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A Study on the Coastal Walk on the Eastern Coast of Metropolitan Sydney, Australia

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A Study on the Coastal Walk on the Eastern Coast of Metropolitan Sydney, Australia Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. D1 (Architecture of Infrastructure and Environment), Vol. 68, No. 1, 26-34, 2012. A STUDY ON THE COASTAL WALK ON THE EASTERN COAST OF METROPOLITAN SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA Tetsuya ANDO1 and Keiko ONO2 1Member of JSCE, Associate Professor, Dep. of Architecture and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of the Ryukyus (1 Senbaru, Nishihara-cho, Okinawa 903-0213) E-mail: [email protected] 2Professor, Dep. of Law and Economics, Okinawa University (555 Kokuba, Naha, Okinawa 902-8521) This study looks at the development and characteristics of the Great Coastal Walk of Metropolitan Syd- ney, New South Wales, Australia. Covering 100 km, this coastal walk connects beaches and trails on the eastern coast of Sydney and was officially opened in 2008. The idea to create a walking path along the entire coastline of Sydney was proposed in the late 1980s. To realize this vision, the NSW state govern- ment made a master plan for the project and developed subsidies to support municipalities’ individual plans for sections of the coastal walk route. As a result, the development of the long coastal walk has pro- vided an opportunity to reevaluate the condition of Sydney’s coastal front as a public asset. Key Words: Australia, Sydney, waterfront, public access, openspace, trails 1. INTRODUCTION Meanwhile, in Australia, on 22 July 2008, the Great Coastal Walk along the eastern coast of Metro- In recent years, there has been growing concern politan Sydney, New South Wales (NSW), covering over the decreasing public accessibility to the ocean 100 km from Barrenjoey around Sydney Harbour front due to landfills, industrial development and (Port Jackson) to the Royal National Park was offi- private development in Japan. Since the 1990’s, cially opened by then NSW Environmental Minister efforts have been made to improve public acces- Verity Firth.4 sibility through Nagisa-kaido, a shore zone in the The idea of creating a coastal walk to completely Osaka Bay area which spans over 1,000 kilome- connect trails along the eastern coast of Sydney was ters.1 More recently, there has been discussion of originally proposed by Bob Carr in the late 1980s, developing Sanriku-kaigan trail, a 350 kilometer- when he was a young environmental minister, later long coastal trail for tourism, education, evacuation becoming the Premier of NSW (1995-2005). This routes in disasters and connecting coastal communi- idea became a project for the Bicentennial Memorial ties in the Tohoku region, which suffered massive in 1988.5 After two decades, the Great Coastal Walk damage from the tsunami disaster in 2011.2 On the was finally completed and 21 departments from other hand, in the prefecture of Okinawa where the various government agencies that had cooperated to authors live, a subtropical island region surrounded solve the ‘bureaucratic red tape’ were invited to the by sea, opportunities to enjoy its long coastal front opening ceremony.6 is limited particularly in urban and suburban ar- Since the late 19th century, beaches have rapidly eas. Increasing obesity is a serious social issue in gained popularity in Australia as a location for rec- Okinawa (the proportion of obesity is the highest reational activities. At the beginning of the 20th among prefectures in Japan). Providing an attractive century, ocean-bathing during the daytime became walking environment at the coastal front may con- legal and the number of visitors to the beaches rapid- tribute to the promotion of public health within the ly increased.7 At the same time, swimming as a form community as well as the enhancement of tourism, of exercise became popular and many ocean baths Okinawa’s most important industry. Partial coastal were constructed on the coast.8 During the Great De- zone development for walking trails can be seen in pression in the 1930’s, ocean baths were often either Chatan-cho.3 reconstructed or expanded as public works. At the 26 Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. D1 (Architecture of Infrastructure and Environment), Vol. 68, No. 1, 26-34, 2012. same time, several individual trails leading to beach- 2. FEATURES OF THE COASTAL WALK es such as Bondi-Bronte Walk were also constructed ROUTE ALONG THE EASTERN 9 (Fig.1). Eventually, such trails would be connected SHORE OF METROPOLITAN SYDNEY to form the Great Coastal Walk. In Australia, land along the coastline up to 100 In this chapter, the physical features of the coastal feet from the high water mark was supposed to be walk route from Palm Beach to Maroubra Beach reserved as crown land in the early years of develop- (62.6 km, excluding some areas in Sydney Harbour) 10 ment and used for public facilities like harbours, were analyzed. Topographical maps on a scale of reserves and beaches. However, there are areas where private development has occupied the coastal front. The development of the continuous coastal ▽ Barrenjoey Head walk route in Sydney as a result has provided an op- portunity to reevaluate the condition of the coastal ◀ Palm Beach front as a public asset. ◀ Whale Beach This research paper aims to study the features of the Great Coastal Walk of Metropolitan Sydney and how it has been developed, including the roles of ◀ Avalon Beach ◀ Bilgola Beach public governments at state and local levels. The ◀ Newport Beach goal of the paper is to understand the basic nature of ◀ Bungan Beach the coastal walk in Sydney as a form of maintaining Pittwater ◀ Basin Beach ◀ Mona Vale Beach public accessibility to the coastal front and sharing it ◀ Warriewood Beach as a public asset. ◀ Turrimetta Beach The first part of the study looks at the physical fea- ◀ Narabeen Beach tures of Sydney’s coastal walk through information ◀ Collaroy Beach Warringah obtained from a field survey conducted in September ◀ Fishermans Beach 2007. The second part of the study is based on infor- ◀ Long Reef Beach ◀ Dee Why Beach mation from interviews also conducted in Septem- ber 2007 with the NSW state government and local ◀ Curl Curl Beach Castle Rock Beach councils which are involved in developing coastal ◀ Freshwater Beach trails. The section of the coastal walk route studied Manly ◀ Manly Beach Clonturf Beach ▲▲▲ through actual walking spans a length of 62.6 km ▶ ◀◀ Chinamans Beach ▲ ◀ 11 ◀ Delwood Beach from Palm Beach to Maroubra Beach (Fig.2). The Fairlight Beach ◀ Edwards Beach Silver Beach section around Sydney Harbour and south of Marou- ◀ Balmoral Beach Forty Basket Beach Corner Beach Reef Beach bra Beach was not included in this survey as there ▲ Sharks ▲ ▶ 12 ▲ Beach ▶ was more frequent usage of public roads. The mu- ▼ Gibsons Beach Sydney Harbour ▶ nicipalities within the section surveyed are Pittwater, Milk Beach Warringah, Manly, Woollahra, Waverley and Rand- ▼ wick. Sydney CBD Woollahra Although there has been a guidebook published on Waverly ◀ Bondi Beach ◀ Tamarama Beach Sydney’s coastal walks, there has previously been no ◀ Bronte Beach 13 Randwick ▲ ◀ Clovelly Beach academic study on the topic. ◁ Gordons Bay ◀ Coogee Beach ◁ Lurline Bay Sydney Airport ◀ Maroubra Beach ◀ Malabar Beach ◀ Lady Robinson Beach ◁ Long Bay Botany Bay Parts of Coastal Walk surveyed in this study Silver Beach ▼ Other parts of Coastal Walk ▶ Beaches of Coastal Walk ▷ Other (bays, points etc) ◀ Crollura Beach 0 5 10km Fig.1 Bondi-Bronte Walk (Waverly). Fig. 2 Coastal walk of the eastern shore in Sydney. 27 Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. D1 (Architecture of Infrastructure and Environment), Vol. 68, No. 1, 26-34, 2012. 1:25000 issued by the Land Information Centre of ed into ‘trails in parks and reserves’, ‘beaches’ and New South Wales were used as base maps. ‘public roads.’ ‘Trails in parks and reserves’ are divided into (1) The coastal walk route’s composition two categories; ‘paved with concrete or asphalt’ a) Land use and ‘unpaved’ (including wooden steps and raised Land use along the coastal walk route can be di- boardwalks) (Table 2). 11.9 km (47.6 %) of the to- vided into two categories; ‘open space’ (47.2 km/ tal length of the trails was ‘paved’ and 13.1 km (the 75.4% of the coastal walk route) and ‘urban ar- remaining 52.4 %) was ‘unpaved.’ In municipalities eas’(15.4 km/ 24.6%) (Table 1). ‘Open space’ con- on the northern side of Sydney Harbour where the sists of ‘parks/reserves’ and ‘beaches.’ ‘Urban areas’ population was smaller, there were more ‘unpaved represent the public roads connecting them. trails’ as compared to the southern side, which had a Wollahra had the highest percentage of ‘parks/re- higher population density. In Woollahra, where the serves’ with 88.9%, followed by Manly (58.7%) and eastern side of the municipal area is a national park Randwick (50.0%). with cliffs, all trails were ‘paved.’ In the section of the coastal walk route studied, Out of the total length (22.2 km) of beaches in the there were 32 beaches.14 The municipality with the route, 5.8 km (26.1%) had ‘paved pedestrian paths’ highest ratio of beaches to the total length of the and the length of ‘natural’ beaches was 16.4 km coastal walk route was Warringah (62.0%), fol- (73.9%) (Table 3). In municipalities on the north- lowed by Pittwater (38.7%) and Manly (31.2%). In ern side of Sydney Harbour, beaches in Pittwater municipalities on the northern side of Sydney Har- and Warringah were found to be more ‘natural.’ In bour, there was more low land along the route and natural beaches, although no pedestrian paths have therefore, more beaches were found. On the south- been built, pedestrians were free to walk along the ern side of Sydney Harbour, there was more high beach.
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