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'Sir Francis Drake: the Queen's Pirate' H-Albion Davies on Kelsey, 'Sir Francis Drake: The Queen's Pirate' and Loades, 'England's Maritime Empire: Seapower, Commerce and Policy 1490-1690' and Rogzinski, 'Honor Among Thieves: Captain Kidd, Henry Every, and the Pirate Democracy in the Indian Ocean' Review published on Tuesday, May 1, 2001 Harry Kelsey. Sir Francis Drake: The Queen's Pirate. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2000. xviii + 566 pp. $40.00 (cloth), ISBN 978-0-300-08463-4.David Loades. England's Maritime Empire: Seapower, Commerce and Policy 1490-1690. Harlow and New York: Pearson Education Limited, 2000. xi + 277 pp. $17.80 (paper), ISBN 978-0-582-35628-3.Jan Rogzinski. Honor Among Thieves: Captain Kidd, Henry Every, and the Pirate Democracy in the Indian Ocean. Mechanicsburg, Penn: Stackpole Books, 2000. xxii + 298 pp. $24.95 (cloth), ISBN 978-0-8117-1529-4. Reviewed by David Davies (Deputy Headmaster, Bedford Modern School, Bedford, United Kingdom) Published on H-Albion (May, 2001) Of Myths and Men Of Myths and Men At first glance, these books seem to have little in common--certainly too little to justify a joint review. Kelsey's book is a straight biography of one of England's most famous sailors, Rogozinski's an account of a pirate community in the Indian Ocean over a century later, Loades's an analysis of the development of English seapower over a two-hundred year period. The fact that the three books do contain a number of overlapping themes, as well as some intriguingly contrasting ones, is perhaps a sign of how far naval and maritime history has come in the last decade or so: the genre has become so all-embracing that it is becoming increasingly rare to find works that do not somehow impinge on others, no matter how tangentially. First published in hardback in 1998, Kelsey's superb biography of Francis Drake sets out, quite deliberately, to destroy a myth. This is the still powerful image of Drake as English national icon, Protestant hero, pioneering explorer, and founder of the British Royal Navy; the myth manifested in such legends as "Drake's drum" and the famous "game of bowls" as the Spanish Armada sailed up the English Channel. Kelsey has no time for such anachronistic nonsense. In his systematic and detailed survey, Drake is presented above all as a pirate in the true sense of the word--Kelsey rightly scoffs at the Victorian attempt to give him a veneer of respectability as a "privateer." Kelsey's Drake is an undoubtedly competent seaman but a mediocre fleet commander, an avaricious, callous loner opportunistically exploiting a period of uncertain Anglo-Spanish relations. Quite apart from his highly readable and lively style, Kelsey's interpretation is given more weight by the extremely impressive breadth of his research. Ninety-eight pages of notes, based on manuscripts in archives from Devon to Mexico by way of Vienna, ensure that any future scholar of Drake--or any amateur historian attempting to rebuild the myths--will have a hard, if not an impossible, act to follow. Citation: H-Net Reviews. Davies on Kelsey, 'Sir Francis Drake: The Queen's Pirate' and Loades, 'England's Maritime Empire: Seapower, Commerce and Policy 1490-1690' and Rogzinski, 'Honor Among Thieves: Captain Kidd, Henry Every, and the Pirate Democracy in the Indian Ocean'. H-Albion. 03-26-2014. https://networks.h-net.org/node/16749/reviews/17598/davies-kelsey-sir-francis-drake-queens-pirate-and-loades-englands Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License. 1 H-Albion If Kelsey is in the business of demolishing myths, Rogozinski is, equally explicitly, in the business of creating one. His study of the pirate communities on St Mary's Island, Madagascar ("history's only true pirate island"), in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, could not be further removed from the image of piracy presented by Kelsey. Rogozinski's pirates are normal, extremely tolerant people in an intolerant world; indeed, they are politically correct pirates for our times, especially in the respect they apparently showed for the native Malagasy population. This is not the extent of Rogozinski's apparent "myth-making," however. His pirates are "the most successful criminals in history" (p. viii) and their pirate republic "may well be the most democratic and egalitarian society in human history" (p. xii). These large claims might have been made more convincing if they had been based on research as extensive as Kelsey's. Rogozinski's sources are certainly catholic--it is unlikely that any other work on seventeenth century maritime history refers to Gilbert and Sullivan, Peter Pan, and the Rothschilds in the space of five footnotes (p. 237)--but are entirely printed. His thesis would have been far more convincing if he had made use, for example, of the British Admiralty and High Court of Admiralty records, which were mined extensively by two other authorities that he does cite, Robert Ritchie and Marcus Rediker. Given the extent of his research, it is hardly surprising that Kelsey has a firm grasp of the political, religious and maritime contexts of the sixteenth century. Apart from the freshness of his interpretation and the breadth of his vision, he is also particularly strong at reconstructing confused or little known aspects of the Drake story, such as Drake's family and early life. Nevertheless, Kelsey is so determined to avoid myth-making that he sometimes tends to sit on the fence, and although he provides generally sensible assessments of the pros and cons of the various primary sources, he is sometimes too quick to dismiss near-contemporary evidence that is not unimpeachably first-hand. This is particularly the case when dealing with the notorious case of Drake's vicious treatment (culminating in execution) of Thomas Doughty: rejecting the fairly credible hearsay that Doughty had been too familiar with Drake's wife leaves him with no really convincing alternative explanation of Drake's behaviour. He is equally equivocal when dealing, for example, with the question of whether or not Drake landed in California, or with the truth of the "game of bowls" legend. Rogozinski, too, handles his contexts well. He provides lucid explanations for the movement of pirates from the Caribbean to the Indian Ocean in the 1680s, of the shipping patterns in the Indian Ocean, and of the lifestyles on St Mary's Island. The presence of Captain Kidd's name in the title is something of a red herring (a ploy intended to encourage sales, perhaps?), as Kidd only appears in three of the sixteen chapters; but this is actually entirely appropriate to Rogozinski's purpose, as he is able to set Kidd much more firmly than some other authors have done in the broader context of piracy in the 1690s, and he is particularly effective at counterpointing the career of Kidd with that of his other "hero," Henry Every. Unfortunately, quite apart from its somewhat grand claims, the effectiveness of Rogozinski's thesis is undermined by an episodic and sometimes illogical structure. Two sections on Defoe's General History of the Pirates are separated for no apparent reason by a discussion of the means for converting contemporary sums for pirate booty into modern money, while the book is punctuated by frequent and sometimes trite sub-headings, such as "Captain Thomas White Refuses to Steal from Children" and "Life is Sweet on St Mary's." For all its apparent credentials as a cool, detached synthesis of the development of English seapower between 1490 and 1690, David Loades, the leading authority on the Tudor navy, is also concerned very much with myths. In his case, and perhaps hardly surprisingly given his own specialization, he Citation: H-Net Reviews. Davies on Kelsey, 'Sir Francis Drake: The Queen's Pirate' and Loades, 'England's Maritime Empire: Seapower, Commerce and Policy 1490-1690' and Rogzinski, 'Honor Among Thieves: Captain Kidd, Henry Every, and the Pirate Democracy in the Indian Ocean'. H-Albion. 03-26-2014. https://networks.h-net.org/node/16749/reviews/17598/davies-kelsey-sir-francis-drake-queens-pirate-and-loades-englands Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License. 2 H-Albion presents a thesis which moves the critical period for that development back into the sixteenth century, thereby resurrecting the viewpoint of Victorian historians like Sir Julian Corbett, whom Kelsey explicitly rejects. For Loades, the period 1570-1604 changed "the whole military culture of England," while the 1590s saw "the Admiralty...come of age" (pp. 125-7). Loades is almost deliberately old-fashioned (or "post-revisionist"), as in a preface that rejects fashionable socio- economic reductionism: "Without the tough-minded ambition and independence of the New Englanders, would the United States be the power that it now is? Without the legacy of the East India Company and the Raj, would India ever have become the world's most populous democracy...? Why is English the world's most widely spoken language, and association football the world's most ubiquitous sport?" (pp. x-xi). Fortunately, Loades does not go too far down this road. Like Kelsey and Rogozinski, he has an instinctive feel for the manifold contexts in which seamen operated--the political, the religious, the international, the mercantile. He also provides a convincing historical framework for his analysis, taking his consideration of English seapower back into the middle ages and giving due weight to such potent myths as the English monarchs' claim to the "sovereignty of the sea." Like Kelsey (whose work appeared just in time for Loades to cite it), he sees Drake as an out-and-out pirate, but also sees him as less of an important influence on the development of Elizabethan seapower than, say, the mystic John Dee, whose role in naval affairs will probably surprise some readers.
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