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Chitwan District Jail Bharatpur Alt: 240 M Amsl E v a l u a t i o n o f b i o g a s s a n i t a t i o n s y s t e m s i n N e p a l e s e p r i s o n s S a n d e c Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries E v a l u a t i o n o f b i o g a s s a n i t a t i o n s y s t e m s i n N e p a l e s e p r i s o n s Summary Presentation of Evaluation Results August 09 E v a l u a t i o n o f b i o g a s s a n i t a t i o n s y s t e m s i n N e p a l e s e p r i s o n s T a b l e o f c o n t e n t s 1. Introduction 1. Introduction 1.1 Background 2. Monitoring 1.2 Objectives 1.3 Methodologies 3. Evaluation 2. Monitoring 2.1 Monitored systems 4. Discussion 2.2 Treatment efficiency 2.3 Biogas 3. Evaluation 3.1 Technical 3.2 Organizational 3.3 Economic 3.4 Environmental 3.5 Socio-cultural 3.6 Sanitation/Health 4. Discussion 4.1 Recommendation 4.2 Conclusion E v a l u a t i o n o f b i o g a s s a n i t a t i o n s y s t e m s i n N e p a l e s e p r i s o n s B a c k g r o u n d 1. Introduction International Committee January 2007 of the Red Cross 2. Monitoring Agreement between ICRC and Biogas Sector Partnership Nepal local expert partner BSP-N 3. Evaluation to implement 5 biogas systems in 3 Nepalese prisons 4. Discussion May 2008 End of construction -> start of operation April-June 2009 External evaluation by Eawag/Sandec E v a l u a t i o n o f b i o g a s s a n i t a t i o n s y s t e m s i n N e p a l e s e p r i s o n s O b j e c t i v e s 1. Introduction Objectives of biogas installations 2. Monitoring • Improvement of human excreta disposal and management (reduction of health risks) 3. Evaluation 4. Discussion • Provision of renewable energy source as alternative to wood and kerosene • Improvement of kitchen environment (reduction of health risks) • Use of slurry as fertilizer • Promote the construction of biogas plants on institutional level E v a l u a t i o n o f b i o g a s s a n i t a t i o n s y s t e m s i n N e p a l e s e p r i s o n s M e t h o d o l o g i e s 1. Introduction Location of evaluated district jails 2. Monitoring 3. Evaluation Kanchanpur 4. Discussion District Jail Mahendranagar Alt: 116 m amsl Kaski District Jail Pokhara Alt: 819 m amsl KATHMANDU Chitwan District Jail Bharatpur Alt: 240 m amsl Source: commons.wikimedia.org (modified) Biogas digesters • Kaski : 10m3 and 20m3 • Chitwan : 10m3 and 35m3 • Kanchanpur : 10m3 E v a l u a t i o n o f b i o g a s s a n i t a t i o n s y s t e m s i n N e p a l e s e p r i s o n s M e t h o d o l o g i e s 1. Introduction • Measurements/analyses on-site - Gas production & composition 2. Monitoring - pH, Temp., Redox, EC - COD, NH4-N, N total, P total 3. Evaluation - VFA, alkalinity, A/TIC-ratio - E.Coli 4. Discussion • Analyses in lab - TS (Total Solids), VS (Volatile solids) -> KU lab - Helminth eggs -> Swiss Tropical Institute • Observations and Interviews - Gas tightness of dome & piping - Fuel savings, living conditions before/after biogas plant - Construction, operation, maintenance and problems E v a l u a t i o n o f b i o g a s s a n i t a t i o n s y s t e m s i n N e p a l e s e p r i s o n s M e t h o d o l o g i e s 1. Introduction Digester design 2. Monitoring > Nepalese GGC2049-model 3. Evaluation 4. Discussion E v a l u a t i o n o f b i o g a s s a n i t a t i o n s y s t e m s i n N e p a l e s e p r i s o n s Kaski, Chitwan and Kanchanpur District Jails Number of detainees 1. Introduction Kaski District Jail: Initial capacity of jail: 60 pers. Altitude: 819m above mean sea level Pre-construction planning: 187 pers. 2. Monitoring Evaluation period 2009: 203 pers. (Digester Size: 10m3 and 20m3) 3. Evaluation 4. Discussion Number of detainees Chitwan District Jail: Initial capacity of jail: 55 pers. Altitude: 240m above mean sea level Pre-construction planning: 321 pers. (Digester Size: 10m3 and 35m3) Evaluation period 2009: 268 pers. Number of detainees Kanchanpur District Jail: Initial capacity of jail: 75 pers. Altitude: 116m above mean sea level Pre-construction planning: 74 pers. (•) (Digester Size: 10m3) Evaluation period 2009: 106 pers. (•) E v a l u a t i o n o f b i o g a s s a n i t a t i o n s y s t e m s i n N e p a l e s e p r i s o n s E f f i c i e n c y 1. Introduction • Reduction of Solids and Organic load 95 - 98% reduction of Total Solids and Organic Load 2. Monitoring • Reduction of pathogen 3. Evaluation > E.Coli 3-M Petrifilmtest 4. Discussion WHO guideline values for agricultural use of greywater, excreta and faecal sludge: - Restricted irrigation: < 10^5 CFU/100ml - Unrestricted irrigation of crops eaten raw: < 10^3 CFU/100ml • Requirements for restricted irrigation fulfilled > Helminth eggs WHO guideline values: - Restricted/unrestricted irrigation: < 1 ova/L Ascaris lumbricoides • Requirements only partially fulfilled E v a l u a t i o n o f b i o g a s s a n i t a t i o n s y s t e m s i n N e p a l e s e p r i s o n s Result of Pathogenic Analysis Chitwan Kanchanpur Descriptions 10m3 35m3 10m3 E.COLI Reduction- Influent vs Effluent in 92.0% 98.5% 99.7% Compensation Chamber Reduction- Influent vs Effluent in 99.9% 99.9% 99.99% Storage Pit TOTAL Reduction- Influent vs Effluent in 87.3% 94.4% 84.3% HELMINTH Compensation Chamber Reduction- Influent vs Effluent in 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Storage Pit •Influent data for Kaski unavailable •Due to limited samples results are not statistically representative E v a l u a t i o n o f b i o g a s s a n i t a t i o n s y s t e m s i n N e p a l e s e p r i s o n s B i o g a s 1. Introduction Daily gas production 2. Monitoring Kaski Kaski Chitwan Chitwan Kan‘pur 10m3 20 m3 10m3 35m3 10m3 3. Evaluation April 2009 1260 8620 2610 1920 3130 Monitoring: May 2009 260 8210 3260 2500 - Measurement/ 4. Discussion Observation/ June 2009 2120 9210 3310 4800 3450 Estimation Cooking time (h) 6.5 19.5 9.0 10.5 9.5 No. of detainees 65 135 115 155 106 Kitchen waste 3 45 0 0 0 feeding (kg/d) Daily kitchen 4 43 0 73 19 Pre- waste feeding Construction: No. of detainees 68 119 115 206 74 Planning/ Expectation Biogas output 2000 4000 3000 7000 2000 Difference between expected & +6% +130% +10% -31% +73% measured daily biogas production E v a l u a t i o n o f b i o g a s s a n i t a t i o n s y s t e m s i n N e p a l e s e p r i s o n s T e c h n i c a l Technical aspects 1. Introduction Process stability (Inhibiting factors) 2. Monitoring 3. Evaluation Ø Kaski 10 Kaski 20 Chitwan 10 Chitwan 35 Kanchanpur 10 Optimum pH 7.17 7.05 7.11 7.44 7.20 6.5 - 7.5 4. Discussion Temp. [°C] 26.4 25.6 29.8 28.8 30.0 25 – 35 Redox [mV] -372 -401 -389 -391 -402 < -330 VFA [mg/L] 49 95 28 46 31 < 1000 NH4-N [mg/L] 504 697 356 458 443 < 1500 Hydraulic Retention time HRT [days] 23 21 14 33 15 70 - 90 E v a l u a t i o n o f b i o g a s s a n i t a t i o n s y s t e m s i n N e p a l e s e p r i s o n s T e c h n i c a l Technical aspects 1.
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