IV. DEFINITION of LYMPH NODE GROUPS (FIGURE 1) Level IA
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Superior Laryngeal Nerve Identification and Preservation in Thyroidectomy
ORIGINAL ARTICLE Superior Laryngeal Nerve Identification and Preservation in Thyroidectomy Michael Friedman, MD; Phillip LoSavio, BS; Hani Ibrahim, MD Background: Injury to the external branch of the su- recorded and compared on an annual basis for both be- perior laryngeal nerve (EBSLN) can result in detrimen- nign and malignant disease. Overall results were also com- tal voice changes, the severity of which varies according pared with those found in previous series identified to the voice demands of the patient. Variations in its ana- through a 50-year literature review. tomic patterns and in the rates of identification re- ported in the literature have discouraged thyroid sur- Results: The 3 anatomic variations of the distal aspect geons from routine exploration and identification of this of the EBSLN as it enters the cricothyroid were encoun- nerve. Inconsistent with the surgical principle of pres- tered and are described. The total identification rate over ervation of critical structures through identification, mod- the 20-year period was 900 (85.1%) of 1057 nerves. Op- ern-day thyroidectomy surgeons still avoid the EBSLN erations performed for benign disease were associated rather than identifying and preserving it. with higher identification rates (599 [86.1%] of 696) as opposed to those performed for malignant disease Objectives: To describe the anatomic variations of the (301 [83.4%] of 361). Operations performed in recent EBSLN, particularly at the junction of the inferior con- years have a higher identification rate (over 90%). strictor and cricothyroid muscles; to propose a system- atic approach to identification and preservation of this Conclusions: Understanding the 3 anatomic variations nerve; and to define the identification rate of this nerve of the distal portion of the EBSLN and its relation to the during thyroidectomy. -
29 Assessing the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
29 Assessing the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems LEARNING OUTCOMES 1. Describe the anatomy, physiology, and functions of the 5. Explain techniques used to assess cardiovascular and cardiovascular and lymphatic systems. lymphatic structure and function. 2. Describe normal variations in cardiovascular assessment 6. Identify manifestations of impaired cardiovascular structure findings for the older adult. and functions. 3. Give examples of genetic disorders of the cardiovascular system. 4. Identify specific topics for consideration during a health history assessment interview of the patient with cardiovascu- lar or lymphatic disorders. CLINICAL COMPETENCIES 1. Complete a health history for patients having alterations in 3. Assess an ECG strip and identify normal rhythm and cardiac the structure and functions of the cardiovascular or lymphatic events and abnormal cardiac rhythm. systems. 4. Monitor the results of diagnostic tests and communicate 2. Conduct and document a physical assessment of cardiovas- abnormal findings within the interprofessional team. cular and lymphatic status. MAJOR CHAPTER CONCEPTS • Correct structure and function of the cardiovascular and • Manifestations of dysfunction, injury, and disorders affecting lymphatic systems are vital to the transport of oxygen and the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems may be detected carbon dioxide throughout the body and for the return of during a general health assessment as well as during focused excess tissue fluids back to the bloodstream. cardiovascular and lymphatic system -
Head& Neck II
nd Dr.Ban I.S. head & neck anatomy 2 y جامعة تكريت كلية طب اﻻسنان مادة التشريح املرحلة الثانية أ.م.د. بان امساعيل صديق 6102-6102 1 nd Dr.Ban I.S. head & neck anatomy 2 y Triangles of the neck: Each side of the neck is divided into anterior and posterior triangles by the obliquely placed sternocleidomastoid muscle. The anterior triangle is bounded by the midline, lower border of mandible and anterior border of sternocleidomastoid muscle. The posterior triangle is bounded by the posterior border of sternocleidomastoid, the anterior border of trapezius and the clavicle. Sternocleidomastoid: This muscle has two heads of origin below: that from the sternal manubrium is a rounded tendon and that from the clavicle is a flat tendon. A triangular interval exists between the two above the sternoclavicular joint, and the lower end of the internal jugular vein lies behind. The muscle is attached by a tendon to the lateral surface of the mastoid process and the lateral half of the superior nuchal line. The muscle is crossed superficially by the great auricular nerve, the external jugular vein and the transverse cervical nerve. 2 nd Dr.Ban I.S. head & neck anatomy 2 y Nerve supply. By the spinal part of the accessory nerve. Action. Contraction of one muscle tilts the head towards the ipsilateral shoulder, and rotates the head to the opposite side. When both muscles acting together, draw the head forwards. Trapezius muscle: It arises from medial third of superior nuchal line, external occipital protuberance, ligamentum nuchae, spine of 7th cervical vertebra, and all thoracic vertebrae . -
TNM Staging of Head and Neck Cancer and Neck Dissection Classification
QUICK REFERENCE GUIDE TO TNM Staging of Head and Neck Cancer and Neck Dissection Classification Fourth Edition © 2014 All materials in this eBook are copyrighted by the American Academy of Otolaryngology— Head and Neck Surgery Foundation, 1650 Diagonal Road, Alexandria, VA 22314-2857, and the American Head and Neck Society, 11300 W. Olympic Blvd., Suite 600, Los Angeles CA 90064, and are strictly prohibited to be used for any purpose without prior written authorization from the American Academy of Otolaryngology— Head and Neck Surgery Foundation and the American Head and Neck Society. All rights reserved. For more information, visit our website at www.entnet.org , or www.ahns.org. eBook Format: Fourth Edition, 2014 ISBN: 978-0-615-98874-0 Suggested citation: Deschler DG, Moore MG, Smith RV, eds. Quick Reference Guide to TNM Staging of Head and Neck Cancer and Neck Dissection Classification, 4th ed. Alexandria, VA: American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Foundation, 2014. Quick Reference Guide to TNM Staging of Head and Neck Cancer and Neck Dissection Classification Copublished by American Academy of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery American Head and Neck Society Edited by Daniel G. Deschler, MD Michael G. Moore, MD Richard V. Smith, MD Table of Contents Preface ................................................................................................................................iv Acknowledgments ...........................................................................................................v I. -
Unusual Morphology of the Superior Belly of Omohyoid Muscle
Case Report http://dx.doi.org/10.5115/acb.2014.47.4.271 pISSN 2093-3665 eISSN 2093-3673 Unusual morphology of the superior belly of omohyoid muscle Rajesh Thangarajan, Prakashchandra Shetty, Srinivasa Rao Sirasanagnadla, Melanie Rose D’souza Department of Anatomy, Melaka Manipal Medical College (Manipal Campus), Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India Abstract: Though anomalies of the superior belly of the omohyoid have been described in medical literature, absence of superior belly of omohyoid is rarely reported. Herein, we report a rare case of unilateral absence of muscular part of superior belly of omohyoid. During laboratory dissections for medical undergraduate students, unusual morphology of the superior belly of the omohyoid muscle has been observed in formalin embalmed male cadaver of South Indian origin. The muscular part of the superior belly of the omohyoid was completely absent. The inferior belly originated normally from the upper border of scapula, and continued with a fibrous tendon which ran vertically lateral to sternohyoid muscle and finally attached to the lower border of the body of hyoid bone. The fibrous tendon was about 1 mm thick and received a nerve supply form the superior root of the ansa cervicalis. As omohyoid mucle is used to achieve the reconstruction of the laryngeal muscles and bowed vocal folds, the knowledge of the possible anomalies of the omohyoid muscle is important during neck surgeries. Key words: Superior belly, Fibrous tendon, Omohyoid, Neck surgery Received March 12, 2014; Revised April 3, 2014; Accepted April 28, 2014 Introduction bellies, absence and adhesion to sternohyoid are the reported anomalies of the superior belly of the OH [2]. -
Corpora Amylacea Act As Containers That Remove Waste Products from the Brain
Corpora amylacea act as containers that remove waste products from the brain Marta Ribaa,b,c,1, Elisabet Augéa,b,c,1, Joan Campo-Sabariza,d, David Moral-Antera,d, Laura Molina-Porcele, Teresa Ximelise, Ruth Ferrera,d, Raquel Martín-Venegasa,d, Carme Pelegría,b,c,2, and Jordi Vilaplanaa,b,c,2 aSecció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; bInstitut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; cCentros de Biomedicina en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; dInstitut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentàries (INSA-UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08291 Barcelona, Spain; and eNeurological Tissue Bank of the Biobanc- Hospital Clinic-Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain Edited by Lawrence Steinman, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, and approved November 5, 2019 (received for review August 8, 2019) Corpora amylacea (CA) in the human brain are granular bodies 6). Nonetheless, we observed that CA contain glycogen synthase formed by polyglucosan aggregates that amass waste products of (GS), an indispensable enzyme for polyglucosan formation, and different origins. They are generated by astrocytes, mainly during also ubiquitin and protein p62, both associated with processes of aging and neurodegenerative conditions, and are located predom- elimination of waste substances (5). The relationship between CA inantly in periventricular and subpial regions. This study shows that and waste substances is recurrent in the literature. Already in 1999, CA are released from these regions to the cerebrospinal fluid and after a detailed and complete review, Cavanagh indicated that “CA are present in the cervical lymph nodes, into which cerebrospinal functions seem to be directed towards trapping and sequestration fluid drains through the meningeal lymphatic system. -
Unusual Organization of the Ansa Cervicalis: a Case Report
CASE REPORT ISSN- 0102-9010 UNUSUAL ORGANIZATION OF THE ANSA CERVICALIS: A CASE REPORT Ranjana Verma1, Srijit Das2 and Rajesh Suri3 Department of Anatomy, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi-110002, India. ABSTRACT The superior root of the ansa cervicalis is formed by C1 fibers carried by the hypoglossal nerve, whereas the inferior root is contributed by C2 and C3 nerves. We report a rare finding in a 40-year-old male cadaver in which the vagus nerve fused with the hypoglossal nerve immediately after its exit from the skull on the left side. The vagus nerve supplied branches to the sternohyoid, sternothyroid and superior belly of the omohyoid muscles and also contributed to the formation of the superior root of the ansa cervicalis. In this arrangement, paralysis of the infrahyoid muscles may result following lesion of the vagus nerve anywhere in the neck. The cervical location of the vagus nerve was anterior to the common carotid artery within the carotid sheath. This case report may be of clinical interest to surgeons who perform laryngeal reinnervation and neurologists who diagnose nerve disorders. Key words: Ansa cervicalis, hypoglossal nerve, vagus nerve, variations INTRODUCTION cadaver. The right side was normal. The neck region The ansa cervicalis is a nerve loop formed was dissected and the neural structures in the carotid by the union of superior and inferior roots. The and muscular triangle regions were exposed, with superior root is a branch of the hypoglossal nerve particular attention given to the organization of the containing C1 fibers, whereas the inferior root is ansa cervicalis. -
Adaptive Immune Systems
Immunology 101 (for the Non-Immunologist) Abhinav Deol, MD Assistant Professor of Oncology Wayne State University/ Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit MI Presentation originally prepared and presented by Stephen Shiao MD, PhD Department of Radiation Oncology Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Disclosures Bristol-Myers Squibb – Contracted Research What is the immune system? A network of proteins, cells, tissues and organs all coordinated for one purpose: to defend one organism from another It is an infinitely adaptable system to combat the complex and endless variety of pathogens it must address Outline Structure of the immune system Anatomy of an immune response Role of the immune system in disease: infection, cancer and autoimmunity Organs of the Immune System Major organs of the immune system 1. Bone marrow – production of immune cells 2. Thymus – education of immune cells 3. Lymph Nodes – where an immune response is produced 4. Spleen – dual role for immune responses (especially antibody production) and cell recycling Origins of the Immune System B-Cell B-Cell Self-Renewing Common Progenitor Natural Killer Lymphoid Cell Progenitor Thymic T-Cell Selection Hematopoetic T-Cell Stem Cell Progenitor Dendritic Cell Myeloid Progenitor Granulocyte/M Macrophage onocyte Progenitor The Immune Response: The Art of War “Know your enemy and know yourself and you can fight a hundred battles without disaster.” -Sun Tzu, The Art of War Immunity: Two Systems and Their Key Players Adaptive Immunity Innate Immunity Dendritic cells (DC) B cells Phagocytes (Macrophages, Neutrophils) Natural Killer (NK) Cells T cells Dendritic Cells: “Commanders-in-Chief” • Function: Serve as the gateway between the innate and adaptive immune systems. -
The Role of Strap Muscles in Phonation Laryngeal Model in Vivo
Journal of Voice Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 23-32 © 1997 Lippincott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia The Role of Strap Muscles in Phonation In Vivo Canine Laryngeal Model Ki Hwan Hong, *Ming Ye, *Young Mo Kim, *Kevin F. Kevorkian, and *Gerald S. Berke Department of Otolaryngology, Chonbuk National University, Medical School, Chonbuk, Korea; and *Division of Head and Neck Surgery, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A. Summary: In spite of the presumed importance of the strap muscles on laryn- geal valving and speech production, there is little research concerning the physiological role and the functional differences among the strap muscles. Generally, the strap muscles have been shown to cause a decrease in the fundamental frequency (Fo) of phonation during contraction. In this study, an in vivo canine laryngeal model was used to show the effects of strap muscles on the laryngeal function by measuring the F o, subglottic pressure, vocal in- tensity, vocal fold length, cricothyroid distance, and vertical laryngeal move- ment. Results demonstrated that the contraction of sternohyoid and sternothy- roid muscles corresponded to a rise in subglottic pressure, shortened cricothy- roid distance, lengthened vocal fold, and raised F o and vocal intensity. The thyrohyoid muscle corresponded to lowered subglottic pressure, widened cricothyroid distance, shortened vocal fold, and lowered F 0 and vocal inten- sity. We postulate that the mechanism of altering F o and other variables after stimulation of the strap muscles is due to the effects of laryngotracheal pulling, upward or downward, and laryngotracheal forward bending, by the external forces during strap muscle contraction. -
Human Anatomy As Related to Tumor Formation Book Four
SEER Program Self Instructional Manual for Cancer Registrars Human Anatomy as Related to Tumor Formation Book Four Second Edition U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service National Institutesof Health SEER PROGRAM SELF-INSTRUCTIONAL MANUAL FOR CANCER REGISTRARS Book 4 - Human Anatomy as Related to Tumor Formation Second Edition Prepared by: SEER Program Cancer Statistics Branch National Cancer Institute Editor in Chief: Evelyn M. Shambaugh, M.A., CTR Cancer Statistics Branch National Cancer Institute Assisted by Self-Instructional Manual Committee: Dr. Robert F. Ryan, Emeritus Professor of Surgery Tulane University School of Medicine New Orleans, Louisiana Mildred A. Weiss Los Angeles, California Mary A. Kruse Bethesda, Maryland Jean Cicero, ART, CTR Health Data Systems Professional Services Riverdale, Maryland Pat Kenny Medical Illustrator for Division of Research Services National Institutes of Health CONTENTS BOOK 4: HUMAN ANATOMY AS RELATED TO TUMOR FORMATION Page Section A--Objectives and Content of Book 4 ............................... 1 Section B--Terms Used to Indicate Body Location and Position .................. 5 Section C--The Integumentary System ..................................... 19 Section D--The Lymphatic System ....................................... 51 Section E--The Cardiovascular System ..................................... 97 Section F--The Respiratory System ....................................... 129 Section G--The Digestive System ......................................... 163 Section -
Comparative Study of the Digastric and the Stylohyoid Muscles Between
Original Article https://doi.org/10.5115/acb.20.301 pISSN 2093-3665 eISSN 2093-3673 Comparative study of the digastric and the stylohyoid muscles between wild boars (Sus scrofa scrofa) and domestic swine (Sus scrofa domesticus): revisiting the gross anatomy Henrique Inhauser Riceti Magalhães1, Jeferson Borges Barcelos2, Fabiano Braz Romão3, Tânia Ribeiro Junqueira Borges2, Roseâmely Angélica de Carvalho-Barros4, Maria Angelica Miglino1, Frederico Ozanam Carneiro e Silva2, Lucas de Assis Ribeiro2 1Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 2Animal Anatomy Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, 3Animal Anatomy Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University Center of Patos de Minas, Patos de Minas, 4Anatomy Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Catalão, Catalão, Brazil Abstract: Considering Suidae Familie as a perfect and viable experimental biomedical model for research applied to human medicine, it has been sought to describe the comparative anatomy of the digastric and the stylohyoid muscles between boars and domestic swine. Heads of Sus scrofa scrofa and Sus scrofa domesticus were dissected. The digastric muscle presented only one muscle belly as anatomical component of a tendinous origin in the jugular process of the occipital bone, and muscle insertion in the midventral edge of the caudal two thirds of the body of the mandible. Thus, its function is fundamentally associated with the lowering and the retracting of the mandible which, by the way, can deliver greater muscle power at lesser energy expense. For the stylohyoid muscle, the tendinous origin was in the laterocaudal edge of the dorsal third of the stylohyoid bone. -
An Anomalous Digastric Muscle in the Carotid Sheath: a Case Report with Its
Short Communication 2020 iMedPub Journals Journal of Stem Cell Biology and Transplantation http://journals.imedpub.com Vol. 4 ISS. 4 : sc 37 ISSN : 2575-7725 DOI : 10.21767/2575-7725.4.4.37 8th Edition of International Conference on Clinical and Medical Case Reports - An anomalous digastric muscle in the carotid sheath: a case report with its embryological perspective and clinical relevance Srinivasa Rao Sirasanagandla Sultan Qaboos University, Oman Abstract Key words: Although infrahyoid muscles show considerable variations in Anterior belly, Posterior belly, Variation, Stylohyoid muscle, My- their development, existence of an anomalous digastric muscle lohyoid muscle, Hyoid bone in the neck was seldom reported. During dissection of trian- Anatomy gles of the neck for medical undergraduate students, we came across an anomalous digastric muscle in the carotid sheath of There is a pair of digastric muscles in the neck, and each digas- left side of neck. It was observed in a middle-aged cadaver at tric muscle has the anterior belly and the posterior belly. The College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos Uni- anterior belly is attached to the digastric fossa on the base of versity, Muscat, Oman. Digastric muscle was located within the the mandible close to the midline and runs toward the hyoid carotid sheath between the common and internal carotid arter- bone. The posterior belly is attached to the notch of the mas- ies and internal jugular vein. It had two bellies; cranial belly and toid process of the temporal bone and also runs toward the caudal belly which were connected by an intermediate tendon.