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GRAMÁTICA POPULAR DEL ZAPOTECO De Comaltepec, Choapan, Oaxaca

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GRAMÁTICA POPULAR DEL ZAPOTECO De Comaltepec, Choapan, Oaxaca GRAMÁTICA POPULAR DEL ZAPOTECO De Comaltepec, Choapan, Oaxaca Segunda edición (electrónica) San Juan Bautista Comaltepec, Choapan, Oaxaca Serie de gramáticas de lenguas indígenas de México Núm. 10 Serie dirigida por J. Albert Bickford Equipo de redacción y corrección Sharon Stark Susan Graham Equipo de correción de español Erika Becerra Bautista Lupino Ultreras Ortiz Miriam Pérez Luría Sylvia Jean Ossen M. de Riggs GRAMÁTICA POPULAR DEL ZAPOTECO De Comaltepec, Choapan, Oaxaca Segunda edición (electrónica) Hilario Lyman Boulden publicado por el Instituto Lingüístico de Verano, A.C. Apartado Postal 22067 14000 Tlalpan, D.F., México Tel. 555-573-2024 http://www.sil.org/mexico [email protected] 2010 El diseño de la pasta es la Estela 12 de Monte Albán I de influencia olmeca. Dibujo por Catalina Voigtlander Fotografías por el autor. Primera edición 2007, 220 ejemplares, ISBN 968-31-0353-7 Segunda edición (electrónica), febrero 2010 http://www.sil.org/mexico/zapoteca/Choapan/GS10a-GramZapComal-zpc.htm ©2010 Instituto Lingüístico de Verano, A.C. Derechos reservados conforme a la ley. Puede reproducirse con fines no lucrativos siempre que no se altere en forma alguna. CONTENIDO PROPÓSITO....................................................................................VI AGRADECIMIENTOS.................................................................... VII ABREVIATURAS.............................................................................IX 1. INTRODUCCIÓN ......................................................................... 1 2. EL ALFABETO ZAPOTECO .......................................................... 5 3. UN PANORAMA DE LA GRAMÁTICA ....................................... 15 4. EL SUSTANTIVO ....................................................................... 19 5. EL PRONOMBRE ....................................................................... 31 6. EL ADJETIVO............................................................................ 51 7. EL VERBO ................................................................................. 63 8. EL ADVERBIO ......................................................................... 111 9. LA CONJUNCIÓN.................................................................... 131 10. LA PREPOSICIÓN.................................................................. 139 11. LA ORACIÓN......................................................................... 151 12. EL MODO IMPERATIVO........................................................ 169 13. EL MODO INTERROGATIVO................................................. 173 14. LA PARTÍCULA ..................................................................... 179 15. LA PALABRA COMPUESTA................................................... 187 16. LA INTERJECCIÓN................................................................ 189 17. TEXTOS................................................................................. 191 BIBLIOGRAFÍA ............................................................................ 203 ÍNDICE GENERAL ....................................................................... 205 v PROPÓSITO Esta gramática popular presenta en una forma sencilla la estructura del zapoteco de San Juan Comaltepec, distrito de Choapan. Se espera que ayude a los zapotecos bilingües a entender que su lengua materna tiene una estructura, la cual es muy complicada y muy diferente a la del español. Se pretende que esta gramática explique esa estructura en una forma clara y correcta, y que al mismo tiempo documente, en forma escrita, algo de su riqueza. También se espera que esta gramática ayude a las personas que hablan español a entender cómo se forman las palabras, las frases y las oraciones en el zapoteco de San Juan Comaltepec. Sin embargo, no pretende ser un método para aprender a hablarlo, es solamente una descripción. Río madera en tiempo de lluvia vi AGRADECIMIENTOS Primeramente quisiera expresar mi agradecimiento a la gente de San Juan Comaltepec, distrito de Choapan, por haberme dado la oportunidad de vivir entre ellos por más de dos décadas, y por haberme ayudado mucho en el aprendizaje del zapoteco. Me recibieron siempre con los brazos abiertos. También doy gracias a los habitantes de Choapan, quienes me brindaron su amistad y mucho cariño durante los 45 años que tuve contacto con ellos. Sin excepción de persona, me han tratado amistosamente y con cortesía. Muchos de ellos me han dado alojamiento a lo largo de muchos años cuando he tenido el privilegio de visitarlos. De manera especial quisiera dar gracias al Sr. Máximo Jiménez Jarquín de San Juan Comaltepec por haberme enseñado a hablar zapoteco. Por supuesto que otras personas me enseñaron también, pero es indiscutible que él me enseñó la mayor parte. También, en la elaboración de esta gramática, ciertas personas me han ayudado en forma extraordinaria. En particular, quisiera dar gracias al Sr. Federico Mazas Ruíz quien me compartió muchos datos lingüísticos valiosos. Asimismo, quisiera mencionar a Taurino Jiménez Cruz y a Sixto Martínez Raymundo, ambos originarios de San Juan Comaltepec, Choapan. Ellos han leído toda o partes de la gramática y han hecho algunos comentarios para hacerla más precisa y clara. Agradezco de manera especial al Prof. Zótico Martínez Díaz, vecino y originario de Santiago Choapan, Oaxaca. También, durante la elaboración de esta gramática, varios de mis colegas del Instituto Lingüístico de Verano han dispuesto de su valioso tiempo para mejorarla. Me da gusto agradecer a: La doctora Elena E. de Hollenbach quien ha leído varias versiones preliminares y ha ofrecido valiosas sugerencias para mejorar las descripciones. El doctor Esteban Marlett quien me ayudó mucho en las primeras etapas de esta gramática con sus sugerencias en cuanto a la fonología y a la morfología de los verbos. El doctor Tomás Willett quien leyó, varias veces, una de las últimas versiones de esta gramática, cada vez mejorándola con sus sugerencias en cuanto al vii viii GRAMÁTICA ZAPOTECA análisis y presentación. Su conocimiento del campo lingüístico ha sido de gran beneficio para mí. Así también, al maestro Carlos Speck quien leyó una versión preliminar y sugirió ciertos mejoramientos en el análisis. Finalmente, quisiera dar las gracias a mi esposa, Rosamaría, quien me ha ayudado en forma notable durante el desarrollo de esta gramática. Ella leyó los diferentes manuscritos, desde el comienzo hasta el fin, y ha contribuido mucho en el proceso de análisis de los datos lingüísticos que forman la base de esta gramática. Finalmente quisiera aclarar que no hago responsable a ninguna de las personas mencionadas anteriormente de cualquier falla o defecto que esta gramática pueda tener. Yo, como autor, asumo totalmente la responsibilidad. Palacio Municipal de Comaltepec, Choapan ABREVIATURAS 1ª. pers. primera persona 2ª. pers. segunda persona 3ª. pers. tercera persona an. animal Csor consonante sorda mal. malvado excl. exclusivo fam. familiar incl. inclusivo indef. indefinido nom. nominalizador resp. respetuoso ZC zapoteco de Choapan Horno para pan ix Pareja zapoteca típica 1. INTRODUCCIÓN El zapoteco de Comaltepec (abreviado en este libro: ZC) forma parte de un grupo de idiomas zapotecos (denominado por los lingüistas “familia zapoteca”) hablados en varias regiones del estado de Oaxaca, ubicado en el sur de la República Mexicana. El área de habla zapoteca se extiende desde los distritos de Villa Alta y Choapan, localizados en el norte y noreste del estado, hasta el distrito de Pochutla en el suroeste, incluyendo la mayor parte del valle de Oaxaca, y una área bastante grande del sudeste que abarca al Istmo de Tehuantepec. A su vez, la familia zapoteca forma parte de otra familia de idiomas más grande, nombrada “familia otomangue”, que incluye a la familia mixteca, popoteca, otopameo, chinanteca y a otras más. El pueblo de San Juan Comaltepec está ubicado al este-noreste de la ciudad de Oaxaca a 17o 20 latitud norte y 95o 58 longitud este del meridiano de Greenwich, en las montañas conocidas como la Sierra Norte de Oaxaca a 646 metros sobre el nivel del mar, en el distrito de Choapan (distrito 07). El distrito de Choapan cuenta con siete municipalidades, algunas de las cuales tienen una o más agencias. Hacia el norte, el distrito de Choapan colinda con el estado de Veracruz y al sur con los distritos de Villa Alta y Mixe. San Juan Comaltepec está aproximadamente a unos 60 kilómetros de la ciudad de Oaxaca por aire y por la mejor ruta terrestre, pasando por los pueblos de Ayutla, Tamazulapan, Tlahuitoltepec, Totontepec y Chinantequilla, a unos 150 kilómetros. Aunque la ruta por tierra no ha cambiado en kilometraje en las últimas décadas, el pavimento y otras mejoras ha acortado el viaje varias horas. Hoy día uno puede viajar de Comaltepec a la ciudad de Oaxaca en casi cuatro horas. Los autobuses de pasajeros hacen el viaje diariamente en aproximadamente seis horas. El censo de 2000 indica que la población de Comaltepec es de 591. El censo también reporta que 35 personas mayores de cinco años son monolingües, o sea, que hablan sólo zapoteco, ya que 377 hablan tanto zapoteco como español. Además de los que radican en San Juan Comaltepec, un número de comaltepequenses vive en la ciudad de Oaxaca, en el Distrito Federal y en los Estados Unidos de Norteamerica, principalmente en la ciudad de Los Ángeles, California. Los comaltepequenses comenzaron a migrar hacia ciudades de la Republica Mexicana o los Estados Unidos de Norteamerica durante la década de las setentas. Se calcula que entre
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