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Blasphemie Und Ihre Grenzen in Der Meinungs-, Kunst

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Blasphemie Und Ihre Grenzen in Der Meinungs-, Kunst Eingereicht von Sarah Kraml Angefertigt am Institut für Kanonistik, Eu- ropäische Rechtsgeschichte und Religionsrecht Beurteiler / Beurteilerin BLASPHEMIE UND Ass. Prof.in Mag.a Dr.in Doris Wakolbinger IHRE GRENZEN IN DER November 2016 MEINUNGS-, KUNST- UND RELIGIONSFREI- HEIT Diplomarbeit zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Magistra der Rechtswissenschaften im Diplomstudium Rechtswissenschaften JOHANNES KEPLER UNIVERSITÄT LINZ Altenberger Straße 69 4040 Linz, Österreich www.jku.at DVR 0093696 EIDESSTATTLICHE ERKLÄRUNG Ich erkläre an Eides statt, dass ich die vorliegende Diplomarbeit selbstständig und ohne fremde Hilfe verfasst, andere als die angegebenen Quellen und Hilfsmittel nicht benutzt bzw. die wörtlich oder sinngemäß entnommenen Stellen als solche kenntlich gemacht habe. Die vorliegende Diplomarbeit ist mit dem elektronisch übermittelten Textdokument identisch. Alkoven, 2. November 2016 Sarah Kraml 02. November 2016 Sarah Kraml 2/74 Inhaltsverzeichnis I. Einleitung ............................................................................................................................. 7 II. Die einzelnen Grundrechte ................................................................................................... 9 A. Glaubensfreiheit- und Gewissensfreiheit .............................................................................. 9 1. Schutzbereich der Glaubens- und Gewissensfreiheit ......................................................... 10 a) Religionsfreiheit .................................................................................................................. 10 b) Weltanschauungsfreiheit .................................................................................................... 11 c) Gewissensfreiheit ............................................................................................................... 12 2. Die Schranken der Glaubens- und Gewissensfreiheit ......................................................... 13 B. Meinungsäußerungsfreiheit ................................................................................................ 14 1. Schutzbereich der Meinungsäußerungsfreiheit ................................................................... 14 2. Die Schranken der Meinungsfreiheit ................................................................................... 17 C. Kunstfreiheit ....................................................................................................................... 20 1. Der Schutzbereich der Kunstfreiheit ................................................................................... 21 2. Die Schranken der Kunstfreiheit ......................................................................................... 22 III. Strafrechtliche Situation...................................................................................................... 25 A. Österreich .......................................................................................................................... 25 1. Allgemeines ........................................................................................................................ 25 2. Tatbestand ......................................................................................................................... 25 B. Deutschland ....................................................................................................................... 28 1. Tatbestand ......................................................................................................................... 28 C. Schweiz .............................................................................................................................. 31 1. Tatbestand ......................................................................................................................... 31 D. Zusammenfassung ............................................................................................................. 33 IV. Religiöse Aspekte............................................................................................................... 34 A. Islam .................................................................................................................................. 34 1. Allgemeines ........................................................................................................................ 34 2. Terrorismus im Islam? ........................................................................................................ 34 3. Das Bilderverbot ................................................................................................................. 35 V. Blasphemie ........................................................................................................................ 38 A. Allgemeines ........................................................................................................................ 38 1. Satire und Karikatur ............................................................................................................ 47 B. Beispiele blasphemischer Werke ........................................................................................ 47 1. Martin Kippenberger, „Zuerst die Füße“ .............................................................................. 47 2. Die Mohammed-Karikaturen ............................................................................................... 48 02. November 2016 Sarah Kraml 3/74 a) Dänemark .......................................................................................................................... 48 b) Charlie Hebdo .................................................................................................................... 51 3. „Die Unschuld der Muslime“ ............................................................................................... 53 4. „Das Leben des Jesus“ von Gerhard Haderer .................................................................... 54 VI. Beispielfälle in der Judikatur ............................................................................................... 56 A. Urteil des OGH – Beleidigung des Propheten Mohammed ................................................. 56 B. Beschwerden an den EGMR .............................................................................................. 58 1. Otto Mühls „Apokalypse“ .................................................................................................... 58 2. Otto-Preminger-Institut gegen Österreich, „Das Liebeskonzil“ von Werner Schroeter ......... 59 3. Wingrove gegen Großbritannien ......................................................................................... 63 4. I.A. gegen Türkei ................................................................................................................ 64 5. Choudhury gegen Großbritannien ...................................................................................... 65 6. Ben El Mahi gegen Dänemark, Mohammed-Karikaturen .................................................... 66 7. Müller ua. gegen Schweiz .................................................................................................. 66 8. Aydin Tatlav gegen Türkei .................................................................................................. 67 C. Die Rechtsprechung des EGMR und die „Trendwende“ ..................................................... 68 VII. Zusammenfassung ............................................................................................................. 69 VIII. Literaturverzeichnis ............................................................................................................ 72 02. November 2016 Sarah Kraml 4/74 Gender Erklärung Bei allen Bezeichnungen, die auf Personen bezogen sind, meint die Formulierung beide Ge- schlechter, unabhängig von der in der Formulierung verwendeten konkreten geschlechts- spezifischen Bezeichnung. 02. November 2016 Sarah Kraml 5/74 Abkürzungsverzeichnis Abs Absatz Art Artikel bzw beziehungsweise BVerfG Bundesverfassungsgericht der Bundesrepublik Deutsch- land EGMR Europäischer Gerichtshof für Menschenrechte EKMR Europäische Kommission für Menschenrechte etc et cetera HG Handelsgericht IPBPR Internationaler Pakt über bürgerliche und politische Rechte iSd im Sinne der/des JBl Juristische Blätter JRP Journal für Rechtspolitik MMR MultiMedia und Recht OGH Oberster Gerichtshof öarr Österreichisches Archiv für Recht & Religion RZ Randziffer StGB Strafgesetzbuch StGG Staatsgrundgesetz vom 21. December 1867, über die allgemeinen Rechte der Staatsbürger für die im Reichs- rathe vertretenen Königreiche und Länder StV St. Germain Staatsvertrag von St. Germain ua und andere UrhG Urheberrechtsgesetz VfGH Verfassungsgerichtshof ZaöRV Zeitschrift für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völ- kerrecht ZUM Zeitschrift für Urheber- und Medienrecht 02. November 2016 Sarah Kraml 6/74 I. Einleitung Als im Jänner 2015 zwei Attentäter in Frankreich ein Blutbad in der Redaktion von „Charlie Hebdo“ begangen, war die Betroffenheit auf der gesamten Welt groß. Es kam zu Solidari- tätsbekundungen und „Je suis Charlie“ war allgegenwärtig. Aber welche Auswirkungen einer solchen Tat hat dies auf unser Zusammenleben? Darf man sich überhaupt noch religionskri- tisch oder blasphemisch äußern? Schon durch die Mohammed-Karikaturen in der dänischen „Jyllands-Posten“ kannte man die teilweise enormen Reaktionen von Anhängern des Islams. Es kam damals zu Ausschreitun- gen,
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