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Status of Commensal Rodent---Borne Diseases

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Status of Commensal Rodent---Borne Diseases STATUS OF COMMENSAL RODENT----BORNEDISEASES RESEARCH IN INDONESIA Lim Boo ~iat', Singgih sigit2, and Tuti R. ~adi~. ABSTRAK Rodents yang terdapat di rumah-rumah maupun di lapangan mempunyai peranan penting dalam penyebaran penyakit terhadap manusia dan binatang. Dalam tulisan ini disajikan peninjauan kembali literatur tentang penyakit-penyakit yang ditularkan oleh binatang, seperti : plague, scrub and murine typhus, leptospirosis, schistosomiasis, angiostrongyliasis, yang biaya terdapat di Indonesia. INTRODUCTION mensal rodent studies for plague, on the other hand, is a national health problem, The "commensal rodents" are those and is maintained as one of the priorities rodents that live in close proximity with in communicable diseases control pro- man and his surroundings. There is little grammes. Apart from this, there are very information on the distribution and bio- little research activities done on commen- logy of the commensal rodents inhabiting sal rodents and their parasites in relation urban areas in Indonesia. Rodent studies to public health importance in the coun- by many past workers (to quote a few try. of the important ones) were foccused in This paper reviews literatures on some rural areas, and on those rodents with of the rodent-borne diseases of zoonotic economic pest importance1 -5, while low importance based on past and present priority was given to rodents of public activities undertaken, and also suggests health importance except plague. The further research activities on its zoonotic only piece of work which mentioned implication leading to preventive mea- rodents of urban areas was dme6. Com- sures for future action. COMMENSAL RODENTS The commensal rodents can be divided into domestic and field rodents as shown below. Domestic Field - Rattus norvegicus Sewage rat Rattus argentiventer Ricefield rat Rattus r. diardii Roof rat Rattus tiomanicus Wood rat Mus muscu1us House mouse Rattus exulans Palynesian rat Bandicota indica Bandicoot 1. WHO, P.O. Box 320 Jakarta, Indonesia. 2. Chairman of the Post-graduate Medical Entomology Programme, Faculty of Graduate Studies, Bogor Agriculture University, Bogor, Indonesia. 3. Head of Mammal & Acarology Section, National Institute of Health Research and Development, Jakarta, Indonesia. 4 Bul. Penelit. Kesehat. 14 (3) 1986 Status of commensal . Lim Boo Liat et al. Domestic rodents: The Sewage rat, Asia and the pasific islands. It is a highly R. norvegicus (Berkenhout, 1796), origi- adaptable species and is not only found nally a native of northern Eurasia, has in the fields but also occurs indoors. spread to cities around the world by com- It is an agricultural pest in 1ndonesia5. merce. In Indonesia this species is com- The large bandicoot, Bandicota indica mon in all seaport cities. The roof rat, (Bechstein, 1800), widely distributed R. rattus diardii (Linnaeus, 1785), native throughout the oriental region, is patchily in Asia is represented by many subspe- distributed in Indonesia, and has been cies within different regions of Southeast shown to be a pest in sugar plantation Asia. This species is restricted to human (unpublished data). habitations in cities and villages throug- hout the country. The house mouse, RODENT-BORNE DISEASES M. Musculus Linnaeus, 1766, originally from Eurasia and nothern Africa, is now Rodent-borne diseases are classified an introduced species throughout the amongst the zoonotic diseases, i.e. "an rest of the world. This species is equally infection or an infections disease trans- as common as Rattus mttus and is confi- missable under natural conditions from ned to indoors only in cities, town and vertebraternimals to man". In Indonesia villages in the country. the more common rodent-borne disease encountered and received attention are Field rodents: The ricefield rat. R. plague (bacterial disease), leptospirosis argentiventer (Robinson & Kloss, 1916), (spirochaetal disease), scrub typhus and occurs throughout the major land mass murine typhus (rickettsial disease) and of the Sunda region including Malaysian angiostrongyliasis and schistosomiasis mainland. It is common in lowland rice- fields throughout Indonesia, and is a (helrninthic diseases). serious agricultural pest5. The wood rat, Bubonic plague is transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected flea, the R. tiomanicus (Miller, 1900), with distri- butional pattern similar to that of R. handling of infected rat tissues, or contact argentiventer, is an important pest in with the pus from an infected rat (Fig. 1). oilpalm estates in Indonesia5. The poly- Scrub typhus is transmitted to humans through the bites of infected larval chig- nesian rat, R. exulans (Peale, 1848), is gers in the fields (Fig. 2). Murine typhus,, widely. distributed throughout Southeast - By infested tissue by bit. of intsct.d fI.1 -. Flea inhsrmd with Versima postis Through r.servoir host from patient Fig. 1. Transmission cycle of human plague Bul. Penelit. Kesehat. 14 (3) 1986 Status of commensal . Lim Boo Liat et al. Fig. 2. Live-cycle of Trombiculid mites and its mode of transmission. also called shop typhus, is found where bite or any other fresh skin wound (Fig. people and rats occupy the same buildings. 3). Leptospirosis is usually a water-borne Transmission occurs through the faeces, disease, with infection by contact with deposited on the skin while the infected water, moist soil or vegetations cantami- flea feeds. The infectious agent (Rickett- nated with the urine of infected animals. sia typhi) enters through the site of the 6 Bul. penelit. Kesehat. 14 (3) 1986 Status of commensal . Lim Boo Liat et al. Bul. Penelit. Kesehat. 14 (3) 1986 Status of commensal . Lim Boo Liat et al. Penetration is though abraded skin of contacts is by ingesting insufficiently mucous membranes or from ingestion of cooked snails, land crabs and prawns, food contaminated with the urine of or through contaminated raw vegetables infected rats (FIg. 4). Angiostrongyliasis (Fig. 5). With the latter parasite, infection and schistosomiasis are transmitted to is from water containing larval forms human through molluscan intermediate (cercariae), and these penetrate the skin hosts. With the former parasite, human (Fig. 6). t gets infected by acting contaminated Eating contaminated food. food or through ----+ -- - Direct contact with spirochaete in infected urine of reservoir hosts. urine of rat oist soil and vegetatio -g Penetration of spirochaete in abraded skin while walking in moist soil. Penetration of spirochaete in abraded skin while swimming or wading inforest stream. or in ricefield. Water Fig. 4. Life cycle of Leptospirosis and its mode of transmission to man Bul. Penelit. Kesehat. 14 (3) 1986 CARRIERS HUMAN INFECTION /Infective larvae which/ \ reach young adultho Digestive Tract &nd aftsr two first-stage larv more weeks sta are expelled laying eclcls wifh the faeces 1 Brain First-stage larvae infec a molluscan inte Fig. 5. Life cicle of Angiostrongylw c antonensis and its mode of transmission to man. Status of commensal . Lim Boo Liat et al. Bul. Penelit. Kesehat. 14 (3) 1986 Status of commensal . Lim Boo Liat et al. PAST RESEARCH ACTIVITIES western central Java and east central Java (1892 - 1970) in the 1920's. From 1910 to 1920, a total of 240,375 plague deaths were Plague: Plague was brought into Java reported in ~ava~-l~.In 1922, plague- by infective rats, and/or fleas in cargoes like cases were reported in Makasar (Sula- of rice imported into the eastern seaport wesi) and Palembang (Sumatera) but no of Surabaya in November 1910. Additio- deaths were recorded. Prevalence of the nal importations are suspected in the disease, decreased steadily after the seaports of Semarang in 1916, Cirebon in 1930's except for some violent revivals of 1923 and Tegal 1927. Epidemics first the infection in central Java in late 1904,s were confined to east Java, then the and early 1950's. Further reduction in disease spread to southern central Java infected territory and decline in the num- within a few years (Surakarta in 1915 ber of cases continued until, by the late and Jogjakarta in 1916). Either as multi- 19507s, plague was restricted to two ple invasions westward progression of the mountainous zones (Wonogiri and Boyo- original infection, or both, plague reached lali) in the Surakarta Recidency (Fig. 7). Flea vector : Reservoir Hosts ; XenopsyIIa cheopis R*s exu I ans -r. diardii 0 st ivalius COcInatuS R&u s - Oa a-s Neopsylla sondiaxs O 0 00 .; 0 0:- \ Incidence of human plague outbreaks from bagelang 1911-1970 in West, Central and East Java \ Indonesia. G E.ndemic plague foci in SELO and CEPOGO subdistricts only Activities ; Yearly surveillance for humac Year and rodent/ fleas --= denotes plague introduced and spread. Fig. 7. Human plague distribution in Java Bul. Penelit. Kesehat. 14 (3) 1986 Status of commensal . Lim Boo Liat et al. These two foci accounted for more than Weil's disease. Serum of this patient was two-thirds of all recorded human cases serologically tested and shown to be posi- of plague on the island1 3-14. The oriental tive with the sero-type indentified as rat flea, Xenopsylla cheopis, and the roof Icterus febrilis27. In subsequent years rat, R.r. diardii were incriminated as the more human sera were obtained from sus- vector and reservoir hosts of plague in pected cases in Jakarta and Surabaya of java13-14, 15-19 West and East Java, and serolo ical results From 1960 to 1968 no activities of showed the same sero-type2'. (Anony- plague surveillance were carried out in mous, 1895). Serum examination of a Java. However, plague flared up twice suspected person in Jakarta again, and it more in the Boyolali in two subdistricts was positive with sero-type which he of Selo and Cepogo in 1968 (102 cases, named it as Leptospira icterohaemoglo- 43 deaths) and again in 1970 (10 cases, binura 2 9. Following these positive cases, 2 deaths). During the 1968 outbreak, the further surveys found 196 cases in West Provincial Government in Central Java Java (Jakarta, Sukabumi, and Sindang- together with the National Communi- laya), 34 in east Java (Surabaya) and 18 cable Diseases Control (CDCIJakarta) and in Central Java Semarang)30-33.
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