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Impacts of Marine Fish Farming with Sea Cages in Botany Bay David Barker University of Wollongong

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Impacts of Marine Fish Farming with Sea Cages in Botany Bay David Barker University of Wollongong University of Wollongong Research Online University of Wollongong Thesis Collection University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 2008 Impacts of marine fish farming with sea cages in Botany Bay David Barker University of Wollongong Recommended Citation Barker, David, Impacts of marine fish farming with sea cages in Botany Bay, Master of Environmental Science (Hons.) thesis, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Wollongong, 2008. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/2567 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact Manager Repository Services: [email protected]. IMPACTS OF MARINE FISH FARMING WITH SEA CAGES IN BOTANY BAY By DAVID BARKER A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of HONOURS MASTERS OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE School of Earth and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science University of Wollongong March 2008 CERTIFICATION I, David Barker, certify that this thesis, submitted in part fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Honours Masters of Environmental Science, in the School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Wollongong, is wholly my own work unless otherwise acknowledged. The document has not been submitted for qualifications at any other academic institution. David Barker 1st March 2008 2 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Silver Beach Aquaculture P/L (SBA), OneSteel Limited formerly (BHP), and New South Wales Fisheries, funded this work. This study would not have been possible without technical support from, John Hedison, Silver Beach Aquaculture P/L, Laurie Derwent, John Matthews and Karen Astles, New South Wales Fisheries. It should be noted that all the chemical analyses referred to for sediment metals and nutrients was done by Daniel Spooner at the University of Canberra. I would also like to thank Dr John Stewart, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, and Tom Barker for critically reading sections of this thesis. Special thanks to my university supervisor Dr Ron West, University of Wollongong and my internal supervisor Dr Nick Otway, who have provided invaluable assistance and support to me in all aspects of this study. Finally, I would like to thank my wife and family for their patience and support throughout all my studies. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Certification..............................................................................................................................................2 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.......................................................................................................................3 TABLE OF CONTENTS.........................................................................................................................4 LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................................................. 6 LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................................................7 ABSTRACT..............................................................................................................................................9 Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................. 11 1.1 General introduction.................................................................................................................. 11 1.2 Purpose of this research............................................................................................................. 13 1.3 Reason for this study..................................................................................................................14 1.4 Objectives.................................................................................................................................. 15 1.5 Scope and limitations.................................................................................................................16 1.6 Thesis Outline............................................................................................................................ 17 Chapter 2. LITERATURE REVIEW.................................................................................................... 18 2.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................18 2.2 Development of sea cage aquaculture....................................................................................... 19 2.3 General impacts of sea cage aquaculture on the environment...................................................27 2.3.1 Water and Sediment Enrichment........................................................................................ 28 2.3.2 Biological impacts.............................................................................................................. 31 2.3.3 Positive impacts of marine fish farming.............................................................................34 2.4 Selected impacts of sea cage aquaculture .................................................................................34 2.4.1 Impacts from wastes........................................................................................................... 35 2.4.2 Impacts from biofouling..................................................................................................... 38 Chapter 3. IMPACTS ON SEDIMENTS.............................................................................................. 40 3.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................40 3.2 Materials and methods...............................................................................................................41 3.2.1 Study area and sampling regimes....................................................................................... 41 3.2.2 Sampling procedures for TP, TOC & zinc in sediments.....................................................47 3.2.3 Loss of zinc coating from wire sea cages........................................................................... 48 3.2.4 Analytical procedures......................................................................................................... 50 3.2.5 Statistical procedures.......................................................................................................... 50 3.3 Results........................................................................................................................................51 3.3.1 Total Organic Carbon in sediments ....................................................................................51 3.3.2 Total Phosphate in sediments.............................................................................................57 3.3.3 Zinc in sediments...............................................................................................................63 3.3.4 Depletion of Zinc coating................................................................................................... 67 3.4 Discussion.................................................................................................................................68 Chapter 4. FURTHER IMPACTS OF ZINC....................................................................................... 70 4.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................70 4.2 Materials and Methods...............................................................................................................71 4 4.2.1 Zinc in the water................................................................................................................. 71 4.2.2 Zinc in fish from wire sea cages......................................................................................... 72 4.3 Results........................................................................................................................................74 4.3.1 Zinc in the water.................................................................................................................... 74 4.3.2 Zinc in fish farmed in wire sea cages................................................................................. 74 4.3.3 Zinc in Pelleted Feed.......................................................................................................... 76 4.4 Discussion..................................................................................................................................77 4.4.1 Impact of zinc on water surrounding zinc coated wire sea cages.......................................77 4.4.2 Impact of zinc on fish grown within wire sea cages...........................................................78 Chapter 5. BIOFOULING IMPACTS OF SEA CAGE NETTINGS.....................................................79 5.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................79 5.2Materials and Methods................................................................................................................80 5.3 Results........................................................................................................................................82 5.4 Discussion..................................................................................................................................85
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