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Usulan Rencana Penelitian Buletin PSP, Vol.XVIII, No.3, Desember 2009 PROSPEK PENGEMBANGAN PERIKANAN TANGKAP DI PERAIRAN PROVINSI RIAU Development Prospect of Capture Fisheries in the Waters of Riau Province Oleh: T. Ersti Yulika Sari1*, Sugeng Hari Wisudo2, Daniel R. Monintja2, dan Tommy Purwaka3 Diterima: 11 Maret 2009; Disetujui: 19 Agustus 2009 ABSTRACT A proper strategy for fisheries management is needed in enforcing sustainable fisheries resource management. The selected fisheries should consists various component of fishing unit which can be operated technologically and ecologically in sustainable manner. In order to know the selected fish resources of Riau Province especially after the separation of Riau Kepulauan from Riau Province, evaluation was conducted on Bengkalis Regency in Malacca Strait and Indragiri Hilir Regency in South Chine Sea. Survey method was used to collecting information and data from the field. Schaefer model was used to determine the limit of fishery utilization by determining the Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY). Linear Goal Programming (LGP) Model was used to analyse the fishing unit allocation based on all determined target. Scoring method was applied to indicate the best kind of capture fisheries technology. The results of this study indicated that selected fish resource in Malacca Strait Bengkalis Regency are, yellow pike-conger, giant threadfish, silver pomfret, and white shrimp, with fishing technology of longline, kurau net, atom net and apollo net. The optimum amount for the selected fishing technology in Bengkalis Regency is 6387 unit. Selected fish resources in the South China Sea Indragiri Hilir Regency are giant threadfish, white shrimp, yellow pike-conger and barred spanish mackerel and with fishing technology of longline, “kurau net”, gillnet and shrimp net. The optimum amount for the selected fishing technology in Indragiri Hilir Regency is 5825 unit. Key words: Malacca Strait, optimum amount, selected fishing technology, selected fish resources, South China Sea ABSTRAK Strategi pengelolaan perikanan yang tepat sangat dibutuhkan dalam mewujudkan pengelola- an perikanan yang berkelanjutan. Perikanan unggulan adalah suatu kegiatan usaha yang terdiri dari berbagai komponen yang dilakukan secara berkelanjutan, baik ekologi maupun teknologi. Upaya mengetahui sumberdaya ikan unggulan Provinsi Riau setelah adanya pemekaran wilayah dilakukan evaluasi di Kabupaten Bengkalis dan Kabupaten Indragiri Hilir. Kajian dilakukan terha- dap aspek ekologi, teknologi dan aspek pemasaran dengan menggunakan beberapa pendekatan guna mengetahui sumberdaya perikanan tangkap unggulan di kawasan perikanan yang berbeda biofisik di Provinsi Riau, yaitu Selat Malaka dan Laut Cina Selatan. Metode survei digunakan untuk mengumpulkan informasi dan data di lokasi penelitian. Model Schaefer untuk menentukan tingkat pemanfaatan sumberdaya dengan menghitung potensi lestari maksimumnya. Model Linear Goal Programming (LGP) untuk menganalisis alokasi unit penangkapan sumberdaya unggulan. Metode skoring digunakan untuk menentukan teknologi penangkapan unggulan. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa sumberdaya ikan yang menjadi unggulan di kawasan perairan Selat Malaka adalah ikan kurau, malung, senangin, bawal putih dan udang putih dengan teknologi penangkapan untuk sumberdaya unggulan yaitu rawai, jaring kurau jaring atom, dan jaring apolo. Sumberdaya ikan yang menjadi unggulan di Perairan Laut Cina Selatan Kabupaten Indragiri Hilir adalah ikan kurau, 1 Jurusan Pemanfaatan Sumberdaya Perikanan, FPIK, UNRI 2 Dept. Pemanfaatan Sumber daya Perikanan, FPIK, IPB 3 Universitas Kristen Indonesia * Korespondensi: [email protected] Prospek Pengembangan Perikanan Tangkap… 133 Buletin PSP, Vol.XVIII, No.3, Desember 2009 udang putih, malung dan tenggiri dengan teknologi penangkapan untuk sumberdaya ikan unggulan adalah rawai, jaring kurau, jaring insang dan jaring udang. Kata kunci: Selat Malaka, optimum, teknologi penangkapan tepat guna, sumberdaya ikan ung- gulan, Laut Cina Selatan 1. PENDAHULUAN Perubahan wilayah administrasi menun- tut adanya evaluasi terhadap potensi perika- Pemanfaatan sumberdaya ikan harus nan, khususnya potensi perikanan tangkap un- dilakukan dengan mempertimbangkan teknologi tuk menetapkan pola kebijakan pengembangan yang digunakan dan sesuai dengan kemampu- perikanan tangkap di Provinsi Riau. an daya dukung lingkungan sehingga kegiatan pemanfaatan sumberdaya ikan dapat dilakukan Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidenti- secara berkelanjutan. Provinsi Riau berada di fikasi potensi sumberdaya ikan unggulan di da- pesisir Selat Malaka dan Perairan Laut Cina erah pemekaran, menganalisis unit penangka- Selatan. Kondisi perikanan tangkap di Selat pan ikan untuk menangkap ikan unggulan dan Malaka telah mengalami lebih tangkap sedang- optimasi komponen perikanan tangkap di da- kan di Laut Cina Selatan tingkat pemanfaatan- erah pemekaran. nya masih dibawah potensi lestarinya atau under fishing (Dinas Perikanan dan Kelautan 2. METODOLOGI Provinsi Riau, 2006). Penelitian dilakukan di perairan Selat Salah satu sumberdaya alam yang mem- Malaka Kabupaten Bengkalis dan perairan Laut punyai potensi ekonomi adalah sumberdaya Cina Selatan Indragiri Hilir pada bulan Maret- laut, termasuk di dalamnya sumberdaya ikan Oktober 2007. yang mempunyai nilai ekonomi yang telah ba- nyak dimanfaatkan sebagai kegiatan ekonomi. Sumberdaya ikan sebagaimana sumberdaya 2.1 Sumber Data alam lainnya mempunyai daya dukung yang Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini terbatas, sehingga membutuhkan adanya pe- adalah data sekunder dan data primer. Data ngelolaan yang baik agar kegiatan perikanan sekunder diperoleh dari laporan statistik yang sebagai kegiatan ekonomi dapat tetap berlan- dikeluarkan oleh instansi terkait, serta hasil jut. Tindakan pengelolaan pada sumberdaya penelitian dan hasil kajian yang terkait dengan perikanan bersifat mutlak sebagaimana termak- penelitian ini. Data primer diperoleh dari hasil tub dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 31 Tahun pengukuran di lapangan, maupun pengumpulan 2004 tentang Perikanan pada Bab I Pasal 1, data berdasarkan panduan kuisioner. ayat 7 menyebutkan pengelolaan perikanan adalah semua upaya, termasuk proses yang Teknik wawancara yang mendalam (in- terintegrasi dalam pengumpulan informasi, ana- depth interview) dengan panduan kuisioner di- lisis, perencanaan, konsultasi, pembuatan ke- lakukan dengan menentukan teknik pengambi- putusan, alokasi sumberdaya ikan, dan imple- lan responden seoptimal mungkin mengguna- mentasi serta penegakan hukum dari peraturan kan teknik survei yang digabungkan dengan perundang-undangan dibidang perikanan, yang teknik accident sampling dan snow-bowling. dilakukan oleh pemerintah atau otoritas lain Responden ditentukan berdasarkan responden yang diarahkan untuk mencapai kelangsungan sebelumnya. Hal ini dimaksudkan agar terjadi produktivitas sumberdaya hayati perairan dan keterkaitan yang lebih mendalam mengenai tujuan yang telah disepakati (Dahuri, 2004). status dan karakteristik responden yang satu dengan lainnya. Daerah memiliki wewenang untuk me- ngelola sumberdaya alam yang berada pada 2.2 Analisis Data wilayah yuridiksinya, termasuk sumberdaya ikan seiring dengan pelaksanaan perundangan 2.2.1 Standarisasi upaya tangkap tentang otonomi daerah. Undang-Undang no- Fungsi standarisasi untuk menyeragam- mor 25 tahun 2002 tentang pembentukan kan satuan upaya tangkap terhadap upaya alat Provinsi Kepulauan Riau sebagai pemekaran tangkap tertentu (standar). Berdasarkan rumus dari Provinsi Riau membawa konsekuensi ter- Gulland (1983), proses standarisasi sebagai hadap potensi ikan yang dikelola, demikian pula berikut: wilayah pengelolaan perikanan yang menjadi tanggung jawabnya. HTSs HTSUs = .................................. (1) FEs 134 Prospek Pengembangan Perikanan Tangkap… Buletin PSP, Vol.XVIII, No.3, Desember 2009 HTi Vi(Xi) = Fungsi nilai dari alternatif pada HTSUi = .................................... (2) FEi kriteria ke-i HTSUi Xi = Kriteria ke-i FPIi = ............................... (3) HTSUs 2.2.4 Model linear goal programming Upaya penangkapan standar (f) = FPIi x jumlah upaya penangkapan Bentuk umum persamaan matematis mo- del LGP (Lee et al., 1985 dan Muslich, 1993): Keterangan: 1) Fungsi tujuan, HTSU = hasil tangkapan alat tangkap s - + standar per satuan upaya Minimumkan Z= Wik Pk (d i – d i) .......... (6) HTSUi = hasil tangkapan alat tangkap i per 2) Fungsi kendala, - + satuan upaya aij Xj + d i – d i = bi ................................. (7) HTs = hasil tangkapan alat tangkap (i=1,2,3,...,m) standar - + Xj, d i , d i ≥ 0 HTi = hasil tangkapan alat tangkap i FEs = jumlah upaya alat tangkap standar Keterangan: FEi = jumlah upaya alat tangkap i Pk = Urutan prioritas (Pk > Pk + 1) FPI = faktor daya tangkap jenis alat - + s W dan W = Bobot untuk variabel sim- tangkap standar ik ik pangan 1 di dalam suatu FPIi = faktor daya tangkap jenis alat tangkap i tingkat prioritas k - + d i dan d i = Deviasi negatif dan positif 2.2.2 Analisis sumberdaya ikan aij = Koefisien teknologi Analisis tingkat pemanfaatan sumberda- Xj = Variabel keputusan ya ikan dilakukan dengan menentukan terlebih dahulu nilai produksi maksimum lestari atau 3. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) dengan menggunakan Model Schaefer (Gulland, 1983), 3.1 Identifikasi Sumberdaya Ikan Unggulan yaitu memplotkan hasil tangkapan persatuan Pemasaran merupakan bagian yang cu- upaya yang telah distandarisasi (c/f) dalam sa- kup penting dalam memacu produksi dan me- tuan kg per trip dan upaya penangkapan yang nunjang suksesnya
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