DOCSLIB.ORG

A Short History of Scotland

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Short History of Scotland A Short History of Scotland Andrew Lang A Short History of Scotland Table of Contents A Short History of Scotland...............................................................................................................................1 Andrew Lang...........................................................................................................................................1 A SHORT HISTORY OF SCOTLAND...........................................................................................................3 CHAPTER I. SCOTLAND AND THE ROMANS................................................................................3 CHAPTER II. CHRISTIANITY−−THE RIVAL KINGDOMS.............................................................4 CHAPTER III. EARLY WARS OF RACES.........................................................................................5 ENGLISH CLAIMS OVER SCOTLAND........................................................................................6 THE SCOTTISH ACQUISITION OF LOTHIAN...........................................................................6 CHAPTER IV. MALCOLM CANMORE−−NORMAN CONQUEST.................................................7 DYNASTY OF MALCOLM............................................................................................................8 CHAPTER V. DAVID I. AND HIS TIMES..........................................................................................9 SCOTLAND BECOMES FEUDAL...............................................................................................10 CHURCH LANDS..........................................................................................................................11 THE BURGHS................................................................................................................................11 JUSTICE.........................................................................................................................................12 THE COURTS................................................................................................................................12 CHAPTER VI. MALCOLM THE MAIDEN.......................................................................................13 WILLIAM THE LION....................................................................................................................13 ALEXANDER II.............................................................................................................................13 ALEXANDER III............................................................................................................................14 CHAPTER VII. ENCROACHMENTS OF EDWARD I.−−WALLACE............................................14 THE YEAR OF WALLACE...........................................................................................................15 CHAPTER VIII. BRUCE AND THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE...................................................16 LATER DAYS OF BRUCE............................................................................................................17 CHAPTER IX. DECADENCE AND DISASTERS−−REIGN OF DAVID II....................................18 PARLIAMENT AND THE CROWN.............................................................................................19 CHAPTER X. EARLY STEWART KINGS: ROBERT II. (1371−1390)..........................................20 THE REGENCY OF ALBANY......................................................................................................21 CHAPTER XI. JAMES I......................................................................................................................22 CHAPTER XII. JAMES II...................................................................................................................23 FALL OF THE BLACK DOUGLASES.........................................................................................24 CHAPTER XIII. JAMES III.................................................................................................................25 CHAPTER XIV. JAMES IV................................................................................................................27 CHAPTER XV. JAMES V. AND THE REFORMATION..................................................................31 CHAPTER XVI. THE MINORITY OF MARY STUART..................................................................33 CHAPTER XVII. REGENCY OF ARRAN.........................................................................................36 CHAPTER XVIII. REGENCY OF MARY OF GUISE.......................................................................37 NOTE..............................................................................................................................................40 CHAPTER XIX. THE GREAT PILLAGE..........................................................................................40 CHAPTER XX. MARY IN SCOTLAND............................................................................................44 CHAPTER XXI. MINORITY OF JAMES VI.....................................................................................48 REGENCIES OF LENNOX, MAR, AND MORTON...................................................................49 CHAPTER XXII. REIGN OF JAMES VI............................................................................................50 THE WAR OF KIRK AND KING.................................................................................................52 THE CATHOLIC EARLS..............................................................................................................54 CHAPTER XXIII. THE GOWRIE CONSPIRACY............................................................................56 UNION OF THE CROWNS...........................................................................................................58 i A Short History of Scotland Table of Contents A SHORT HISTORY OF SCOTLAND CHAPTER XXIV. CHARLES I...........................................................................................................60 SCOTLAND AND CHARLES II...................................................................................................70 CHAPTER XXV. CONQUERED SCOTLAND..................................................................................72 CHAPTER XXVI. THE RESTORATION...........................................................................................73 CHAPTER XXVII. WILLIAM AND MARY......................................................................................83 CHAPTER XXVIII. DARIEN..............................................................................................................87 CHAPTER XXIX. PRELIMINARIES TO THE UNION....................................................................89 CHAPTER XXX. GEORGE I..............................................................................................................92 CHAPTER XXXI. THE ARGATHELIANS AND THE SQUADRONE............................................95 ENCLOSURE RIOTS.....................................................................................................................96 MALT RIOTS.................................................................................................................................96 THE HIGHLANDS.........................................................................................................................96 THE PORTEOUS RIOT.................................................................................................................97 CHAPTER XXXII. THE FIRST SECESSION....................................................................................98 CHAPTER XXXIII. THE LAST JACOBITE RISING......................................................................100 CONCLUSION....................................................................................................................................108 FOOTNOTES......................................................................................................................................110 ii A Short History of Scotland Andrew Lang This page formatted 2005 Blackmask Online. http://www.blackmask.com A SHORT HISTORY OF SCOTLAND • CHAPTER I. SCOTLAND AND THE ROMANS. • CHAPTER II. CHRISTIANITY−−THE RIVAL KINGDOMS. • CHAPTER III. EARLY WARS OF RACES. ♦ ENGLISH CLAIMS OVER SCOTLAND. ♦ THE SCOTTISH ACQUISITION OF LOTHIAN. • CHAPTER IV. MALCOLM CANMORE−−NORMAN CONQUEST. ♦ DYNASTY OF MALCOLM. • CHAPTER V. DAVID I. AND HIS TIMES. ♦ SCOTLAND BECOMES FEUDAL. ♦ CHURCH LANDS. ♦ THE BURGHS. ♦ JUSTICE. ♦ THE COURTS. • CHAPTER VI. MALCOLM THE MAIDEN. ♦ WILLIAM THE LION. ♦ ALEXANDER II. ♦ ALEXANDER III. • CHAPTER VII. ENCROACHMENTS OF EDWARD I.−−WALLACE. ♦ THE YEAR OF WALLACE. • CHAPTER VIII. BRUCE AND THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE. ♦ LATER DAYS OF BRUCE. • CHAPTER IX. DECADENCE AND DISASTERS−−REIGN OF DAVID II. ♦ PARLIAMENT AND THE CROWN. • CHAPTER X. EARLY STEWART KINGS: ROBERT II. (1371−1390). ♦ THE REGENCY OF ALBANY. • CHAPTER XI. JAMES I. • CHAPTER XII. JAMES II. ♦ FALL OF THE BLACK DOUGLASES. • CHAPTER XIII. JAMES III. • CHAPTER XIV. JAMES IV. • CHAPTER XV. JAMES V. AND THE REFORMATION. • CHAPTER XVI. THE MINORITY OF MARY STUART. • CHAPTER XVII. REGENCY OF ARRAN. • CHAPTER XVIII. REGENCY OF MARY OF GUISE. ♦ NOTE. • CHAPTER XIX. THE GREAT PILLAGE. • CHAPTER XX. MARY IN SCOTLAND. • CHAPTER XXI. MINORITY OF JAMES VI. ♦ REGENCIES OF LENNOX, MAR, AND MORTON. • CHAPTER XXII. REIGN OF JAMES VI. A Short
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Implementing the Scotland Act 2012. an Update
    Implementing the Scotland Act 2012 An update Prepared by Audit Scotland December 2015 Auditor General for Scotland The Auditor General’s role is to: • appoint auditors to Scotland’s central government and NHS bodies • examine how public bodies spend public money • help them to manage their finances to the highest standards • check whether they achieve value for money. The Auditor General is independent and reports to the Scottish Parliament on the performance of: • directorates of the Scottish Government • government agencies, eg the Scottish Prison Service, Historic Scotland • NHS bodies • further education colleges • Scottish Water • NDPBs and others, eg Scottish Police Authority, Scottish Fire and Rescue Service. You can find out more about the work of the Auditor General on our website: www.audit-scotland.gov.uk/about/ags Audit Scotland is a statutory body set up in April 2000 under the Public Finance and Accountability (Scotland) Act 2000. We help the Auditor General for Scotland and the Accounts Commission check that organisations spending public money use it properly, efficiently and effectively. Implementing the Scotland Act 2012: An update | 3 Contents Summary 4 Part 1. Devolved taxes 8 Part 2. Scottish rate of income tax 16 Part 3. Financial management and reporting 20 Endnotes 26 Appendix. Audit methodology 27 4 | Summary Key messages 1 Revenue Scotland successfully implemented the two devolved taxes on time. The IT system and people needed to collect and manage the taxes were in place by the time the taxes were introduced. It cost £5.5 million to implement the devolved taxes, £1.2 million more than originally estimated, owing mainly to the need for additional staff in the set-up phase.
    [Show full text]
  • Improving Schools in Scotland: an OECD Perspective
    Improving Schools in Scotland: An OECD Perspective Improving Schools For the past decade, Scotland has been putting in place an ambitious reform called the “Curriculum for Excellence”. Its holistic approach includes Broad General Education from ages 3 to 15 years and this has in Scotland: been put into the spotlight of an OECD review by a team that included leading international experts Andy Hargreaves and Helen Timperley. The report, with twelve key recommendations, will be of interest to those who shape schools and curricula well beyond Scotland. It brings together wide-ranging international and Scottish data to understand how well quality and equity are being achieved in Scotland’s schools. Its analysis An OECD and examples from other countries address how such an ambitious reform can reach its full potential through demanding 21st century approaches to enhancing quality and equity, governance and decision-making, teaching and leadership, and evaluation and assessment. Perspective Contents Overview Chapter 1: Scotland’s “Curriculum for Excellence”: Context and Structure Chapter 2: Quality and Equity in Scottish Schools Chapter 3: Decision-making and Governance for the “Curriculum for Excellence” Chapter 4: Schooling, Teachers and Leadership Chapter 5: Assessment, Evaluation and the “Curriculum for Excellence”. Write to us Policy Advice and Implementation Division Directorate for Education and Skills - OECD 2, rue André Pascal - 75775 Paris Cedex 16 - FRANCE [email protected] Find us at: www.oecd.org/edu/policyadvice.htm Education and Skills data on GPS: www.gpseducation.oecd.org Improving Schools in Scotland: An OECD Perspective This work is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD.
    [Show full text]
  • Does Red Clydeside Really Matter Anymore?
    Christopher Fevre 100009227 ‘Does Red Clydeside Really Matter Any More?’ Word Count: 4,290 Red Clydeside, described aptly by Maggie Craig as ‘those heady decades at the beginning of the twentieth century when passionate people and passionate politics swept like a whirlwind through Glasgow’ is arguably the most significant yet controversial subject in Scottish labour and social history.1 Yet, it is because of this controversy that questions still linger regarding the significance of Red Clydeside in the overall narrative of British and more specifically, Scottish history. The title of this paper, ‘Does Red Clydeside Really Matter Any More?’ has been generously borrowed from Terry Brotherstone’s interesting article in Militant Workers: Labour and Class Conflict on the Clyde 1900- 1950.2 Following a decade in which the legacy of the Red Clydesiders had been systematically attacked by revisionist historians agitated by contemporary attempts to link the events on the Clyde with those occurring in Russia in 1917, Brotherstone emphasised the new and developing common sense approach to the Red Clydeside debate. It was argued that ‘A new consensus seems to be emerging... which acknowledges the significance of the events associated with Red Clydeside, but seeks to dissociate them from what is now perceived as the ‘myth’ or ‘legend’ that they involved a revolutionary challenge to the British state’. However, as a consequence of the ever changing nature of Red Clydeside historiography it is now time for a re-assessment of the significance of Red Clydeside which incorporates new research into the rise of left-wing politics in Scotland more generally.
    [Show full text]
  • 126613742.23.Pdf
    c,cV PUBLICATIONS OF THE SCOTTISH HISTORY SOCIETY THIRD SERIES VOLUME XXV WARRENDER LETTERS 1935 from, ike, jxicUtre, in, ike, City. Chcomkers. Sdinburyk, WARRENDER LETTERS CORRESPONDENCE OF SIR GEORGE WARRENDER BT. LORD PROVOST OF EDINBURGH, AND MEMBER OF PARLIAMENT FOR THE CITY, WITH RELATIVE PAPERS 1715 Transcribed by MARGUERITE WOOD PH.D., KEEPER OF THE BURGH RECORDS OF EDINBURGH Edited with an Introduction and Notes by WILLIAM KIRK DICKSON LL.D., ADVOCATE EDINBURGH Printed at the University Press by T. and A. Constable Ltd. for the Scottish History Society 1935 Printed in Great Britain PREFACE The Letters printed in this volume are preserved in the archives of the City of Edinburgh. Most of them are either written by or addressed to Sir George Warrender, who was Lord Provost of Edinburgh from 1713 to 1715, and who in 1715 became Member of Parliament for the City. They are all either originals or contemporary copies. They were tied up in a bundle marked ‘ Letters relating to the Rebellion of 1715,’ and they all fall within that year. The most important subject with which they deal is the Jacobite Rising, but they also give us many side- lights on Edinburgh affairs, national politics, and the personages of the time. The Letters have been transcribed by Miss Marguerite Wood, Keeper of the Burgh Records, who recognised their exceptional interest. Miss Wood has placed her transcript at the disposal of the Scottish History Society. The Letters are now printed by permission of the Magistrates and Council, who have also granted permission to reproduce as a frontispiece to the volume the portrait of Sir George Warrender which in 1930 was presented to the City by his descendant, Sir Victor Warrender, Bt., M.P.
    [Show full text]
  • Scotland Moves Away from the UK in Social Security Policy ESPN Flash Report 2018/72
    Scotland moves away from the UK in social security policy ESPN Flash Report 2018/72 JONATHAN BRADSHAW AND FRAN BENNETT – EUROPEAN SOCIAL POLICY NETWORK DECEMBER 2018 commitment to introducing an “income Since World War II, Description supplement”. the UK social security system has been Since World War II, the core social Secondly, Scotland has a different largely UK-wide. After security system in the UK (both approach to benefits in practice. devolution in 1999, for insurance and assistance) has been Initially, the differences were modest; a time this broadly based on UK-wide legislation and but they have increased considerably remained true. But regulation delivered by central over time. Thus, in Scotland, Scotland is now government civil servants. The benefits prescriptions are now free of charge (as diverging from the were the same throughout the UK – i.e. in Wales and Northern Ireland), Westminster in Great Britain (England, Wales and whereas in England help is only government’s policies Scotland) as well as Northern Ireland. available following a means test (and in three ways: in the Local councils (municipalities) only had for some specific groups on other principles on which the responsibility for delivering (but not grounds). Scotland (and Wales) never social security system regulating) housing benefit and council abolished the means-tested Educational and anti-poverty tax benefit. Even in Northern Ireland, Maintenance Allowance for young policies are based; in which had its own Parliament and civil people staying on at school and has the mitigation of service, the policy was to maintain effectively abolished the “bedroom tax” “welfare reforms” and parity with Great Britain.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnicity and the Writing of Medieval Scottish History1
    The Scottish Historical Review, Volume LXXXV, 1: No. 219: April 2006, 1–27 MATTHEW H. HAMMOND Ethnicity and the Writing of Medieval Scottish history1 ABSTRACT Historians have long tended to define medieval Scottish society in terms of interactions between ethnic groups. This approach was developed over the course of the long nineteenth century, a formative period for the study of medieval Scotland. At that time, many scholars based their analysis upon scientific principles, long since debunked, which held that medieval ‘peoples’ could only be understood in terms of ‘full ethnic packages’. This approach was combined with a positivist historical narrative that defined Germanic Anglo-Saxons and Normans as the harbingers of advances in Civilisation. While the prejudices of that era have largely faded away, the modern discipline still relies all too often on a dualistic ethnic framework. This is particularly evident in a structure of periodisation that draws a clear line between the ‘Celtic’ eleventh century and the ‘Norman’ twelfth. Furthermore, dualistic oppositions based on ethnicity continue, particu- larly in discussions of law, kingship, lordship and religion. Geoffrey Barrow’s Robert Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland, first published in 1965 and now available in the fourth edition, is proba- bly the most widely read book ever written by a professional historian on the Middle Ages in Scotland.2 In seeking to introduce the thirteenth century to such a broad audience, Barrow depicted Alexander III’s Scot- land as fundamentally
    [Show full text]
  • The Open Budget Survey 2019 Results for Scotland's 2017/18 Budget
    The Open Budget Survey 2019 results for Scotland’s 2017/18 Budget 29th April 2020 The Scottish Human Rights Commission was established by the Scottish Commission for Human Rights Act 2006, and formed in 2008. The Commission is the National Human Rights Institution for Scotland and is independent of the Scottish Government and Parliament in the exercise of its functions. The Commission has a general duty to promote human rights and a series of specific powers to protect human rights for everyone in Scotland. www.scottishhumanrights.com This report has been developed based on research undertaken by Kirstie English. Table of Contents 1. Introduction: Scotland and the Open Budget Survey ............................ 3 1.1. Human rights budgeting ................................................................. 3 1.2. Open Budget Survey ...................................................................... 3 1.3. Scotland and the OBI ..................................................................... 4 1.4. Report structure ............................................................................. 5 2. The Open Budget Survey Results for Scotland: Budget Year 2017/18 . 6 2.1. Introduction .................................................................................... 6 2.2. Transparency Score (Open Budget Index) ..................................... 7 2.3. Oversight Score ........................................................................... 13 2.4. Public Engagement Score ...........................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Scotland 2007 a Dry Run for Proportional Voting Dan Tessler July 11, 2007
    International Snapshot: Scotland 2007 A Dry Run for Proportional Voting Dan Tessler July 11, 2007 ABSTRACT On May 3, 2007, Scottish voters used two proportional voting systems simultaneously: for the first time ever, choice voting (or the single transferable vote) for local councils, and once again, mixed member proportional voting for the Scottish Parliament. The local council elections saw increased participation and broadly representative results. Despite the first-time use of choice voting alongside a completely different voting system, error rates were, on average, remarkably low. The MMP elections ensured proportionality in seat shares and arguably prevented a wrong-winner result. There was early controversy over error rates allegedly around 10%, but actual error rates were lower. Later research moreover confirmed that voter error was due to critical ballot design flaws. _____________________________________________________________________________ Introduction On May 3, 2007, voters in Scotland elected a national Parliament and their local councils. Voters used two different voting systems. The Parliamentary elections were held under a mixed member proportional (MMP) system, while the local elections were conducted through the use of choice voting, called the single transferable vote (STV) in Scotland. Even though this was the first time choice voting was used for local elections, little confusion occurred, evidenced by a relatively low invalid ballot rate. Overall choice voting was successful in producing councils more representative of voters’ preferences with almost 85% of the councils emerging from the elections with no overall control by one party. The result was one of the most accurate representations of Scotland’s partisan diversity, which already had contributed to a multi-party system in both local and parliamentary elections.
    [Show full text]
  • Changing Scotland's Relationship with Alcohol: a Framework for Action
    Changing Scotland’s Relationship with Alcohol: A Framework for Action © Crown copyright 2009 ISBN: 978-0-7559-5972-3 The Scottish Government St Andrew’s House Edinburgh EH1 3DG Produced for the Scottish Government by RR Donnelley B59178 2/09 Published by the Scottish Government, February 2009 Further copies are available from Blackwell’s Bookshop 53 South Bridge Edinburgh EH1 1YS The text pages of this document are printed on recycled paper and are 100% recyclable CONTENTS Page Chief Medical Officer - Introductory Message 3 Ministerial Foreword 4 Summary 5 The Need for Change 6 The Government’s Purpose 8 The Discussion Paper and Responses 9 Our Proposals and Next Steps: Reduced Consumption 10 Supporting Families and Communities 13 Positive Attitudes, Positive Choices 20 Improved Support and Treatment 24 How Will We Measure Success? 29 Conclusion 29 Annex A – Summary findings from the analysis of consultation responses 30 Annex B – Extract from Independent Review of the effects of Alcohol Pricing and Promotion, ScHARR, University of Sheffield 36 Annex C – Summary of Actions 37 There is no doubt that alcohol misuse claims many hundreds of lives in Scotland every year - twice as many today as 15 years ago - and that it hits our poorest communities the hardest. It has become a major health, economic and social challenge for our people, a problem which is damaging families and communities across the country. We have a responsibility to do all we can to tackle it. In Scotland, we led the way on smoking and we can lead the way on alcohol misuse too. The measures set out in this paper will help but, most of all, every one of us has to look at our own relationship with alcohol.
    [Show full text]
  • Scotland the Brave? an Overview of the Impact of Scottish Independence on Business
    SCOTLAND THE BRAVE? AN OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF SCOTTISH INDEPENDENCE ON BUSINESS JULY 2021 SCOTLAND THE BRAVE? AN OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF SCOTTISH INDEPENDENCE ON BUSINESS Scottish independence remains very much a live issue, as First Minister, Nicola Sturgeon, continues to push for a second referendum, but the prospect of possible independence raises a host of legal issues. In this overview, we examine how Scotland might achieve independence; the effect of independence on Scotland's international status, laws, people and companies; what currency Scotland might use; the implications for tax, pensions and financial services; and the consequences if Scotland were to join the EU. The Treaty of Union between England of pro-independence MSPs to 72; more, (which included Wales) and Scotland even, than in 2011. provided that the two Kingdoms "shall upon the first day of May [1707] and Independence, should it happen, will forever after be United into one Kingdom affect anyone who does business in or by the Name of Great Britain." Forever is with Scotland. Scotland can be part of a long time. Similar provisions in the Irish the United Kingdom or it can be an treaty of 1800 have only survived for six independent country, but moving from out of the 32 Irish counties, and Scotland the former status to the latter is highly has already had one referendum on complex both for the Governments whether to dissolve the union. In that concerned and for everyone else. The vote, in 2014, the electorate of Scotland rest of the United Kingdom (rUK) could decided by 55% to 45% to remain within not ignore Scotland's democratic will, but the union, but Brexit and the electoral nor could Scotland dictate the terms on success of the SNP mean that Scottish which it seceded from the union.
    [Show full text]
  • A Taste of Scotland?
    A TASTE OF SCOTLAND?: REPRESENTING AND CONTESTING SCOTTISHNESS IN EXPRESSIVE CULTURE ABOUT HAGGIS by © Joy Fraser A thesis submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Department of Folklore Memorial University of Newfoundland October 2011 St. John's Newfoundland Library and Archives Bibliotheque et 1*1 Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington OttawaONK1A0N4 OttawaONK1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre r6f6rence ISBN: 978-0-494-81991-3 Our file Notre r6ference ISBN: 978-0-494-81991-3 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non­ support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation.
    [Show full text]
  • Scotland in the World – Learning Journey
    How others see us in film Scotland in the world – learning journey Introduction This social studies project uses cinema to explore how Scotland’s identity can be understood, not only in terms of the nation but also in terms of the identities which variously overlap it. Overall, these identities, sometimes called ‘transnational’, are various and varied. In cinema, they include expressions of ‘Scottishness’ constructed in the USA, Canada, England, France, India, Hong Kong (amongst others), which indicate the complexity of Scotland’s position in the world’s imagination. Exploring such films, the discourses that surround them, and how they intertwine with the global flows of people into and out of Scotland, enables students to consider how global citizenship ‘starts at home’. Social studies significant aspects of learning understanding the place, history, heritage and culture of Scotland and appreciating local and national heritage within the world becoming aware of change, cause and effect, sequence and chronology locating, exploring and linking periods, people, events and features in time and place Social studies experiences and outcomes I can make links between my current and previous studies, and show my understanding of how people and events have contributed to the development of the Scottish nation. SOC 3-02a I have developed a sense of my heritage and identity as a British, European or global citizen and can present arguments about the importance of respecting the heritage and identity of others. SOC 4-02a Responsibility of all areas that could be addressed in this learning journey: To help me develop an informed view, I am exploring the techniques used to influence my opinion.
    [Show full text]