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Polarisation En Radicalisation : Une Approche Préventive Intégrale

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Polarisation En Radicalisation : Une Approche Préventive Intégrale Polarisation en radicalisation : une approche préventive intégrale enquête à la demande de la Direction Générale Sécurité et Prévention SPF Affaires intérieures Groupe de recherche Governance of Security Promoteurs : Chercheurs : Prof. Dr. Paul Ponsaers Jannie Noppe Prof. Dr. Brice De Ruyver Jo Hellinckx Prof. Dr. Marleen Easton Maarten Vande Velde Dr. Antoinette Verhage 1 Table des matières Chapitre 1 ............................................................................................................................................................... 9 1.1. Introduction et énoncé du problème ......................................................................................................... 9 1.2. Description du concept ........................................................................................................................... 11 1.2.1. Radicalisation ................................................................................................................................... 11 1.2.2. Polarisation ...................................................................................................................................... 12 1.2.3. Radicalisme ...................................................................................................................................... 12 1.2.4. Extrémisme ...................................................................................................................................... 13 1.2.5. Terrorisme ....................................................................................................................................... 13 1.3. Attention tournée vers l’enquête ............................................................................................................ 14 1.3.1. Théories expliquant la radicalisation .............................................................................................. 14 1.3.1.1. Théories liées aux caractéristiques des individus ou groupes ................................................. 15 1.3.1.2. Théories liées aux causes de justification subjectives.............................................................. 16 1.3.1.3. Théorie liée aux circonstances contextuelles........................................................................... 20 1.3.1.4. Observation .............................................................................................................................. 21 1.3.2. Phases dans le processus et facteurs qui contribuent à la radicalisation......................................... 22 1.3.2.1. Phase 1: La base de la radicalisation ........................................................................................ 22 1.3.2.2. Phase 2: Glissements dans des opinions radicales vers l’extrémisme ................................... 24 1.3.2.3. Phase 3: De l’extrémisme au terrorisme ................................................................................. 26 1.3.2.4. Observations ............................................................................................................................ 26 1.3.3. Le recrutement comme catalyseur du processus de radicalisation : une évolution systématique ? 28 1.3.3.1. Recrutement actif .................................................................................................................... 29 1.3.3.2. Autorecrutement et le facteur d’'inflammation spontanée' ................................................... 30 1.3.3.3. Le processus de recrutement ................................................................................................... 31 1.3.3.4. Divers cadres de recrutement .................................................................................................. 31 1.3.3.5. Observation ............................................................................................................................. 38 1.4. Modèles du processus de radicalisation .................................................................................................. 39 2 1.4.1. L’approche en escalier de Moghaddam ........................................................................................... 39 1.4.1.1. Le rez-de-chaussée : L’interprétation psychologique de conditions matérielles .................... 41 1.4.1.2. Le premier étage : les possibilités perçues pour lutter contre le traitement injuste .............. 41 1.4.1.3. Le deuxième étage : déplacement de l’agression ................................................................... 42 1.4.1.4. Le troisième étage : L’engagement moral .............................................................................. 42 1.4.1.5. Le quatrième étage : Une pensée catégorique et la légitimité perçue de l’organisation terroriste ............................................................................................................................................... 43 1.4.1.6. Le cinquième étage : L’acte terroriste et l’esquive des mécanismes inhibiteurs ................... 44 1.4.2. Le modèle pyramidal de Mc Cauley et Moskalenko ....................................................................... 45 1.4.3. Le modèle de Collin Melis ............................................................................................................... 48 1.4.4. Observation ..................................................................................................................................... 50 1.5. Analyse : vers un modèle dynamique de la radicalisation ....................................................................... 50 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................................... 53 Chapitre 2 : Conception de l’enquête ................................................................................................................ 55 2.1. Trois pistes de recherche simultanées ............................................................................................. 55 2.2. Interviews avec des témoins privilégiés ........................................................................................... 55 2.3. Analyse rétrospective de deux cas belges ........................................................................................ 56 2.4. Méta-analyse .................................................................................................................................... 57 2.5. Méthode d’analyse ........................................................................................................................... 57 Chapitre 3 : Résultats empiriques ...................................................................................................................... 61 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 61 3.1. Interviews avec témoins privilégiés ..................................................................................................... 61 3.1.1. Phénomène .................................................................................................................................... 62 3.1.1.1. Radicalisme d’inspiration islamique ........................................................................................ 63 3.1.1.2. Radicalisme d’inspiration de gauche ....................................................................................... 63 3.1.1.3. Radicalisme d’inspiration de droite ......................................................................................... 64 3.1.1.4. Activisme basé sur les droits d’animaux ................................................................................. 64 3.1.2. Idéologie ........................................................................................................................................... 65 3 3.1.2.1. Radicalisme d’inspiration islamique ......................................................................................... 66 3.1.2.2. Radicalisme d’inspiration de gauche ........................................................................................ 66 3.1.2.3. Radicalisme d’inspiration de droite .......................................................................................... 67 3.1.2.4. L’activisme basé sur les droits des animaux ............................................................................. 67 3.1.3. Polarisation ...................................................................................................................................... 67 3.1.4. Bouillon de culture ........................................................................................................................... 69 3.1.5. Signaux ............................................................................................................................................ 72 3.1.5.1. Caractéristiques de détection .................................................................................................. 73 3.1.5.2. Bases de légitimation .............................................................................................................. 74 3.1.5.3. Acteurs ..................................................................................................................................... 74 3.1.6. Déclencheurs ..................................................................................................................................
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