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Observatorio Del Derecho a La Alimentación Y a La OBSERVATORIO DEL DERECHO A LA ALIMENTACIÓN La nutrición de los pueblos no es un negocio Y A LA NUTRICIÓN 2015 La nutrición de los pueblos no es un negocio OBSERVATORIO DEL DERECHO A LA ALIMENTACIÓN Y A LA NUTRICIÓN DEL DERECHO A LA ALIMENTACIÓN OBSERVATORIO 2015 ⁄ Edición 07 PIE DE IMPRENTA PUBLICADO POR Observatori DESC – Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales FIAN Internacional Carrer Casp 43 Baixos Willy-Brandt-Platz 5 08010 Barcelona, España 69115 Heidelberg, Alemania www.observatoridesc.org www.fian.org Organización Mundial contra la Tortura (OMCT) Organización Intereclesiástica para la Secretariado Internacional, PO Box 21 Cooperación al Desarrollo (ICCO Cooperación) 8 Rue du Vieux-Billard Joseph Haydnlaan 2a CH-1211 Ginebra 8, Suiza 3533 AE Utrecht, Países Bajos www.omct.org www.icco-cooperation.org Plataforma Interamericana de Derechos Humanos, Pan para el Mundo – Servicio Protestante para el Desarrollo Democracia y Desarrollo (PIDHDD) Caroline-Michaelis-Str. 1 La Niña E4-438 y Avenida Amazonas 10115 Berlín, Alemania Edificio Pradera, Piso 3, Oficina 302-B www.brot-fuer-die-welt.deg Quito, Ecuador www.pidhdd.org MIEMBROS DEL CONSORCIO DEL OBSERVATORIO DEL Red Africana por el Derecho a la Alimentación (RAPDA) DERECHO A LA ALIMENTACIÓN Y A LA NUTRICIÓN 2015 Rue Soneb Aidjedo C/881 Maison Degla Cotonú, Benín Alianza Ecuménica de Acción Global (EAA) www.rapda.org 150 Route de Ferney, PO Box 2100 Red Internacional de Acción sobre los Alimentos para CH-1211 Ginebra 2, Suiza Lactantes (IBFAN) www.e-alliance.ch Oficina de enlace de IBFAN, IBFAN-GIFA Alianza Mundial de los Pueblos Indígenas Móviles Av. de la Paix 11 (WAMIP) CH-1202 Ginebra, Suiza Secretaría, MARAG, 2B Milind Park www.gifa.org Opp. St. Xavier's School, Memnagar Road www.ibfan.org Ahmedabad, India REDSAN-CPLP (Red regional de la sociedad civil para la www.wamipglobal.org seguridad alimentaria y la nutrición de la Comunidad de Centro Internazionale Crocevia Países de Lengua Portuguesa) Via Tuscolana 1111 Secretaría, ACTUAR, Quinta do Bispo, Bencanta 00173 Roma, Italia 3040-316 Coimbra, Portugal www.croceviaterra.it www.redsan-cplp.org Coalición Internacional del Hábitat (HIC) Society for International Development (SID) Red para los Derechos a la Vivienda y a la Tierra (HLRN) Via Ardeatina 802 12 Tiba Street, 2nd Floor 00178 Roma, Italia Muhandisin, El Cairo, Egipto www.sidint.net www.hlrn.org Terra Nuova Consejo Internacional de Tratados Indios (CITI) Viale Liegi 10 The Redstone Building, 2940 16th Street, Suite 305 00198 Roma, Italia San Francisco, CA 94103-3664, EEUU www.terranuova.org www.iitc.org US Food Sovereignty Alliance (USFSA) DanChurchAid (DCA) WhyHunger, 505 8th Avenue, Suite 2100 Nørregade 15 Nueva York, NY 10018, EEUU DK-1165 Copenhague K, Dinamarca www.usfoodsovereigntyalliance.org www.danchurchaid.org World Alliance for Breastfeeding Action (WABA) Foro Paquistaní de Pescadores Artesanales (PFF) Secretariado, PO Box 1200 75-G, Block 6, PECHS 10850 Penang, Malasia Karachi 75400, Sindh, Pakistán www.waba.org.my www.pff.org.pk www.worldbreastfeedingweek.org HEKS/EPER (Ayuda Protestante Suiza) Seminarstrasse 28 8042 Zurich, Suiza www.rtfn-watch.org www.heks.ch Movimiento para la Salud de los Pueblos (MSP) Secretaría Global, PO Box 13698 St. Peter’s Square Mowbray 7705, Ciudad del Cabo, Sudáfrica www.phmovement.org OBSERVATORIO DEL DERECHO A LA ALIMENTACIÓN Y A LA NUTRICIÓN 2015 2 PIE DE IMPRENTA OCTUBRE DE 2015 Consejo Editorial: Anne C. Bellows, Universidad de Siracusa Antonio Onorati, Centro Internazionale Crocevia Bernhard Walter, Pan para el Mundo – Servicio Protestante para el Desarrollo Biraj Patnaik, Oficina de los Comisarios del Tribunal Supremo de India Francisco Sarmento, Universidad de Coimbra Manigueuigdinapi Jorge Stanley Icaza, Consejo Internacional de Tratados Indios (CITI) Marcos Arana Cedeño, World Alliance for Breastfeeding Action (WABA) Maria Melinda Ando, Asian-Pacific Resource & Research Centre for Women (ARROW) Monika Agarwal, Alianza Mundial de Pueblos Indígenas Nómadas (WAMIP) Nora McKeon, Terra Nuova Priscilla Claeys, Universidad de Lovaina e Instituto Francés de Pondicherry Sibonile Khoza, Tribunal Supremo de Sudáfrica Stefano Prato, Society for International Development (SID) Stineke Oenema, Organización Intereclesiástica para la Cooperación al Desarrollo (ICCO Cooperación) Coordinación del proyecto: M. Alejandra Morena, FIAN Internacional [email protected] Asistente del proyecto: Felipe Bley Folly, FIAN Internacional [email protected] Traducción del inglés al español: Rodrigo Ginés Salguero Revisión de estilo y edición en español: Juan Carlos Morales González Traducción del portugués al español: Élia Henriques y TRAVERSÕES Foto de portada: Janet Katushabe, madre seropositiva, muestra su cosecha de verduras que cultiva para aumentar la inmunidad de sus dos hijas seropositivas y de ella misma. © Edward Echwalu / AgriCultures Network y Foro Rural Mundial (Uganda, 2013) Diseño: KontextKommunikation, Heidelberg / Berlín, Alemania www.kontext-kom.de Más información en la página web Impresión: del Observatorio del Derecho a la LokayDRUCK, Alemania, en papel certificado por FSC Alimentación y a la Nutrición: Financiado por: www.rtfn-watch.org Síguenos en Facebook: Agencia Suiza para el Desarrollo y la Cooperación (COSUDE) www.facebook.com/RtFNWatch www.sdc.admin.ch Esta publicación ha sido realizada con la FIAN Internacional asistencia financiera de la Unión Europea www.fian.org (UE). Los contenidos de la misma son de exclusiva responsabilidad de sus autores HEKS/EPER (Ayuda Protestante Suiza) y autoras, y no se debe considerar de ninguna manera que reflejen los puntos www.heks.ch de vista de la UE u otras organizaciones responsables de la publicación. ICCO Cooperación El contenido de la presente publicación www.icco-cooperation.org puede ser citado o reproducido haciendo referencia explícita a la fuente. Las MISEREOR organizaciones responsables de la www.misereor.de publicación desean recibir una copia de los documentos en los que se citan o Pan para el Mundo – Servicio Protestante para el Desarrollo reproducen contenidos de la misma. Todos los enlaces de internet incluidos www.brot-fuer-die-welt.de en esta publicación han sido consultados por última vez en julio / agosto de 2015. Red Internacional de Seguridad Alimentaria (IFSN) – IFSN es cofinanciada por la Comisión Europea (CE) ISBN: www.ifsn.info 978-3-943202-27-4 La nutrición de los pueblos no es un negocio 3 ÍNDICE Lista de siglas y abreviaturas 6 Prefacio 8 Introducción 10 LA NUTRICIÓN DESDE UNA PERSPECTIVA DE DERECHOS HUMANOS: DESAFÍOS Y ENFOQUES 14-41 01 La captura corporativa de la gobernanza de la alimentación y la nutrición: 15 una amenaza para los derechos humanos y la soberanía de los pueblos Flavio Luiz Schieck Valente CUADRO 1 Por qué el Comité de Seguridad Alimentaria Mundial reformado podría ser un espacio adecuado para finalmente consumar el matrimonio entre la agricultura y la nutrición Nora McKeon 02 El “negocio de la malnutrición”: la excusa perfecta para la industria alimentaria 24 Patti Rundall CUADRO 2.1 Los orígenes del concepto de “múltiples partes interesadas”: la importancia de un uso terminológico correcto Lida Lhotska CUADRO 2.2 La sentencia de Citizens United: una peligrosa expansión del poder corporativo en EE.UU. Jonah Minkoff-Zern y Laura-Anne Minkoff-Zern 03 Género y soberanía alimentaria: las mujeres como sujetas activas en la construcción de la alimentación 31 y la nutrición Mafalda Galdames Castro y María Daniela Núñez Burbano de Lara CUADRO 3 Las violaciones de los derechos humanos de las mujeres como causas originarias de la malnutrición: el caso de las comunidades afectadas por la minería y los desplazamientos en Essakane, Burkina Faso R. Denisse Córdova Montes y Kossiwavi Ida Ayassou Sawadogo 04 La lucha por la soberanía alimentaria: el caso de las comunidades campesinas y pescadoras 35 artesanales en Pakistán y Uganda Entrevista con movimientos sociales CUESTIONES Y EVOLUCIONES CLAVE EN EL DERECHO A UNA ALIMENTACIÓN ADECUADA 42-57 Y A LA NUTRICIÓN 05 El Tratado sobre las empresas transnacionales y la lucha por acabar con la impunidad corporativa 43 Entrevista con la sociedad civil 06 Injusticia sin límites: la alimentación en la mesa de la OMC 50 Biraj Patnaik CUADRO 6.1 Las obligaciones extraterritoriales en materia de derechos humanos en las políticas comerciales: el caso de la Unión Europea Armin Paasch CUADRO 6.2 El TTIP es un tratado de Troya Mute Schimpf CUADRO 6.3 El Acuerdo de Asociación Transpacífico: una amenaza para los derechos humanos Tessa Khan OBSERVATORIO DEL DERECHO A LA ALIMENTACIÓN Y A LA NUTRICIÓN 2015 4 ÍNDICE MAPA DEL MUNDO: COBERTURA GEOGRÁFICA DEL OBSERVATORIO 2015 58-59 INFORMES NACIONALES Y REGIONALES: 60-87 Monitoreo y avances del derecho a una alimentación adecuada y a la nutrición ÁFRICA 61-66 07 La nutrición y la agricultura urbana en las ciudades del África subsahariana 61 Diana Lee-Smith y Davinder Lamba 08 La isla laboratorio: gobernanza y agricultura sostenible en Santo Tomé y Príncipe y en la Comunidad 64 de Países de Lengua Portuguesa Joana Rocha Dias ASIA 67-73 09 La agricultura campesina y la seguridad nutricional en China 67 Jan Douwe van der Ploeg CUADRO 9 La agricultura en China: de la seguridad alimentaria a la soberanía alimentaria Yiching Song 10 La transición de la economía pastoralista a la economía de mercado en Mongolia: una amenaza para 71 el derecho a la alimentación Munkhbolor Gungaa AMÉRICA 74-79 11 El derecho a la alimentación en EE.UU.: la necesidad de alejarse de la caridad
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