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Ante Soorten ; (Pisces, Cichlid Ae) Uit Et Ihema Meer Gkagera, Rwanda)

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Ante Soorten ; (Pisces, Cichlid Ae) Uit Et Ihema Meer Gkagera, Rwanda) KATHOLIEKE UNIVERSITEIT LEUVEN FACULTEIT DER WETENSCHAPPEN DEPARTEMENT BIOLOGIE l Laboratorium voor Vergelijkende Morfologie en Anatomie SYSTEM ATI SCH. M OR FOLOG I E STUDIE VAN DE HAPLOCHROMIS EN AANVE ANTE SOORTEN ; (PISCES, CICHLID AE) UIT ET IHEMA MEER GKAGERA, RWANDA) Promotor : VERHANDELING Prof. Dr. D. Thys van den Audenaerde voorgedragen tot het bekomen van de graad van Licentiaat in de Wetenschappen, afdeling Dierkunde door C|aude BELPAIRE 1981-1982 KATHOLIEKE UNIVERSITEIT LEUVEN FACULTEIT DER WETENSCHAPPEN DEPARTEMENT BIOLOGIE Laboratorium voor Vergeliikende Morfologie en Anatomie SYSTEMATISCH-MORFOLOGISCHE STUDIE VAN DE HAPLOCHROMIS EN AANVERWANTE SOORTEN (PISCES, CICHLIDAE) UIT HET IHEMA MEER (AKAGERA, RWANDA) Promotor : VERHANDELING Prof. Dr. D. Thys van den Audenaerde voorgedragen tot het bekomen van de graad van Licentiaat in de Wetenschappen, afdeling Dierkunde door Claude BELPAIRE 1981-1982 ? INHOUDSTAFEL IM{OUDSTAFDL 2 LIJST DER GEBRUIKTE AFKORTINGEN 5 INLEIDING EN DOELSTELLING 6 DANKWOORD 8 DEEL 1 : LITERATWRSTIIDIE HoofdstukJ.:Hetgenus Haplqctrrqqis HIL- GENDORF, 1888. 10 § .r. Algemene morfologische kenmerken van de Qichlidae. 10 § .2. De Cichlidae van de grote Afrikaanse meren : explosieve evolutie. 72 §.3. De Jíaplochromis species-f1ock van het Victonia meer. L6 §.4. Overzicht van de systematiek van het genus Haplo mas. 22 Hoofdstuk 2 : Het Ihema meer. 27 § .f. Geografische ligging van het Ihema meer in het Akagera systeem. 27 §.2. Literatuurgegevens over het Ihema meer. 3t A. Geologie en geografie 31, B. Klimaat 3t 1. Temperatuur 3t 2, Neerslag 33 3, I{inden 33 C. Abiotische faktoren 33 1. Watertemperatuur 33 2. Transparantie 33 3. Chemische bestanddelen 34 -zuurtegraad 34 -zuurs tof 34 -koo1 s tofdioxyde 35 -iqnenconcentrati es 35 3 D. Ichtyblogische fauna van het Ihema meer. 35 1. Inventaris 35 2. Enkele ekologische aspekten 4o -bro edgedrag 4o -voedingsregimes 4r -predatiedruk 4r §.3 Ekonomische aspekten van de Akagera. 4l DEEL2zEIGENWERK Hoofdstuk 1 : Materiaal en methode 4S §.r. Materiaal 4S § .2. Methode 46 Hoofdstuk 2 : Soortbeschrijvingen en stuk- lijsten. 6S -HarpaRochromis 66 H4rp4gochromis sp. 66 Diagnose 66 B e s chri jvi ng 66 Diskussie 76 S t uk1i js ten 76 -Paralabi chromis 78 Paralabido romls sp. 78 Diagnose 78 Beschrijving 78 Diskussie 88 S tukl i js ten 89 -Gaurochromis 9t Gaurochromis sp. 9t Diagnose 91 Bes chri jving 92 Diskussie lo2 Stukl i js ten 103 4 -Haplochromis 104 Haplochromis sp. 104 Diagnose 104 Bes chri jving 105 . Diskussie 114 Stuklijsten 114 -As tatoreochromis LL5 As tatoreoch mis alluaudi l-1_5 Verspreiding l_1 5 Diagnose 116 Bes chri jving 116 StLrklijsten 130 Vergelijkende figuren, frekwentietabellen en T-testen. 131 Hoofdstuk 3 Determinatietabel voor Haplo- chromis en aanverwante soor- ten uit het Ihema meer. 743 Hoofds tuk 4 : Kort overzicht van de Haplochro- ml-s en aanverwante soorten uit het Cyohoha en het Rweru meer. 145 BESLUlT l-47 SAMENVATTING L4g SIIIVMARY 151 LITERATUURLIJST 753 5 LIJST DER GEBRUIKTE AFKORTINGEN. Io. interorbitaalbreedte Kb. kopbreedte Kh. kophoogte Kl . kopJ-engte Lh. 1 ichaamshoogte Lo. lengte onderkaak Mb. muilbreedte od. oogdiameter Pok. pos tokulaire koplengte Prd. preorbitale diepte sl . s tandaardlengte Snl. snuitlengte T1 . totale lengte 6. INLEIDING EN DOELSTELLING Naast de studie van het visbestand van de Grote meren van Oost- Afrikar komen recent ook de kleinere meren in de belangstellirg. De oorzaak hiervan is tweëerlei : enerzijds is de visvangst een voorname bron van d.ierl ijt<e proteÍnen waardoor deze meren ekono- misch belangrijk worden, anderzijds levert de studie van de vis- faunar €Ír specifiek van het Cichlidae bestarid, waardevolle ge- gevens voor het wetenschappelijk onderzoek Het oorspronkelijk doel van onze licentiaatsverhandeling bestaat in het op punt stellen en vergelijken van het Haplochromis be- stand van drie meren (Ifrema, Cyohoha en Rweru) behorende tot het Akagera bekken in Rwanda. Tijdens veldonderzoek ín 1979 meldde THYS de aanwezigheid van twee Haplochromis soorten in het Cyoho- ha meer, die eveneens aangetroffen worden in het Ihema ffi€err waar bovendien nog een derde soort zou voorkomen. Aan de hand van deze observaties en in analogie met gègevens voor andere vissoorten zouden we de stroomopwaartse reductie in het soorten- bestand van deze meren kunnen aantonen. Eenpre1iminaironderzoekophet@bestandvandeze twee meren toont ons echter aan dat er meer dan twee tot drie soorten kunnen onderscheiden worden. I{egens de toenemende com- plexiteit van het probleem en wegens het noodzakelijke, doch tijdvergende opmeten en bestuderen van grote aantallen specimens, zijn we genoodzaakt van ons te beperken tot de intensieve studie van de Haplochromrs s ystematiek van één enkel meer. Onze keuze valt op het Ihema meer, vooral omwi]-]-e van het ekonomisch belang van dit meer waar sinds kort een projekt ter bevordering van de visserij door de "Food and Agriculture Organisation (feO) " ge- subsidieerd wordtr €Ír ook omwille van de problemen die de iden- tifikatie van de Haplochromis soorten uit dit meer stel-t- De be- doeling van ons onderzoek ligt vooral in het opstellen van dui- delijte soortbeschrijvingen en aangepaste determinatietabellen voor de Haplochrgmis soorten uit het Ihema meer , waardoor de r-- I dentifikatie van deze vissen op het veld en in het laborato- rium vlotter zou kunnen verlopen. Ook het Haplochromis bestand van de twee hoger gelegen meren, Cyohoha en Rwerul wordt kort bestudeerdl zodat toch een verge- lijking kan gemaakt worden tussen de Haplochromis soorten van de bovenloop (Cyohoha en Rweru) en die van de benedenloop (fne- ma) varl de Akagera. 8 DANKWOORD In de eerste plaats wil it< mijn promotor Prof.Dr.D.Thys van den Audenaerde bedanken voor het aangeboden onderwerp, voor het ter beschikking stell-en van het materiaal en voor z:-jn geÍnteresseer- de hulp gedurende het jaar. iX Dr.P.H.Greenwoodr Senior Scientific Officer in -Tevens dank de vissektie van het British Ivluseum (Natural- History) t. Londen voor zijn bereidwittige en deskundige hu1p tijdens mijn studie- verblijf aldaar. Dank ook aan het personeel van het Koninkliik Museum voor Midden- Afrika te Tervurenl dat mij in vele opzichten behuJ-pzaam was. Speciaal vermeld it< Ingrid, Janssens voor haar geslaagde tekenin- genvande''s3.È@-achtige''visSenuithetIhemameerr€Íl Dr.F. Puylaert vgor zijn determinaties van parasieten. Ook ben ik een woord van dank verschuldigd aan alle professoren van d.e K.U.Leuven die instonden voor mi jn licentiaatsopleiding. Graag had ik nog Guy Teugels willen bedanken voor zíjn belang- stelling en praktische hulp gedurende het tot stand komen van dit werk. Met bijzonder plezier dank it l-ut Noterdaeme voor haar onuitput- telijke ijver en geduld bij het uittypen van deze verhandeling. Tenslotte nog een dankwoord aan mijn ouders die mij toelieten deze studies te vo].tooien. deel 1 literatuurstudie 10 Hoofdstukl:Hetgenus Haplsrclrromis HILGENDORF, 1888. §r. A1 morf l_ h nmerke v l_ ioa Het genus Haplo mis maakt deel uit van de familie van de Ci- chlidae, die samen met meer dan 14O andere families behoort tot de orde vàn de Perciformes of baarsachtigen. in Tabel 1 wordt de systematische positie van het Senus Haplochromis in de ichtyolo- gische klassifikatie voorgesteld, volgens een recente indeling van GREENIIIOOD, ROSEN, WEITZMAN & MYERS (T566) . Tabel 1 : De systematische positie van het genus Haplochromis in de ichtyologische klassifikatie van GREENWOOD, ROSEN, WEITZI\,IAN & }IYERS (TT66) . Phylum CHORDATA Subphylum CRANIATA Superclassis GNATHOSTOMATA Classis OSTEICHTYES Subclass is ACTINOPTERYCíII NEOPTERYGII . TELEOSTEI Superordo ACANTHOPTERYGII Ordo PERCIFORI'IES Subordo PERCOIDEI Familia CICHLIDAE Genus Haplochromis HTLGENDORF, 1888. De Cichlidae (ni-g. f ) worden gekenmerkt door het bezit van slechts één neusgat aan e1ke. kant van de snuit. Er is slechts één rugvin, waarvan het voorste deel bestaat uit harde stekelige doornen, ter- wijl het achterste deel uit zachlte vinstralen is opgebouud. Ook in de anaalvin zijn de voorste vinstralen omgevormd tot doornen. De buikvinnen teI1en e1k steeds één voorste doorn en vijf zachte stralen. Zoals bij alle Aoanthopterygii zijn de ventrale vinnen naar voor en de pectorale vinnen naar boven gesch.oven. De late- 11 rale lijn is onderbroken en bestaat uit twee delen : een voorste canalis lateralis superior en een achterste canalis lateralis in- ferior. De kop is onvolledig bedekt met schubben. Dank zij de mogeliikheid van onderlinge verschuiving tussen d.e beenelementen van boven- en onderkaak is de muil protraktiel. Premaxillare en dentale zijn voorzien van tanden. In de keelholte is het vijfde paar kieuwbogen vergroeid tot een driehoekig beenstuk, het keel- been, waarvan de apex naar voor gericht is. Ook op het keelbeen zijn er tanden aanwezig. 0 FiE. t : Algemene lichaamsvorm van een vertegenwoordiger van de Cichlidae ( Tilapia melanopleura A.Dulrl ). ook het keel- been is weergegeven. (naar POLL, L957) J-2 §2. De Cichlid ae van de grote rrkaanse meren : e xolosieve evolutie. Tot de Cichlidae behoren een duizendtal soorten, verspreid over het zuidelijt fraffrond : Afrika, Madagascar, Zuíd- en Centraal' Amerika, Syrië, Jord.aan-vallei, Indië en Ceylon (fnfen a ILES, l97Z). Iuleer dan de helft van dit aantal leeft in Afrika, troofd- zakelijk in de grote Afrikaanse meren, zoaT-s het Malawi, het Victo- ria en het Tanganyika meer. Deze meren bezitten een opvallend soortenrijk, haast volleaig endemisch, Cichlidae bestand (taUet 2), waarvan de diverse soorten in de
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