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The Roman North American Macella

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The Roman North American Macella TEE ROIIA]I NORIE AFRICA]I IIIACELLA THE ROMAI{ NORTH AFRICATiI I,IACELLAZ THEIR CHRONOIJOGY, TYPOLOGY, URBAMITACEMEIflI A$lD PATRONAGE By Alexis Mary Young, B.A. A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Art,s McMaster University (c) CopyrighL by Alexis l{ary Young, ,June L993 IAcMA3TER UNIVIRSITY l"lgRARY T*IASTER OF ARTS (1993) MeI{AS!]ER UNIVERSITY (Classical Studies) Hamilt:on, Ontario TITL,E: The Roman North Af rican lulaeella: Their Chronolog-y, I]4gology, Urban placerment and patronage AIIIHOR: Alexis I'Iary Young:, B.A. (Hons.) (Wilfrid Laurier University) SUPERVISOR: Professor K.M.D. Dunbabin NUMBER OF PAGES: :o(, 247 Ll_ ABSTRACT From the first to the fifth centuries A.D., the inhabiEants of many Roman North African towns went to a macellurn t,o buy f ood f or t,heir dinner banguets. The tygical rnaceTTum plan consists of an enclosed strucLure with a peristyle court lined with shops. The archaeological evidence suggests that the Roman North African maceTTa were often bold and innovative variations from t,he Italian mace77a. Since nnny of the Roman Nort,h African maceTTa were excavated in the early 1900s, there have been relatively few recent publications and excavat,ions undertaken on t,hese significant buildings. One exception is C. De Ruyt,s book, Macellum. March6 alimentaire des Romains (1993). De Ruyt, catalogued the remains of eighty-three maceTTa found in Sicily, Italy, Greece, firrkey, Hungary, England, Spain and North Africa. Additionally, De Ruyt,s book includes a detailed study of the origins of the naceTTum tlDe, information about the market's urban and historical cont,ext, and ewidence for the warieties of foods soId. This thesis, using De Ruyt, s book as t.he starting point for research on the maceTTurn, focuses specifically on l_11_ the Roman Nort,h African mace77a, since there are still problems to be resolved concerning these buildings. For example, was there a naceTTum which was essenLially Roman North African in design? Did the market-type in North Africa simply imitate t,he plans of earlier It.alian maceTTa? What does the placement of the maceTTum wit,hin an urban setting t.elI us about, its importance and function? What was the role of patrons in t.he construction and restoration of these markets? The thesis on Roman Nort,h African maeeTTa is divided into four chapters: Chronology, T)po1ogy, Urban placement and Patronage (euergetism). Archaeological and epigraphical evidence is included for Roman North African maceTTa not listed in De Ruyt's catalogiue. l_v ACKNO9IIJEDGEMENTS f would like to extend a very special thank you to Dr. K.M.D. Dunbabi-n for her excellent advice and for her continued patience throughout my undertaking of t,his thesis. I would also Like to thank Dr. E. Hatey for his most useful cormenLs, and Dr. A. Harrison for her helpful input,. I wish to thank Dr. G. Schaus for t,he use of his photographs from Libya. My thanks also go out to my family and friends for their encourag:ement and support throughout the past year. Thj-s thesis is dedicated to my trusband, Mark z Ab imo peetore gratias tibi ago. v TASIJE OF COMTEMTS PAGE ABSTRACT. iii I,fST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xiii ABBREVIATTONS xix I}ITRODUCTION 1 CIAPTER ONE: CHRONOI,OGY OF ROIIAN NORTH AFRICAN I'IACEI.I,A 15 1. The lfaceTTum at Lepcis Magna a. Dedication Date e/e B. C) L5 b. Tiberian Restoration 15 c. Mid-First Century A.D. Restorat,ion 18 d. Flavian or Trajanic Restoration (?) 18 e. Severan Restoration 19 f. Fourth Century A.D. Restoration 20 g. Final Phase 2t 2. The MaceTTun at Volubilis: Dedication Date 22 3. The Market at Cyrene a. Dedicat,ion Date 23 b. Severan Rest,orati-on 24 c. Final Phase 24 4. The MaceTTum at Thugga a. Dedication Date 25 b. Restoration (A.D. 180 - 192 ) 26 c. Final Phase 27 5. The lt'face77um at Hippo Regius a. Dedication Date 27 b. Fourth Century A.D. Restorat,ion 28 vi TABLE OF CONTEIiII|S (cont,d) PAGE c. Final Phase 29 6. The Market of Cosinius at Cuicu1 a. Dedication Date 30 b. Fina1 Phase 31 7. T}fe IrIaceTTum at Gigthis a. Dedication Date 32 b. Third century A.D. Restoration 32 c. Fina1 Phase 33 8. The lulaceTTun at. Thibilis: Dedication Dat,e 33 9. The lface77um at Anunaedara: Dedication Date 34 10. The tfaceTTum at Bu1la Regia: Dedication Date 35 L1. The lfaceTTum at, Thuburbo Maius a. Dedication Date 35 b. Late Fifth/Early Sixt,h Century A.D. Restorat.ion 37 1,2. The Market, of Sertius at Thamugadi a. Dedicat,ion Date 37 b. Final Phase 39 13. The East Market at Thamugadi a. Dedication Date 40 b. Final Phase 40 14. The ltfaceTTum at Thignica: vl_r- TABLE OF CONTENTS (conI,d) PAGE Dedication Date 4L 15. The lfaceTTum at Auzia: Dedication Dat,e 42 16. The MaceTTun at Mactar: Dedication Date 42 L7. The MaceTTun at Lambaesis: Dedication Date 43 18. The lfaceTTum at Nepheris: Dedication Date 44 19. The lufaceTTum at Thuburs i cum Numidarum : Dedication Date 45 20. The MaceTTum aE Madauros 45 21-. The lulaceJ.J.um at Mnicipium AureTium C tomnodianum. .l 46 CIIAPTER TgiIO: TYPOIJOGY OF ROMAN NORTH AFRICAIV TIACELI,A 47 I. THE ARCHTTECTT'RAT, EI,EMENTS OF THE FUNDAI{EIiIIIAI PERISTYIJE PIJAN 48 II. VARIATIONS FROM THE FUIIDAIUEITTA! PERI S TYIJE PIJAI{ 49 A. Peristyle Plan plus Apse 49 B. Peristyle Plan plus Hemicycle 49 C. Peristyle PIan plus ThoTos 50 vLrl_ TABIJE OF CO}flTENTS (conI,d) PAGE III. The Fundament.al Peristyle Plan: A Comparison of the Fiwe Basic Architectural Element,s 50 A. Enclosed St,ructure 51 1. Constructi-on Technigues 51 B. Multiple Entrances 53 1. Principal Entrance wit.h Simple Facade 53 2- Principal Entrance wit.h Monumental Facade 54 3. Secondary Entrances 58 C. Peristyle CourE, 59 1. Paving Materials a. Courtyards 60 b. Porticoes oz 2. Architectural Elements oz D. Permanent Shops 57 1. Placement of Shops 57 2. Shape of Permanent Shops 68 3. Construction Materials a. Pavement,s 58 b. Wa1ls 69 c. Entrance of Shops 70 E. Hydraulic Inst,allations 72 1. Fountains '72 2. Cisterns 75 3. Drains 76 IV. Archit,ectural Variations from ax TABIJE OF COI{MEMTS (cont'd) PAGE the Fundamental Peristyle Plan 77 A. Peristyle PIan Plus Apse 78 1. Decoration of Apse 79 2- Evidence for Genius MaceTTi 80 3. Large Rooms in Close Proximity to Apse 80 B. Peristyle Plan Plus Hemicycle 81 1. Shops 83 2. Ewidence for Roofing 83 C. Peristyle Plan Plus ThoTos 85 1. DescripEion of Tholoi 86 2. Additional Peristyle Courts 88 V. The lfaceTTum at L,epcis Magna 91 A. Porticoes 93 B. ThoToi 95 C. Freestanding Stone Tables 97 CHAPTER THREE: PLACEMEIiIII OF UECEIIA WITHIN THE URBAIiI SETTING 99 I. General Background to Urban Setting: Geographic Distribution of Roman North African MaceIIa 99 II. The Urban Setting 101 A. MaceTTa adjoining or near Eo Forum 101 1. Terrain 101 2. Streets 104 3. MaceTTa lrocated Near Forum as part of a Larger Building program 109 x TABIJE OF COMfEIiffS (cont,d) PAGE B. I,Iaee77a Lrocated at. a Distance from the Forum l_11 1. The lvfaceTTum at Gigt,his a. Terrain 111 b. Placement 113 2. The MaceTTum at Hippo Regius a. Terrain LL2 b. Placement tL2 3. The Market at Cyrene a. Terrain LL4 b. Placement LLA c. The Market at Cyrene as Part of a Larger Building Program 115 4- The MaceTTun at Lepcis Magna a. Terrain 115 b. Placement 116 c. The MaceTTum at Lepcis Magna as Part of a Larger Building Program tt7 5. The Market of Sertius at, Thamugadi a. Terrain 119 b. Placement 119 c. The Market of Sertius at Thamugadi as part of a l-rarger Building Program 1,20 fII. Conclusions L20 CIIAPTER FOUR: EUERGETISM AND ROI1IAN NORTH AFRTCAN TIACELIJA ]-24 xL TABIJE OF COMTEIITS (conI,d) PAGE I. The Major Patrons of Roman North African MaceTTa ]-25 1. Annobal Tapapius Rufus L25 2. M. Licinius Rufus a27 3. Lucius Cosinius Primus L29 4. O. Pacuvius Saturus and Nehania Victoria 131 5. M. Plotius Faustus Sertius and Sert.ia Cornelia Valent,ina Tucciana L32 6. O. Aradius Rufinus Optatus, L. Aradius Roscius Rufinus = f.1. Aradius Roscius Rufinus Saturninus Tiberianus (?) ]-34 7. Laenatius Romulus 135 II. Market Patrons: Minor Contributors to MaceTTa t37 A. Senior Official: M. Livius Felix L37 B. .Tunior Market, Offici-a1s t37 CONCIJUSIONS 139 CATAI,OGT'E 150 ILI,USTRATIONS L72 APPEIIDIX. 233 BIBI,IOGRAPHY. 235 xl-L LIST OF ILITUSTRATIONS IVIAP 1 Cyrenaiea and Tripolitania. R. Talbert, At,Ias of Classical Historv (London 1995) 151. TIAP 2 Africa Proconsularis. R. Talbert, Atlas of Classical History (London 1985) 150. t1[aP 3 Numidia, Mauretania Caesariensis and Mauretania Tingitana. R. Talbert, Atlas of Classical Historv (London 1985) 150. Fig. 1 Cyrene: Plan of Market - Theatre. ,J.8. Ward-perkins and S. Gibson, IJibSt 18 (1982) fig. 2]-. Fig. 2 Gigthis: Plan of mace77un. IJ.A. Constans, NouvArch (1916) pI. 13. Fig. 3 Lepcis Magna: Plan of. mace7Lum. N. DeGrassi, OAL 2 (19s1) f ig. 3. Fig. 4 Anrnaedara: Plan of central sector. N. Duval, AIiIRW II.10.2 (L982) fig. +. Fig. 5. Bul1a Regia: Plan of maeellun A. Beschaouch et d7, Les ruines de Bulla Reqia (Rome L977) fig. 94. Fig. 6. Hippo Regius: Plan of ntacellum. ,J. Lassus, I_,ibyca 7 (19s9) fig- r. Fig. 7.
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