1 Threats to Data Why Systems Are Attacked
    Component 3 Learning Aim B Cyber Security- B1 Threats to Data Why Systems are Attacked Key Vocabulary Intellectual Property An idea that you invented that belongs to you, for example, an image that is copyrighted. Ransomware A form of malware, usually infecting unprotected digital systems, occurring when users open malicious email attachments. Malware A malicious form of software that is transferred to, and then executed on, a user’s machine to damage or disrupt the system or allow unauthorised access to data. Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks Attack a remote computer by making it unable to respond to legitimate user requests. Cybersecurity The combination of policies, procedures, technologies and the actions of individuals to protect from both internal and external threats. Organisations have become reliant on digital systems to hold data and perform vital business functions. Data and information theft Many organisations have their digital systems attacked daily. Industrial Espionage Data and information both have value as they can be sold The reasons these attacks may occur are varied Intellectual property (designs, business strategy for financial gain. etc) can be stolen through organised cyberattacks. This can be done by stealing customer payment information and then using it to purchase goods These types of assets can be highly valuable, leading •Fun/ illegally. to cheaper, fake copies of products being sold and Breaches of data and information are a major cause of •challenge the original organisation suffering a loss of income. identity theft. •Data and Financial Gain Fun/ Challenge •Industrial information • Hackers may attack systems for the thrill, adrenaline espionage theft A very simple motive: money.
    [Show full text]