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Thubursicum Numidarum, Aujourd'hui Khamissa, Près De La Source

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Thubursicum Numidarum, Aujourd'hui Khamissa, Près De La Source 029 Thubursicum Numidarum, aujourd’hui Khamissa, près de la source de la Medjerda, est entourée d’un territoire fertile et bien arrosé. La ville primitive devait occuper un mamelon aux pentes rapides ; plus tard, elle s’étendit au nord sur une longue croupe, située au-dessous de ce mamelon, mais dominant la vallée de la Medjerda ; elle descendit même dans la plaine. Cité numide, comme son nom l’indique, Thubursicum Numidarum fut érigée en municipe romain au IIe siècle de notre ère, vraisemblablement sous Trajan ; dans la seconde moitié du siècle suivant, elle portait le titre de colonie. Les habitants, presque tous d’origine indigène, gardèrent longtemps l’empreinte de la civilisation carthaginoise, qui s’était imposée à leurs pères : les noms phéniciens abondent sur les épitaphes de Khamissa. Cependant, ils adoptèrent peu à peu les mœurs latines. Sauf un sanctuaire de style punique qui borde la « vieille place » (platea vetus) — nous en avons déjà parlé — les monuments de Thubursicum ont un aspect tout romain. Cette vieille place se trouve dans le quartier oriental de la ville. Elle est creusée en partie dans le roc et formée d’une série de terrasses étagées qui communiquent par des marches. Divers bâtiments la bordaient; le temple seul se distingue avec netteté. Le véritable forum de Thubursicum, devenue commune de droit romain, était sans doute de l’autre côté, à l’ouest. Un arc à trois ouvertures y donnait accès. Auprès, on reconnaît des vestiges de plusieurs édifices, parmi lesquels il y avait probablement des thermes. D’autres thermes s’élevaient peut-être au sud-est, au delà de la platea vetus. Plus loin encore, dans la même direction, une grande porte à une seule baie est jetée à l’entrée de la ville, sur une voie qui conduit à Tipasa. Un théâtre occupe le pied de la croupe, au nord. A très peu de distance, naît l’Ain el Ioudi, que les anciens regardaient, semble-t-il, comme la source du Bagradas, aujourd’hui la Medjerda. Tout autour, des ruines confuses émergent du sol ; nous avons cru reconnaître les traces d’un vaste monument, présentant deux ailes parallèles (probablement des portiques), longues de 25 mètres, distantes l’une de l’autre de 40 : ce devait être un château d’eau, analogue à celui qui se voit à la naissance de l’aqueduc de Carthage, au djebel Zaghouane. D’immenses cimetières enveloppent de tous côtés Thubursicum : on y rencontre plusieurs mausolées. Au sud-est, un colombaire souterrain est surmonté d’une grande exèdre, que décoraient des statues. Masqueray a mis au jour, en 1877, une partie de la vieille place. En 1900, des fouilles étendues ont été commencées à Khamissa, sous la direction du Service des monuments historiques. Le théâtre a été en partie dégagé. L’emplacement supposé du forum, sur lequel on a installé un chantier en 1901, réserve à coup sûr des découvertes intéressantes. Thibilis (Announa, à environ 25 kilomètres au sud-ouest de Guelma) ne devint un municipe que vers la fin du IIIe siècle ou au début du IVe ; auparavant, elle dépendait probablement de Cirta. On y trouve cependant les restes de quelques beaux édifices remontant sans doute à la période du Haut-Empire : un arc à deux baies, vers le sud, le seul côté facilement accessible du plateau étroit qui porte la ville ; un autre arc, dressé peut-être à l’entrée du forum ; une porte monumentale ; le soubassement d’un temple très vaste ; une grande cour rectangulaire, bordées de trois portiques (marché ?) ; un monument qui parait avoir été une basilique judiciaire ; une maison ayant appartenu à une noble famille, celle des Antistii, qui compta parmi ses membres deux consuls, au temps de Marc-Aurèle et de Commode. Quelques fouilles ont été faites à Announa par Bernelle, il y a dix ans. Il est à souhaiter qu’on les poursuive. Comme à Djemila, la position de la ville entre deux ravins, qui serviraient de réceptacles aux déblais, permettrait de les exécuter à peu le frais ; les ruines sont d’ailleurs peu enterrées. Parmi les autres villes romaines de l’Algérie où l’on pourra entreprendre un jour des recherches fructueuses, nous signalerons Diana veteranorum (Zana, au nord-ouest de Lambèse) et Madauri (Mdaourouch, au sud de Souk Ahras). La première fut vraisemblablement une création de Trajan ; la seconde, antique cité numide comme Thubursicum, reçut des colons militaires sous un des empereurs flaviens, dans le dernier tiers du Ier siècle. Les seules constructions du Haut-Empire qui se dressent encore sur l’emplacement de Diana sont deux arcs de triomphe et une porte monumentale, placée à l’entrée d’un aire de temple. A Madaure, il ne reste debout qu’un mausolée. Mais, dans ces deux lieux, d’autres édifices importants sont évidemment enfouis sous le sol ou recouverts par des bâtisses byzantines et berbères. .
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