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Journal of Threatened Taxa Building evidence for conservaton globally www.threatenedtaxa.org ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) Monograph

Spider (Arachnida: Araneae) fauna of the scrub jungle in the Madras Christian College campus, Chennai, India

John T.D. Caleb

18 May 2020 | Vol. 12 | No. 7 | Pages: 15711–15766 DOI: 10.11609/jot.5758.12.7.15711-15766

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Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 18 May 2020 | 12(7): 15711–15766 ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) PLATINUM OPEN ACCESS DOI: htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.5758.12.7.15711-15766

#5758 | Received 06 February 2020 | Final received 18 April 2020 | Finally accepted 29 April 2020

M o n Spider (Arachnida: Araneae) fauna of the scrub jungle in the o g r Madras Christan College campus, Chennai, India a p John T.D. Caleb h

Department of Zoology, Madras Christan College (afliated to the University of Madras), Tambaram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600059, India. [email protected]

Abstract: A total of 108 species of spider species belonging to 84 genera and 25 families were identfed from the scrub jungle of the Madras Christan College campus. Pagida saltciformis (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1883) is recorded for the frst tme from India. Langona tgrina (Simon, 1885) is rediscovered 135 years since its frst descripton and the unknown male is described and illustrated. A new combinaton, Langona davidi (Caleb, Mungkung & Mathai, 2015) comb. nov. is proposed for the species previously placed in Phlegra. Three new synonymys have been recognized: Clubiona foliata Keswani & Vankhede, 2014 and Clubiona pashabhaii Patel & Patel, 1973 are junior synonyms of Clubiona flicata O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1874 and Myrmarachne megachelae Kumar & Mohanasundaram, 1998 is a junior synonym of Myrmaplata plataleoides (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1869). Distributon records of several species have been updated and as many as 31 species are recorded for the frst tme from Tamil Nadu State. The family Saltcidae is the most diverse with 28 species belonging to 22 genera followed by Araneidae with 19 species in 11 genera. Guild structure analysis revealed seven feeding guilds of which, stalkers and orb-web weavers are the dominant feeding guilds followed by ground runners, ambushers, and scatered line weavers, respectvely.

Keywords: Diversity, guild structure, new combinaton, new record, new synonym, taxonomy, tropical dry evergreen forest.

Abbreviatons: AER—anterior eye row length; ALE—anterior lateral eye; AME—anterior median eye; EFL—eye feld length; MCC— Madras Christan College, Tambaram, Chennai; NCBS—Natonal Centre for Biological Sciences, Bengaluru; NHMW—Natural History Museum, Vienna (curator Christoph Hörweg); PER—posterior eye row length; PLE—posterior lateral eye; PME—posterior median eye; RTA—retrolateral tbial apophysis; SRC-ZSI—Southern Regional Centre, Zoological Survey of India, Chennai; VTA—ventral tbial apophysis; WILD—Wildlife Informaton Liaison Development, Coimbatore.

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Editor: Anonymity requested. Date of publicaton: 18 May 2020 (online & print)

Citaton: Caleb, J.T.D. (2020). Spider (Arachnida: Araneae) fauna of the scrub jungle in the Madras Christan College campus, Chennai, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 12(7): 15711–15766. htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.5758.12.7.15711-15766

Copyright: © Caleb 2020. Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproducton, and distributon of this artcle in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publicaton.

Funding: Self funded.

Competng interests: The author declares no competng interests.

For Author details & Acknowledgements see end of this artcle.

15711 J TT Spider fauna of Madras Christan College campus Caleb

INTRODUCTION 1978; Amirthalingam 2005).

With over 48,000 described species (World Spider Collecton, preservaton, and identfcaton Catalog 2020) and over 1,20,000 expected species Live specimens were photographed in the feld and (Agnarsson et al. 2013) spiders are one of the most diverse then collected. They were then taken to the lab and invertebrates that can be found in almost all terrestrial photographed using a Nikon D60 DSLR 18–55 mm, for habitats except Antartca (Turnbull 1973). Their diversity macro capability the regular lens was removed, reversed in India is represented by 1,830 species in 470 genera and and mounted on the body with the help of a ring 60 families (Caleb & Sankaran 2020; World Spider Catalog atachment. Collected specimens were preserved in 70% 2020). alcohol. Specimens were later examined in detail using The spider fauna of the tropical dry evergreen forests a NIKON SMZ1000 stereoscopic microscope. Male palps (TDEF) from Chennai and its surrounding regions is known were detached, examined and kept in a separate vial along only by a few early works of Pocock (1900, 1901), Sherrifs with the original specimen and female genitalia were (1919, 1927), Gravely (1921–1935), and Phanuel (1963). excised using fne surgical scalpel. The epigyne was then There was, however, a great lapse thereon for about cleared in 10% KOH aqueous soluton. Leg measurements more than half a century untl further studies took place. are given as total length (femur, patella, tbia, metatarsus, Recent studies added considerably to the knowledge of tarsus). All measurements are in millimetres (mm). the group with numerous new discoveries including the Identfcaton was made by the help of taxonomic keys descripton of new species, new records and rediscovery and diagnostc illustratons provided by Pocock (1900, of species (Caleb & Mathai 2013, 2014a,b, 2015, 2016a; 1901), Gravely (1921a,b, 1924, 1931), Tikader (1980a,b, Caleb et al. 2015, 2020), indicatng that there is more to 1982), Tikader & Malhotra (1980), Tikader & Biswas explore from these regions. The present work aims to (1981), Sethi & Tikader (1988), Proszynski (1992, 2016) provide an overview of spider diversity known from the and other relevant literatures. The specimens studied are scrub jungle enclosed within the Madras Christan College deposited at the Department of Zoology, Madras Christan campus, Tambaram, India. College, Tambaram, Chennai, Wildlife Informaton Liaison Development, Coimbatore, Natonal Centre for Biological Sciences, Bengaluru, and Southern Regional Centre, MATERIALS AND METHODS Zoological Survey of India, Chennai. The terminology follows the World Spider Catalog (2020). Taxonomic Study area references pertaining only to Indian records have been Spider specimens were collected from within the mentoned for each species. For detailed taxonomic Madras Christan College (MCC) campus from 2010 to records refer the World Spider Catalog (2020). 2015. MCC is one of Asia’s oldest educatonal insttutons in Chennai established in 1837. It is presently situated on a 365acre (1.48km2) campus, at Tambaram (12.923–12.920 SURVEY OF SPECIES °N & 80.120–80.123 °E), on the southwestern extremity of Chennai City (Images 1A–B). The campus has various Family Araneidae Clerck habitat structures including open grasslands, thick forest Genus Anepsion Strand patches, scrub jungle patches, and water bodies (Images Anepsion maritatum O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1877 (Image 2A–H). It has a rich, diverse and ever-changing scrub, 24A) because of the broad, dense corridor in the south leading Cyrtarachne keralensis Jose, 2011: 322, fgs. 1a–g. to the Vandalur Reserve Forest. The vegetaton type is a Anepsion maritatum Malamel et al., 2015: 478, fgs. true scrub jungle (sub-type 7/DS1) ‘tropical dry evergreen 1A–O, 2A-I. scrub’ which is a remnant of the tropical dry evergreen Specimens examined: MCC-ARA430, 1 male, forest along the Coromandel Coast (Champion & Seth 08.ii.2013; MCC-ARA478, 1 female, 21.ii.2013; MCC- ARA764, 1 female, 06.i.2014, MCC, coll. John Caleb T.D. 1968) with dissymmetric climate (Meher-Homji 1974, Global distributon: India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Japan, 2007). The campus has a remarkable species diversity of and China to Indonesia (Sulawesi). both fora and fauna (Sanjeeva Raj 2011). Flora of over Distributon in India: Kerala and Tamil Nadu (new 400 species of plants from 95 families both natve and record). exotc has been recorded. They occur as discontnuous or dense scrub-woodlands and thickets (Lal & Livingstone

15712 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 18 May 2020 | 12(7): 15711–15766 J TT Spider fauna of Madras Christan College campus Caleb

Images 1A–B. A—locaton of MCC campus, Tambaram | B—most recent satellite view of Madras Christan College campus.

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A B

C D

E F

G H

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Genus Araneus Clerck Argiope pulchella Thorell, 1881 (Images 24F, 32A) Araneus bilunifer Pocock, 1900 (Image 24B) Argiope pulchella Gravely, 1921a: 412, fg. 3b. Araneus bilunifer Pocock, 1900: 227, fg. 74. Argiope pulchella Tikader, 1970: 27, fg. 17a. Araneus bilunifer Patel, 1975: 162, fgs. 3a–c. Argiope pulchella Sen et al., 2015: 110, fgs. 637–641, Araneus bilunifer Tikader & Bal, 1981: 43, fgs. 91–94. pl. 21. Araneus bilunifer Tikader, 1982: 221, fgs. 428–431. Argiope pulchella Roy, Saha & Raychaudhuri, 2017: 8, Specimens examined: None (known only from fgs. 23–27, 170. previous descriptons and photographic records). Specimens examined: MCC-ARA88, 1 female, Global distributon: India. 14.ii.2012; MCC-ARA265, 1 female, 26.x.2012, MCC, coll. Distributon in India: Gujarat and Tamil Nadu. John Caleb T.D. Global distributon: India to China and Indonesia. Araneus viridisomus Gravely, 1921 (Images 3A,B, 24C) Distributon in India: Andaman Islands, Arunachal Araneus viridisoma Gravely, 1921a: 415, fg. 3c. Pradesh, Assam, Kerala, Lakshadweep Islands, Madhya Araneus viridisomus Caleb & Mathai, 2014b: 3, fgs. Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, and 1–9. West Bengal. Araneus viridisomus Patl & Uniyal, 2016: 172, fgs. –111 Genus Cyclosa Menge Specimen examined: NCBS-QA456, 1 female, Cyclosa confraga (Thorell, 1892) (Image 24G) 13.iii.2013, MCC, coll. John Caleb T.D.; NCBS-QA457, 1 Cyclosa confraga Tikader, 1982: 193, fgs. 372–376. female, 03.xii.2013, coll. John Caleb T.D. Cyclosa confraga Gajbe, 2007: 519, fgs. 287–291. Global distributon: India. Cyclosa confraga Keswani, 2013: 64, fgs. 2A–F. Distributon in India: Odisha, Maharashtra, and Tamil Cyclosa confraga Sen et al., 2015: 116, fgs. 709–714, Nadu. pl. 22. Specimens examined: MCC-ARA273, 1 female, Genus Argiope Audouin 02.xi.2012; MCC-ARA535–ARA536 1 female & 1 male, Argiope aemula (Walckenaer, 1841) (Image 24D) 25.iii.2013; MCC-ARA766, 1 male, 06.i.2014, MCC, coll. Argiope aemula Tikader, 1970: 29. John Caleb T.D. Argiope aemula Gajbe, 2007: 512. fgs. 269–272. Global distributon: India, Bangladesh to Malaysia. Argiope aemula Sen et al., 2015: 111, fgs. 642–646, Distributon in India: Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, pl. 21. Assam, Sikkim, Madhya Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu (new Argiope aemula Roy, Saha & record). Raychaudhuri, 2017: 8, fgs. 18–22, 169. Specimens examined: MCC-ARA101, 1 female, Cyclosa hexatuberculata Tikader, 1982 (Images 24H, 32B) 06.iii.2012; MCC-ARA44, 1 female, 09.i.2011; MCC- Cyclosa hexatuberculata Tikader, 1982: 197, fgs. 382– ARA329, 1 female, 23.xi.2012, MCC, coll. John Caleb T.D. 387. Global distributon: India to Philippines, Indonesia Cyclosa hexatuberculata Sen et al., 2015: 115, fgs. (Sulawesi), and Vanuatu. 688–694, pl. 22. Distributon in India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Cyclosa hexatuberculata Roy, Saha & Raychaudhuri, Andhra Pradesh, Chhatsgarh, Gujarat, Kerala, Madhya 2017: 20, fgs. 102–107, 186. Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, and West Bengal. Cyclosa hexatuberculata Dixit & Ade, 2017: 948, pl. 3A–I, 7A–I. Argiope anasuja Thorell, 1887 (Image 24E) Specimens examined: MCC-ARA102, 1 female, Argiope anasuja Gravely, 1921a: 412, fg. 3a. 06.iii.2012; MCC-ARA258, 1 female, 18.x.2012; MCC- Argiope anasuja Tikader, 1982: 127, fgs. 239–242. ARA276, 1 female, 02.xi.2012; MCC-ARA765, 1 female, Specimens examined: MCC-ARA130, 1 female, 06.i.2014, MCC, coll. John Caleb T.D. 26.iii.2012; MCC-ARA304, 1 female, 08.xi.2012; MCC- Global distributon: India and Pakistan ARA727, 1 female, 14.xii.2013, MCC, coll. John Caleb T.D. Distributon in India: Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Global distributon: Seychelles, Maldives, Iran, Tamil Nadu (new record), and West Bengal. Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, and Australia (Cocos Is.). Distributon in India: Bihar, Karnataka, Madhya Cyclosa neilensis Tikader, 1977 (Image 24I) Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, and West Cyclosa neilensis Tikader, 1977: 179, fgs. 11A–D. Bengal. Cyclosa neilensis Tikader, 1982: 199, fgs. 388–393. Cyclosa neilensis Sen et al., 2015: 115, fgs. 681–687,

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15716 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 18 May 2020 | 12(7): 15711–15766 J TT Spider fauna of Madras Christan College campus Caleb pl. 22. Neoscona laglaizei Tikader, 1982: 263, fgs. 525–528. Cyclosa neilensis Roy, Saha & Raychaudhuri, 2017: 20, Eriovixia laglaizei Sen et al., 2015: 120, fgs. 748–753, fgs. 108–114, 187. pl. 23. Specimens examined: MCC-ARA272, 1 female, Specimens examined: MCC-ARA92, 1 female, 02.xi.2012, MCC, coll. John Caleb T.D. 24.ii.2012; MCC-ARA425, 1 male, 29.i.2013; MCC-ARA521, Global distributon: India. 1 male, 21.iii.2013, MCC, coll. John Caleb T.D. Distributon in India: Andaman Islands, Meghalaya, Global distributon: India, Bangladesh, China to Sikkim, Tamil Nadu (new record), and West Bengal. Philippines, and New Guinea. Distributon in India: Madhya Pradesh and Tamil Genus Cyrtophora Simon Nadu. Cyrtophora cicatrosa (Stoliczka, 1869) (Images 24J, 32D) Epeira cicatrosa Stoliczka, 1869: 242, pl. 20, fg. 5 Genus Gasteracantha Sundevall Araneus cicatrosa Pocock, 1900: 226. Gasteracantha geminata (Fabricius, 1798) (Images 3D, Cyrtophora cicatrosa Tikader, 1982: 179, fgs. 341– 24N) 345. Gasteracantha geminata Pocock, 1900: 233, fgs. 79. Cyrtophora cicatrosa Gajbe, 2007: 516, fgs. 278–282. Gasteracantha geminata Tikader, 1982: 53, fgs. 107– Cyrtophora cicatrosa Sen et al., 2015: 118, fgs. 728– 110. 736, pl. 23. Gasteracantha geminata Sankaran, Jobi & Sebastan, Cyrtophora cicatrosa Roy, Saha & Raychaudhuri, 2017: 2015: 147, fgs. 1A–F, 2A–F. 14, fgs. 58–62, 178. Specimens examined: MCC-ARA86, 1 female, Cyrtophora cicatrosa Tyagi et al., 2019: Supplement, 14.ii.2012; MCC-ARA107, 1 female, 06.iii.2012; MCC- fgs. S2.8, S3.23–24. ARA169, 1 female, 30.vii.2012; MCC-ARA312, 1 female, Specimens examined: MCC-ARA94, 1 female, 14.xi.2012, MCC, coll. John Caleb T.D. 28.ii.2012; MCC-ARA133, 1 female, 26.iii.2012, MCC, coll. Global distributon: India and Sri Lanka. John Caleb T.D Distributon in India: Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Global distributon: Pakistan to Australia (Northern Nadu. Territory) Distributon in India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Genus Larinia Simon Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Punjab, Larinia chloris (Audouin, 1826) (Image 24O) Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Utar Pradesh, and West Bengal. Larinia chloris Tikader, 1982: 206, fgs. 404–407. Larinia chloris Gajbe, 2007: 521, fgs. 296–298. Genus Eriovixia Archer Specimens examined: MCC-ARA269, 1 male, Eriovixia excelsa (Simon, 1889) (Images 3C, 24K, 32E) 26.x.2012; MCC-ARA538, 1 female, 25.iii.2013; MCC- Neoscona excelsus Tikader & Bal, 1981: 25, fgs. 50–54. ARA793, 1 female, 22.iv.2014, MCC, coll. John Caleb T.D. Araneus excelsus Tikader & Biswas, 1981: 20, fgs. Global distributon: Northern and eastern Africa to 16– 18. Israel, Turkey, Iran, India, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh. Neoscona excelsus Tikader, 1982: 261, fgs. 520–524. Distributon in India: Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Eriovixia excelsa Sen et al., 2015: 120, fgs. 754–758, and Tamil Nadu (new record). pl. 23. Eriovixia excelsa Roy, Saha & Raychaudhuri, 2017: 10, Genus Neoscona Simon fgs. 43–47, 174. Neoscona molemensis Tikader & Bal, 1981 (Images 3E–F, Specimens examined: MCC-ARA231, 1 female, 25A) 12.x.2012; MCC-ARA260, 1 female, 18.x.2012; MCC- Neoscona molemensis Tikader & Bal, 1981: 22, fgs. ARA267, 1 male, 26.x.2012; MCC-ARA279, 1 male, 40–44. 05.xi.2012; MCC-ARA305, 1 male, 08.xi.2012; MCC- Neoscona molemensis Tikader, 1982: 257, fgs. 510– ARA797, 1 female, 25.iv.2014, MCC, coll. John Caleb T.D. 514. Global distributon: India, Pakistan, China, Taiwan, Neoscona molemensis Barrion & Litsinger, 1995: 627, Philippines, and Indonesia fgs. 396a–e. Distributon in India: Maharashtra, Gujarat, Kerala, Specimens examined: MCC-ARA464–ARA465, 2 Bihar, Eastern Himalaya, Tamil Nadu, and West Bengal. females, 14.ii.2013, MCC, coll. John Caleb T.D. Global distributon: Bangladesh, India to Philippines, Eriovixia laglaizei (Simon, 1877) (Images 24L, M) and Indonesia Neoscona laglaizei Tikader & Bal, 1981: 27, fgs. 55–58. Distributon in India: Goa, Madhya Pradesh and Tamil

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Nadu (new record). 10.x.2012; MCC-ARA235, 1 female, 16.x.2012; MCC- ARA290, 1 female, 06.xi.2012; MCC-ARA325–ARA326, Neoscona mukerjei Tikader, 1980 (Image 25B) 1 female & 1 male, 23.xi.2012; MCC-ARA459, 1 female, Neoscona mukerjei Tikader, 1980b: 247, fgs. 1–23. 13.ii.2013; MCC-ARA482, 1 female, 21.ii.2013, MCC, coll. Neoscona mukerji Gajbe, 2007: 528, fgs. 312–316. John Caleb T.D. Neoscona mukerjei Sen et al., 2015: 125, fgs. 805– Global distributon: Africa and Asia (without Russia). 810, pl. 24. Distributon in India: Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Neoscona mukharji Ade & Dixit, 2016: 730, fgs. 4a–i. Kerala Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Tamil Specimens examined: MCC-ARA332, 1 female, Nadu, and West Bengal. 03.xii.2012, MCC, coll. John Caleb T.D. Global distributon: India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh Genus Parawixia F.O.P. Cambridge Distributon in India: Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Parawixia dehaani (Doleschall, 1859) (Images 3J–L, 25D, Pradesh, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, 32F) Tamil Nadu (new record), and West Bengal. Araneus dehaani Pocock, 1900: 225, fg. 72. Parawixia dehaanii Tikader, 1982: 212, fgs. 414–418. Neoscona vigilans (Blackwall, 1865) (Images 3G–I, 25C) Parawixia dehaani Sen et al., 2015: 119, fgs. 743–747, Araneus rumpf Pocock, 1900: 228. pl. 23. Neoscona rumpf Tikader & Bal, 1981: 18, fgs. 31–35. Parawixia dehaani Roy, Saha & Raychaudhuri, 2017: Neoscona rumpf Gajbe, 2007: 529, fgs. 317–321. 22, fgs. 127–131, 190. Neoscona rumpf Sen et al., 2015: 126, fgs. 811–816, Specimens examined: MCC-ARA96, 1 female, pl. 24. 28.ii.2012; MCC-ARA98, 1 female, 29.ii.2012; MCC- Specimens examined: MCC-ARA198, 1 female, ARA129, 1 female, 26.iii.2012, MCC, coll. John Caleb T.D.

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Global distributon: India to Philippines, Indonesia, Remarks: Clubiona foliata Keswani & Vankhede, 2014 and New Guinea. was described based on a holotype female, an allotype Distributon in India: Karnataka, Kerala, Sikkim, Tamil male and six paratypes from Vidarbha, Maharashtra, Nadu (new record) and West Bengal. India. The type material could not be studied; however, the illustratons are of good quality and sufcient for Genus Poltys C.L. Koch comparison. The epigyne matches unambiguously with Poltys nagpurensis Tikader, 1982 (Images 3M–Q, 25E) that of C. flicata (cf. fgs 1–6 in Keswani & Vankhede Poltys nagpurensis Tikader, 1982: 169, fgs. 321–325. (2014) with fgs 29–31 in Dankitpakul et al. (2012) and Poltys illepidus Keswani, 2015: 8, fgs. 1–4. Images 4A–F herein) and no signifcant diferences could Poltys illepidus Rajoria, 2015: 6, fgs. 1–7. be found in the male palp except that it is in an expanded Poltys nagpurensis Zamani et al., 2019: 4, fgs. 1a–f, state and has rotated clockwise (cf. fgs 12–13 in Keswani 2a–g, 3a–h. & Vankhede (2014) with fgs 25–28 in Dankitpakul et al. Specimens examined: MCC-ARA503, 1 female, (2012). 06.iii.2013, MCC, coll. John Caleb T.D. Another species, Clubiona pashabhaii Patel & Patel, Global distributon: Iran and India. 1973 was described based on a holotype female and a Distributon in India: Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu paratype female from Vallabh Vidhyanagar, Gujarat. The (new record). original illustratons of the species show the abdominal patern and characteristc epigynal morphology which Family Cheiracanthiidae Wagner match with that of C. flicata (cf. fgs 1a,b in Patel & Patel Genus Cheiracanthium C.L. Koch (1973) with fgs 29–31 in Dankitpakul et al. (2012) and Cheiracanthium sp. (Image 25F) Images 4D, E herein). Specimens examined: MCC-ARA28, 1 female, C. flicata was originally described from Bombay 20.vii.2010; MCC-ARA108, 1 female, 15.iii.2012; MCC- (Mumbai) (O.P.-Cambridge, 1874) and was later recorded ARA259, 1 male 18.x.2012; MCC-ARA306–ARA307, 1 from other locatons from southeastern Asia. Based on female & 1 male, 08.xi.2012; MCC-ARA467, 1 female, the observatons mentoned above and considering their 14.ii.2013, MCC, coll. John Caleb T.D. proximity to the type locality of C. flicata, both C. foliata Distributon in India: Tamil Nadu. Keswani & Vankhede, 2014 and C. pashabhaii Patel & Patel, 1973 are to be considered junior synonyms of C. Family Clubionidae Wagner flicata. Genus Clubiona Latreille Clubiona flicata O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1874 (Images Family Corinnidae Karsch 4A–F, 25G) Genus Aetus O. Pickard-Cambridge Clubiona flicata O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1874: 413, pl. Aetus decollatus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897 (Images 52, fg. 35. 5A–F, 25H) Clubiona flicata Gravely, 1931: 261, fg. 16D. Aetus decollatus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897: 1077, Clubiona pashabhaii Patel & Patel, 1973: 2, fgs. 1a–c. pl. 52, fg. 1. Syn. nov. Aetus decollatus Reimoser, 1934: 491. Clubiona flicata Tikader & Biswas, 1981: 69, fgs. 120– Aetus decollatus Majumder & Tikader, 1991: 161, fgs. 121. 338–342. Clubiona flicata Majumder & Tikader, 1991: 23, fgs. Aetus decollatus Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001: 336, fgs. 30–35. 496–501. Clubiona flicata Dankitpakul et al., 2012: 59, fgs. Aetus decollatus Sudhin et al., 2016: 490, fgs. 1–8. 25–31. Aetus decollatus Caleb & Mathai, 2016b: 36, fgs. 1–20. Clubiona foliata Keswani & Vankhede, 2014: 36, fgs. Specimens examined: SRC-ZSI I/SP 21, 1 male, 1–13. Syn. nov. 11.x.2012; SRC-ZSI I/SP 22, 1 female, 18.iii.2013, MCC, Specimens examined: MCC-ARA318, 1 female, coll. John Caleb T.D. 15.xi.2012; MCC-ARA537, 1 female, 25.iii.2013, MCC, coll. Global distributon: India and Sri Lanka. John Caleb T.D. Distributon in India: Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Global distributon: India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Thailand, Myanmar, Laos, and China. Genus Cambalida Simon Distributon in India: Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Cambalida favipes (Gravely, 1931) (Images 6A–F, 25I) Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu (new record), and Castaneira favipes Gravely, 1931: 275, fgs. 20D–E. West Bengal. Castaneira favipes Tikader, 1981: 260, fgs. 5–8.

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Castaneira favipes Majumder & Tikader, 1991: 135, John Caleb T.D. fgs. 276–281. Global distributon: India to China, Philippines, and Castaneira favipes Sen et al., 2015: 71, fgs. 386–393, Indonesia (Sumatra, Sulawesi). pl. 18. Distributon in India: Tamil Nadu (new record) and Cambalida favipes Murthappa et al., 2016: 533. West Bengal. Cambalida favipes Dhali, Saha & Raychaudhuri, 2017: 53, fgs. 201–208, pl. 20. Family Deinopidae C.L. Koch Specimens examined: MCC-ARA39, 1 female, Genus Asianopis Lin & Li 30.vii.2010; MCC-ARA280, 1 female, 05.xi.2012; MCC- Asianopis liukensis (Yin, Griswold & Yan, 2002) (Images ARA324, 1 female, 23.xi.2012; MCC-ARA424, 1 female, 25L,M, 32H) 29.i.2013; MCC-ARA714, 1 female, 03.xii.2013, MCC, coll. Deinopis scrubjunglei Caleb & Mathai, 2014a: 2, fgs. John Caleb T.D. 1–20. Global distributon: India. Asianopis liukensis Lin et al., 2020: 74, fgs 2B, E, F, I, Distributon in India: Karnataka, Odisha, and Tamil 4–8, 19, 21A, 22A, G, 23. Nadu. Specimen examined: Types of D. scrubjunglei: SRC-ZSI I/SP 19, Holotype male, MCC, 5.xii.2013, coll. John Caleb Genus Coenoptychus Simon T.D.; SRC-ZSI I/SP 20, paratype female, 22.iv.2014, MCC, Coenoptychus pulcher Simon, 1885 (Images 5G–L, 25J) coll. John Caleb T.D. and Karthy. Coenoptychus pulcher Simon, 1885a: 37. Global distributon: India and China. Coenoptychus pulcher Gravely, 1931: 276, fgs. 20G. Distributon in India: Tamil Nadu. Coenoptychus pulcher Majumder & Tikader, 1991: 145, fgs. 306–310. Family Eresidae C.L. Koch Coenoptychus pulcher Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001: 329, Genus Stegodyphus Simon fgs. 486–488. Stegodyphus sarasinorum Karsch, 1891 (Images 25N, Coenoptychus pulcher Paul et al., 2018: 165, fgs. 1A– 33A) D, 2A–H, 3A–F, 4A–C, F–K. Stegodyphus sarasinorum Pocock, 1900: 209, fg. 65. Specimens examined: MCC-ARA470, 1 female, Stegodyphus sarasinorum Bradoo, 1975: 239, fgs. 9, 14.ii.2013; MCC-ARA505, 1 female, 11.iii.2013; MCC- 11. ARA606–ARA607, 1 female & 1 male, 18.vii.2013, MCC, Stegodyphus sarasinorum Tikader & Biswas, 1981: 15, coll. John Caleb T.D. fgs. 5–7. Global distributon: India and Sri Lanka. Stegodyphus sarasinorum Kraus & Kraus, 1989: 204, Distributon in India: Kerala and Tamil Nadu. fgs. 21–27, 103, 110, 117, 120, 125, 139–141. Stegodyphus sarasinorum Gajbe, 2007: 428, fgs. 16– Genus Corinnomma Karsch 19. Corinnomma severum (Thorell, 1877) (Images 6G–J, 25K) Specimens examined: MCC-ARA319, 1 female, Castaneira himalayensis Gravely, 1931: 275, fg. 20C. 15.xi.2012; MCC, coll. John Caleb T.D. Corinnomma harmandi Gravely, 1931: 276, fg. 20F. Global distributon: India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, and Castaneira himalayensis Tikader & Biswas, 1981: 72, Myanmar. fgs. 127–128. Distributon in India: Kerala, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Castaneira himalayensis Tikader, 1981: 265, fgs. 14– Odisha, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal, Tamil 16. Nadu, Utar Pradesh, and northwestern Himalaya. Castaneira himalayensis Majumder & Tikader, 1991: 137, fgs. 282–286. Stegodyphus tbialis (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1869) Castaneira himalayensis Sen et al., 2015: 71, fgs. (Images 7A–G, 25O) 394–398, pl. 18. Stegodyphus socialis Pocock, 1900: 209. Castaneira himalayensis Dhali, Saha & Raychaudhuri, Stegodyphus tbialis Phanuel, 1963: 305, fgs. 1–9. 2017: 55, fgs. 219–223, pl. 20. Stegodyphus tbialis Kraus & Kraus, 1989: 226, fgs. Corinnomma severum Sankaran, Caleb & Sebastan, 199, 208, 218–223. 2019: 334, fgs. 2A–C,E. Stegodyphus tbialis Gunt, Srinivasulu & Devender, Specimens examined: MCC-ARA685, 1 female, 2016: 1, fg. 1. 05.xi.2013; MCC-ARA308, 1 female, 08.xi.2012; MCC- Stegodyphus tbialis El-Hennawy, 2016: 33, fgs. 1–10. ARA85, 1 female, 02.ii.2012; MCC-ARA113, 1 female, Specimens examined: MCC-ARA283, 1 female, 21.iii.2012; MCC-ARA740, 1 male, 16.xii.2013, MCC, coll. 05.xi.2012, MCC, coll. John Caleb T.D.

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Global distributon: India, Myanmar, Thailand, and Hersilia tbialis Baehr & Baehr, 1993: 51, fgs. 7, 34a–f. China. Specimens examined: MCC-ARA42, 1 female, Distributon in India: Karnataka, Maharashtra, 30.x.2010; MCC-ARA200, 1 female, 10.x.2012; MCC- Madhya Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu. ARA274–ARA275, 2 females, 02.xi.2012, MCC, coll. John Caleb T.D. Family Gnaphosidae Pocock Global distributon: India and Sri Lanka. Genus Poecilochroa Westring Distributon in India: Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Poecilochroa tridotus Caleb & Mathai, 2013 (Image 26A) Poecilochroa tridotus Caleb & Mathai, 2013: 2, fgs. Family Idiopidae Simon 1a–f. Genus Idiops Perty Specimens examined: SRC-ZSI I/SP 17, holotype Idiops constructor (Pocock, 1900) (Images 9A–G, 26E, F) female, MCC, 18.iii.2013, coll. John Caleb T.D. Acanthodon constructor Pocock, 1900: 163. Global distributon: India. Titanidiops constructor Simon, 1903: 890. Distributon in India: Tamil Nadu. Idiops constructor Schwendinger, 1991: 240, fgs. 14, 16, 19. Genus Zelotes Gistel Specimens examined: WILD-13-ARA-1235, 1 male, Zelotes tambaramensis Caleb & Mathai, 2013 (Images 13.v.2010, MCC, coll. Sam Thomas; WILD-13-ARA-1234, 1 26B) female, 29.i.2013, MCC, coll. John Caleb T.D. Zelotes tambaramensis Caleb & Mathai, 2013: 5, fgs. Global distributon: India. 2a–f. Distributon in India: Tamil Nadu. Specimens examined: SRC-ZSI I/SP 18, holotype female, MCC, 11.iii.2013, coll. John Caleb T.D. Family Liocranidae Simon Global distributon: India. Genus Oedignatha Thorell Distributon in India: Tamil Nadu. Oedignatha scrobiculata Thorell, 1881 (Images 10A–F, 26G) Family Hersiliidae Thorell Oedignatha scrobiculata Gravely, 1931: 268, fgs. 18C– Genus Hersilia Audouin D. Hersilia savignyi Lucas, 1836 (Images 8A–E, 26C) Castaneira bengalensis Biswas, 1984: 120, fgs. 4–6. Hersilia calcutensis Stoliczka, 1869: 216, pl. 20, fg. 9. Castaneira bengalensis Majumder & Tikader, 1991: Hersilia savignyi Simon, 1885a: 19, pl. 10, fgs. 18–19. 141, fgs. 297–301. Hersilia savignyi Pocock, 1900: 241, fg. 82. Oedignatha scrobiculata Majumder & Tikader, 1991: Hersilia savignyi Gravely, 1922: 1050, pl. 5, fg. 13. 116, fgs. 240–245. Hersilia savignyi Tikader & Biswas, 1981: 47, fgs. 74– Oedignatha scrobiculata Sankaran, Caleb & Sebastan, 76. 2019: 338, fgs. 5A–E,H. Hersilia savignyi Baehr & Baehr, 1993: 29, fgs. 5, 22a– Specimens examined: MCC-ARA517, 1 female, f. 18.iii.2013; MCC-ARA574, 1 male, 10.vi.2013, MCC, coll. Hersilia savignyi Gajbe, 2007: 434, fgs. 26–30. John Caleb T.D. Hersilia aadi Pravalikha, Srinivasulu & Srinivasulu, Global distributon: Seychelles, Reunion, India, 2014: 5554, images 1a–j, 2, 3a–f, fgs. 1a–c. Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia, and Taiwan. Hersilia savignyi Caleb et al., 2017: 396, fgs. 1–3. Introduced to Germany. Hersilia savignyi Tyagi et al., 2019: Supplement, fgs. Distributon in India: Maharashtra, Odisha, Tamil S2.23, S3.25. Nadu, and West Bengal. Specimens examined: MCC-ARA199, 1 male, 10.x.2012; MCC-ARA277–ARA278, 1 female & 1 male, Family Lycosidae Sundevall 02.xi.2012; MCC-ARA659, 1 female, 18.x.2013, MCC, coll. Genus Draposa Kronestedt John Caleb T.D. Draposa atropalpis (Gravely, 1924) (Image 26H) Global distributon: Sri Lanka and India to Philippines. Pardosa atropalpis Gravely, 1924: 610, fg. 5B. Distributon in India: Assam, Bihar, Odisha, Kerala, Pardosa atropalpis Tikader & Malhotra, 1980: 325, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, fgs. 153–156. Utar Pradesh, and West Bengal. Draposa atropalpis Kronestedt, 2010: 34, fgs. 1–2, 8–9, 12–14, 19–20, 23, 29. Hersilia tbialis Baehr & Baehr, 1993 (Images 8F–H, 26D) Specimens examined: MCC-ARA194, 1 male, Hersilia pectnata Sinha, 1951b: 123, fg. 2. 09.x.2012; MCC-ARA690, 1 female, 23.xi.2013; MCC-

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ARA542–ARA543, 1 male & 1 female, 25.iii.2013; MCC- Genus Lycosa Latreille ARA712–ARA713, 1 male & 1 female, 03.xii.2013; MCC- Lycosa bistriata Gravely, 1924 (Image 26K) ARA504, 1 female, 6.iii.2013; MCC-ARA575, 1 female, Lycosa bistriata Gravely, 1924: 600. 10.vi.2013; MCC-ARA588, 1 male, 21.vi.2013, MCC, coll. Lycosa bistriata Sinha, 1951a: 21. John Caleb T.D & Soreiphy Mungkung. Lycosa bistriata Tikader & Malhotra, 1980: 385, fgs. Global distributon: India and Sri Lanka. 261–263. Distributon in India: Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Lycosa bistriata Buchar, 1997: 26, fgs. 29. Karnataka, Kerala, Odisha, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal. Lycosa bistriata Gajbe, 2007: 506, fgs. 257–259. Lycosa bistriata Sen et al., 2015: 53, fgs. 264–268, pl. Genus Hippasa Simon 16. Hippasa greenalliae (Blackwall, 1867) (Images 11A-G, Lycosa bistriata Dhali, Saha & Raychaudhuri, 2017: 83, 26I, 33B) fgs. 443–447, pl. 24. Lycosa greenalliae Blackwall, 1867: 387. Specimens examined: MCC-ARA316, 1 male, Hippasa greenalliae Simon, 1885a: 31, pl. 10, fg. 6. 14.xi.2012; MCC-ARA547, 1 female, 25.iii.2013; MCC- Hippasa pantherina Pocock, 1899: 752. ARA720–ARA721, 1 female & 1 male, 5.xii.2013, MCC, Hippasa pantherina Pocock, 1900: 250. coll. John Caleb T.D. & Soreiphy Mungkung. Hippasa pantherina Gravely, 1924: 594, fg. 1F. Global distributon: India and Bhutan. Hippasa greenalliae Tikader & Malhotra, 1980: 277, Distributon in India: Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu fgs. 72–76. and West Bengal. Hippasa greenalliae Sen et al., 2015: 47, fgs. 188–192, pl. 14. Lycosa indagatrix Walckenaer, 1837 (Image 26L) Hippasa greenalliae Dhali, Saha & Raychaudhuri, Lycosa catula Simon, 1885b: 459, pl. 10, fg. 4. 2017: 69, fgs. 317–321, pl. 23. Lycosa indagatrix Gravely, 1924: 599, fgs. 2A, 3A. Specimens examined: MCC-ARA132, 1 female, Hogna catula Reimoser, 1934: 471, fg. 4. 26.iii.2012; MCC-ARA266, 1 female, 26.x.2012; MCC- Lycosa catula Sinha, 1951a: 20, f. ARA463, 1 female, 13.ii.2013; MCC-ARA507, 1 female, Lycosa indagatrix Tikader & Malhotra, 1980: 411, fgs. 11.iii.2013, MCC, coll. John Caleb T.D. 306–310. Global distributon: India, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka. Lycosa indagatrix Dhali, Saha & Raychaudhuri, 2017: Distributon in India: Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya 80, fgs. 404–409, pl. 24. Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Gujarat, Sikkim, Tamil Specimens examined: MCC-ARA646–ARA647, 2 Nadu, and West Bengal. females, 12.viii.2013, MCC, coll. John Caleb T.D. Global distributon: India and Sri Lanka. Hippasa madraspatana Gravely, 1924 (Images 11H–L, Distributon in India: Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. 26J) Hippasa madraspatana Gravely, 1924: 595, fgs. 1J. Genus Wadicosa Zyuzin Hippasa madraspatana Tikader & Malhotra, 1980: Wadicosa fdelis (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872) (Image 289, fgs. 93–96. 26M) Hippasa madraspatana Sen et al., 2015: 46, fgs. 177– Lycosa fdelis O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872: 319. 182, pl. 14. Lycosa birmanica Gravely, 1924: 607, fg. 4J. Hippasa madraspatana Dhali, Saha & Raychaudhuri, Pardosa bhatnagari Sadana, 1971: 226, fgs. 1–4. 2017: 68, fgs. 306–311, pl. 23. Pardosa birmanica Buchar, 1976: 206, fg. 4H. Specimens examined: MCC-ARA197, 1 female, Pardosa birmanica Tikader & Malhotra, 1980: 329, 9.x.2012; MCC-ARA366, 1 male, 12.xii.2012; MCC- fgs. 163–167. ARA466, 1 female, 14.ii.2013; MCC-ARA506, 1 female, Pardosa birmanica Tikader & Biswas, 1981: 52, fgs. 11.iii.2013; MCC-ARA610, 1 male, 18.vii.2013; MCC- 82–83. ARA717, 1 female, 3.xii.2013, MCC, coll. John Caleb T.D. & Pardosa birmanica Gajbe, 2007: 499, fgs. 235–239. Soreiphy Mungkung. Pardosa birmanica Sen et al., 2015: 50, fgs. 224– Global distributon: India. 228, pl. 15. Distributon in India: Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, and West Wadicosa fdelis Lu et al., 2016: 137, fgs. 9A–H, 10A– Bengal. D, 11A–D, 12E–F. Pardosa birmanica Dhali, Saha & Raychaudhuri, 2017: 74, fgs. 353–357, pl. 25. Specimens examined: MCC-ARA837, 2 females,

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Images 8A–E. Hersilia savygnyi. A—lef palp, prolateral view | B—same, ventral view | C—same, retrolateral view; D—epigyne, ventral view | E—vulva, dorsal view. F–H. Hersilia tbialis. F—Carapace, front view | G—epigyne, ventral view | H—vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–E— 0.5mm. © John Caleb

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27.ix.2014; MCC-ARA858–ARA860, 1 male & 2 females, level. The female makes an elongated pod shaped egg 4.x.2014, MCC, coll. John Caleb T.D. & Soreiphy Mungkung. sac. Eggs are usually laid on a dry leaf and covered with Global distributon: Macaronesia, northern Africa, silk and suspended on a strand of silk while the female southern Europe, Caucasus, Middle East, central Asia, guards the egg sac clinging in an upside-down positon China, Japan, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Philippines, and (Image 13G). Variatons in the external appearance Indonesia (Sumatra). occur among individuals depending upon the age. Older Distributon in India: Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, spiders are mostly darker while younger ones are brightly Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, coloured. Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Odisha, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Utarakhand, Utar Pradesh, and West Bengal. Hamataliwa sp. 2 (Images 13H–M, 27C) Specimens examined: NCBS-QA459, 1 female, Wadicosa quadrifera (Gravely, 1924) (Images 12A–G, 10.x.2012; NCBS-QA462, 1 male, 03.xii.2013; NCBS- 26N–O) QA460, 1 female, 8.xi.2012; NCBS-QA461, 1 female, Lycosa quadrifera Gravely, 1924: 608, fg. 4K. 25.iii.2013; NCBS-QA458, 1 female, 12.vi.2010: MCC, all Lycosa quadrifer Tikader & Malhotra, 1980: 422, fgs. coll. John Caleb T.D. 324–326 Wadicosa quadrifer Kronestedt, 1993: 314, fgs. 1–6. Genus Oxyopes Latreille Wadicosa quadrifera Kronestedt, 2017: 296, fgs. 2, 4, Oxyopes hindostanicus Pocock, 1902 (Images 14A–E, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 17–18. 27D) Specimens examined: MCC-ARA99, 1 female, Oxyopes hindostanicus Pocock, 1901: 482. 29.ii.2012; MCC-ARA202–ARA203, 2 females, 10.x.2012; Oxyopes hindostanicus Sherrifs, 1951: 657, fgs. 8–13. MCC-ARA201, 1 male, 10.x.2012; MCC-ARA722–ARA723, Oxyopes hindostanicus Sherrifs, 1955: 304, fg. 34. 1 female & 1 male, 5.xii.2013, MCC, coll. John Caleb T.D. & Oxyopes hindostanicus Gajbe, 2008: 51, fgs. 102–105. Soreiphy Mungkung Specimens examined: MCC-ARA368, 1 female, Global distributon: India and Sri Lanka. 23.xii.2012; MCC-ARA468, 1 female, 14.ii.2013; MCC- Distributon in India: Kerala, Karnataka, and Tamil ARA715, 1 female, 3.xii.2013, coll. John Caleb T.D. Nadu. Global distributon: India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. Distributon in India: Utar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Family Oecobiidae Blackwall Genus Oecobius Lucas Oxyopes sp. (Image 27E) Oecobius putus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1876 (Image 27A) Specimens examined: MCC-ARA104, 1 female, Oecobius putus Tikader, 1962: 682, fgs. 1a–d. 6.iii.2012; MCC-ARA29, 1 female, 20.vii.2010; MCC- Oecobius putus Tikader & Biswas, 1981: 12, fgs. 1–4. ARA321, 1 female, 15.xi.2012, MCC, coll. John Caleb T.D. Oecobius putus Gajbe, 2007: 427, fgs. 11–15. Distributon in India: Tamil Nadu. Specimens examined: MCC-ARA89, 1 female, 14.ii.2012; MCC-ARA38, 1 female, 30.vii.2010; MCC- Genus Peuceta Thorell ARA431–ARA432, 1 male & 1 female, 8.ii.2013, MCC, coll. Peuceta viridana (Stoliczka, 1869) (Image 27F) John Caleb T.D. Sphasus viridanus Stoliczka, 1869: 220, pl. 20, fg. 1. Global distributon: Egypt, Sudan to Iran, Azerbaijan, Peuceta viridana Pocock, 1900: 255, fgs. 86. and India. Introduced to USA and Mexico. Peuceta viridana Tikader & Biswas, 1981: 65, fgs. Distributon in India: Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, 110–111. Tamil Nadu (new record), and West Bengal. Specimens examined: MCC-ARA204, 1 female, 10.x.2012; MCC-ARA322, 1 female, 15.xi.2012; MCC- Family Oxyopidae Thorell ARA511–ARA512, 1 male & 1 female, 11.iii.2013; MCC- Genus Hamataliwa Keyserling ARA724, 1 female, 5.xii.2013, MCC, coll. John Caleb T.D. Hamataliwa sp. 1 (Images 13A–G, 27B) Global distributon: Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Specimens examined: NCBS-QA463, 1 female, Bangladesh, and Myanmar. 18.iii.2013; NCBS-QA465, 1 male, 20.xi.2013; NCBS- Distributon in India: Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and West QA464, 1 female, 19.vii.2013; MCC-ARA658, 1 female, Bengal. 18.x.2013; NCBS-QA467, 1 male, 28.ii.2014: MCC, all coll. John Caleb T.D. Natural History: Found among low vegetaton at MCC campus. This species is usually found about the ground

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Family Philodromidae Thorell and numerous islands. Genus Tibellus Simon Distributon in India: Tamil Nadu and West Bengal. Tibellus elongatus Tikader, 1960 (Image 27G) Tibellus elongatus Tikader, 1960: 176, fgs. 3a–b. Pholcus sp. (Image 27L) Tibellus elongatus Tikader, 1971: 82, fgs. 20E–F. Specimens examined: MCC-ARA311, 1 female, Tibellus elongatus Tikader, 1980a: 217, fgs. 288–289. 14.xi.2012; MCC-ARA427, 1 female, 29.i.2013; MCC- Tibellus elongatus Tikader & Biswas, 1981: 88, fgs. ARA114, 1 female, 21.iii.2012, MCC, coll. John Caleb T.D. 152–153. Distributon in India: Tamil Nadu. Specimens examined: MCC-ARA40, 1 female, 30.vii.2010; MCC-ARA602, 1 female, 27.vi.2013, MCC, coll. Family Saltcidae Blackwall John Caleb T.D. Genus Bianor Peckham & Peckham Global distributon: India. Bianor balius Thorell, 1890 (Images 15A–C, 27M) Distributon in India: Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Bianor carli Reimoser, 1934: 506, fg. 27. Tamil Nadu (new record), and West Bengal. Bianor incitatus Logunov, 2001: 236, fgs. 87–104. Bianor balius Logunov, 2019: 102, fgs. 12–16. Family Pholcidae C.L. Koch Specimens examined: MCC-ARA210, 1 female, Genus Artema Walckenaer 11.x.2012; MCC-ARA421, 1 male 21.i.2013; MCC-ARA500, Artema atlanta Walckenaer, 1837 (Image 27H) 1 female, 27.ii.2013, MCC, coll. John Caleb T.D. Artema atlanta Pocock, 1900: 239, fg. 81. Global distributon: India, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, China, Artema atlanta Tikader & Biswas, 1981: 18, fgs. 12. Japan (Ryukyu Is.), Thailand, Cambodia, Malaysia, Specimens examined: MCC-ARA686–ARA687, 1 male Indonesia, and Kiribat (Caroline Is.) & 1 female, 15.xi.2013, MCC, coll. John Caleb T.D. Distributon in India: Bihar, Karnataka, Madhya Global distributon: Northern Africa and Middle East. Pradesh, Meghalaya, and Tamil Nadu. Introduced elsewhere (mainly tropical and subtropical regions). Genus Bretus Thorell Distributon in India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Bretus cf. adonis Simon, 1900 (Images 15D, 27N) Kerala, Maharashtra, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Utar Pradesh, Bretus adonis Simon, 1900: 32. and West Bengal. Porta adonis Simon, 1901: 402. Bretus adonis Wanless, 1979: 186, fgs. 1B,D,F,H; 2D– Genus Crossopriza Simon E; 3A. Crossopriza lyoni (Blackwall, 1867) (Images 27I,J) Specimens examined: MCC-ARA550, 1 female, Crossopriza lyoni Pocock, 1900: 240. 7.v.2013, MCC, coll. Nagoor Meerasa Mohammed Crossopriza lyoni Tikader & Biswas, 1981: 18, fgs. Global distributon: India and Sri Lanka. 13–15. Distributon in India: Tamil Nadu. Crossopriza lyoni Sen et al., 2015: 88, fgs. 514–518, pl. 19. Genus Carrhotus Thorell Specimens examined: MCC-ARA87, 1 male, 14.ii.2012; Carrhotus viduus (C.L. Koch, 1846) (Image 27O) MCC-ARA284, 1 female, 5.xi.2012, MCC, coll. John Caleb Carrhotus viduus Pocock, 1904: 804, pl. 66, fg. 8. T.D. Carrhotus viduus Jastrzębski, 1999: 4, fgs. 8–11. Global distributon: Africa. Introduced to USA, Plexippus gajbei Karthikeyani & Kannan, 2013: 43, fgs. Venezuela, Germany, China, Japan, Korea, tropical Asia, 1a–c, images 1–2. and Australia. Carrhotus viduus Roy, Saha & Raychaudhuri, 2016: 18, Distributon in India: Tamil Nadu and West Bengal. fgs. 14A–E, 25C, 27J. Carrhotus viduus Caleb, 2016a: 273, fgs. 1–5. Genus Pholcus Walckenaer Specimens examined: MCC-ARA207, 1 male, Pholcus phalangioides (Fuesslin, 1775) (Image 27K) 11.x.2012; MCC-ARA458, 1 female, 13.ii.2013; MCC- Pholcus phalangioides Sen et al., 2015: 88, fgs. 509– ARA502, 1 female, 27.ii.2013, MCC, coll. John Caleb T.D. 513, pl. 19. Global distributon: India to China. Specimens examined: MCC-ARA286–ARA287, 2 Distributon in India: Assam, Lakshadweep Islands, females, 5.xi.2012; MCC-ARA288, 1 male, 5.xi.2012; MCC- Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, and West Bengal. ARA426, 1 female, 29.i.2013, MCC, coll. John Caleb T.D. Global distributon: Western Asia. Introduced to both Americas, Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, New Zealand,

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Genus Chrysilla Thorell Genus Harmochirus Simon Chrysilla volupe (Karsch, 1879) (Image 28A) Harmochirus exaggeratus Caleb & Mathai, 2015 (Images Chrysilla volupe Caleb, 2016a: 271. 15H–K, 16A–C, 28C) Chrysilla volupe Caleb et al., 2018: 144, fgs. 1–25. Harmochirus exaggeratus Caleb & Mathai, 2015: 117, Specimens examined: MCC-ARA30, 1 male, fgs. 1–26. 20.vii.2010, MCC, Chennai, coll. Sam Thomas. Specimens examined: NCBS-QA471, holotype Global distributon: Sri Lanka, India, and Bhutan. male, MCC, 27.ii.2014; NCBS-QA472, allotype female, Distributon in India: Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, 12.viii.2013; NCBS-QA468, 1 paratype male, 10.vi.2013; Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Utarakhand, and West Bengal. NCBS-QA470, 1 male, 19.vii.2013; NCBS-QA473, 1 female, 27.vi.2013: all coll. John Caleb T.D. Genus Cyrba Simon Global distributon: India. Cyrba ocellata (Kroneberg, 1875) (Images 15E–G, 28B) Distributon in India: Tamil Nadu. Cyrba micans Simon, 1885b: 457. Natural History: Found among grass and leaf liter in Cyrba ocellata Wanless, 1984: 455, fgs. 7A–F, 8A–G, the scrub. 18A–C. Cyrba ocellata Talwar et al., 2017: 139, fgs. 1–13. Harmochirus zabkai Logunov, 2001 (Images 16D–E, 28D) Cyrba ocellata Majagi et al., 2018: 16, fgs. 1–6. Harmochirus brachiatus Tikader, 1976: 410, fgs. 1–5. Specimens examined: MCC-ARA31, 1 male, Harmochirus zabkai Logunov, 2001: 260, fgs. 248– 20.vii.2010, MCC, coll. Sam Thomas. 256. Global distributon: Eastern Africa to India and Specimens examined: MCC-ARA429, 1 male, Indonesia, Caucasus to central Asia, and China. Introduced 29.i.2013, MCC, coll. John Caleb T.D. to Australia (Queensland). Global distributon: Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Distributon in India: Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu. Laos, and Vietnam. Distributon in India: Karnataka, Maharashtra, Punjab,

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and Tamil Nadu. Phidippus indicus Tikader, 1974a: 122, fgs. 5–9. Phidippus indicus Tikader & Biswas, 1981: 92, fgs. Genus Hasarius Simon 160–163. Hasarius adansoni (Audouin, 1826) (Image 28E) Hyllus semicupreus Prószyński, 1992: 180, fgs. 57, Hasarius adansoni Prószyński & Deeleman-Reinhold, 60–64. 2010: 168, fgs. 79–84. Hyllus semicupreus Roy, Saha & Raychaudhuri, 2016: Specimens examined: MCC-ARA589, 1 male, 16, fgs. 12A–E, 25A, 27H. 21.vi.2013, MCC, coll. John Caleb T.D. Specimens examined: MCC-ARA264, 1 male, Global distributon: Africa. Introduced to both 18.x.2012; MCC-ARA261, 1 female, 18.x.2012; MCC- Americas, Europe, India, Laos, Vietnam, China, and Japan ARA97, 1 male, 29.ii.2012; MCC-ARA109, 1 female, Distributon in India: Tamil Nadu (new record) and 15.iii.2012; MCC-ARA320, 1 female, 15.xi.2012, MCC, coll. West Bengal. John Caleb T.D. Global distributon: India, Sri Lanka. Genus Hyllus C.L. Koch Distributon in India: Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Gujarat, Hyllus manu Caleb et al., 2014 (Images 16F–H, 28F–G) Tamil Nadu (new record), and West Bengal. Hyllus manu Caleb et al., 2014: 635, fgs. 1–10. Specimens examined: Holotype: SRC-ZSI I/SP 12, 1 Genus Langona Simon male, 10.vi.2013, MCC; paratypes from same locaton: Langona albolinea Caleb & Mathai, 2015 (Image 28I) SRC-ZSI I/SP 15, 1 male 12.xii.2013; SRC-ZSI I/SP 13, 1 Langona albolinea Caleb & Mathai, in Caleb, female, 10.vi.2013; SRC-ZSI I/SP 14, 1 female, 12.viii.2013; Mungkung & Mathai, 2015: 3, fgs. 6–15. NCBS-QA451, 1 female, 18.x.2013, coll. John Caleb T.D. & Specimens examined: NCBS-QA455, holotype male, Anulin Christudhas. MCC, 12.viii.2013, coll. John Caleb T.D. Global distributon: India. Global distributon: India. Distributon in India: Tamil Nadu. Distributon in India: Tamil Nadu.

Hyllus semicupreus (Simon, 1885) (Image 28H) Langona davidi (Caleb, Mungkung & Mathai, 2015) Thyene semicuprea Simon, 1885a: 4, 29, pl. 10, fg. 1. comb. nov. (Images 17H–J, 29C) Sandalodes semicupreus Simon, 1903: 689, fgs. 820– Mashonarus davidi Caleb, Mungkung & Mathai, 2015: 821. 5, fgs. 16–25.

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Images 15A–C. Bianor balius. A—dorsal view | B—lef palp, ventral view | C—same, retrolateral view. D—Bretus cf. adonis. Epigyne, ventral view. E–G. Cyrba ocellata. E—lef palp, ventral view | F—same, retrolateral view | G—epigyne, ventral view. H–K. Harmochirus exaggeratus. H—female leg I, retrolateral view | I—same, prolateral view | J—male leg I, retrolateral view | K—same, prolateral view. Scale bars: A, H–K—1mm; B–E, G—0.1mm. © John Caleb

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Images 16A–C. Harmochirus exaggeratus. A—lef palp, ventral view | B—same, retrolateral view | C—vulva, dorsal view. D–E. Harmochirus zabkai. D—lef palp, ventral view | E—same, retrolateral view. F–H. Hyllus manu. F—lef palp, ventral view | G—epigyne, ventral view | J— vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–B—0.5mm | D–E—0.1mm. © John Caleb

Phlegra davidi Logunov & Azarkina, 2018: 112, fgs. by Logunov & Azarkina (2018). It is assigned to Langona 504–506. based on the presence of a single RTA accompanied by Specimens examined: NCBS-QA483, holotype male, thick long setae (Fig. 17J) which is characteristc of the 04.x.2014, MCC, coll. Soreiphy Mungkung & John Caleb genus. T.D.; NCBS-AU138, 1 male, 13.ix.2016, MCC, coll. John Caleb T.D. Langona tgrina (Simon, 1885) (Images 18A–I, 28J) Global distributon: India. Aelurillus tgrinus Simon, 1885b: 456, pl. 10, fg. 9. Distributon in India: Tamil Nadu. Langona tgrina Heciak & Prószyński, 1983: 228, fgs. Remarks: The species was originally described in the 17,32,39. genus Mashonarus but was later transferred to Phlegra Specimens examined: MCC-ARA195, 1 female,

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9.x.2012; MCC-ARA285, 1 female, 5.xi.2012; MCC- described by Simon in 1885. There are no additonal ARA469, 1 male, 14.ii.2013; MCC-ARA508, 1 male, records of this species in the literature. The species was 11.iii.2013, MCC-ARA590–ARA591, 1 female & 1 male, known hitherto by the female sex only and the male is 21.vi.2013, MCC, coll. John Caleb T.D. described here for the frst tme. The species is discovered Diagnosis. The male palp resembles L. bhutanica but and redescribed 135 years afer its frst descripton. can be distnguished by the absence of fatened scale- Global distributon: India. like bristles at the edge of the tbial juncton (present in Distributon in India: Tamil Nadu. L. bhutanica) (cf. fg 10 in Heciak & Prószyński 1983 with Image 18E). Females can be readily distnguished by Genus Menemerus Simon its abdominal patern with a median lighter stripe with Menemerus bivitatus (Dufour, 1831) (Images 28K,L) lateral dark streaks (cf. fg. 39 in Heciak & Prószyński 1983 Menemerus bivitatus Sen et al., 2015: 33, fgs. 87–91, with Image 18F). pl. 13. Descripton. Male (in mm; Images 18A–E). Total length: Menemerus bivitatus Dhali, Saha & Raychaudhuri, 4.60; carapace: 2.46 long, 1.84 wide; abdomen: 2.14 long, 2017: 30, fgs. 43–47, pl. 17. 1.32 wide. Clypeus height 0.21. Eye measurements: AME Specimens examined: MCC-ARA196, 1 male, 9.x.2012; 0.33, ALE 0.19, PME 0.07, PLE 0.17, AER 1.10, PER 1.11, MCC-ARA209, 1 male, 11.x.2012; MCC-ARA330, 1 male, EFL 0.82. Leg measurements: I 3.49 (1.24, 0.76, 0.60, 23.xi.2012; MCC-ARA433, 1 female, 8.ii.2013; MCC- 0.46, 0.43); II 3.40 (1.14, 0.75, 0.65, 0.50, 0.36); III 4.62 ARA539, 1 female, 25.iii.2013; MCC-ARA645, 1 male, (1.47, 0.86, 0.78, 0.94, 0.57); IV 4.81 (1.46, 0.67, 1.20, 12.viii.2013, MCC, coll. John Caleb T.D. 0.95, 0.53). Leg formula: 4312. Carapace reddish-brown, Global distributon: Africa. Introduced to North, eye feld densely covered with golden-brown hairs. central, and South America, southern Europe, China, Posterior part of the carapace with a pair of faint white Japan, Australia, and Pacifc Islands. stripes. Outer margin of carapace lined by a broad band Distributon in India: Tamil Nadu (new record) and of white hairs (Image 18A). Clypeus covered with white West Bengal. hairs (Image 18B). Anterior eyes surrounded by yellow- white scales. Sternum oval, yellow brown. Chelicerae Genus Myrmaplata Prószyński yellowish-brown, with a single tooth on the promargin Myrmaplata plataleoides O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1869 and toothless on the retromargin; labium and maxillae (Image 28M) brown with paler margins. Legs yellowish except brown Myrmarachne plataleoides Bhatacharya, 1937: 426, femora, tbiae and metatarsi of leg I. Abdomen brownish fg. 3. with a mid-longitudinal darker patch in the cardiac area. Myrmarachne daitarensis Prószyński, 1992: 185, fgs. Lateral margins covered with white hairs. Spinnerets 80-81, 83–89. yellow, covered with white hairs dorsally (Image 18A). Myrmarachne megachelae Kumar & Palps yellow-brown; embolus thin, bulbus with a proximal Mohanasundaram, 1998: 27, 5 unnumbered fgs. Syn. nov. projecton; RTA single accompanied with long black setae; Myrmarachne plataleoides Sen et al., 2015: 42, fgs. VTA blunt, directed anteriad (Images 18C-E). 147–151, pl. 14. Female (in mm; Images 18F–I). Total length: 5.67; Myrmarachne plataleoides Benjamin, 2015: 2646, carapace: 2.38 long, 1.91 wide; abdomen: 3.29 long, 2.27 fgs. 29A–D, 30A–D, 31A–E. wide. Clypeus height 0.22. Eye measurements: AME 0.31, Myrmarachne plataleoides Roy, Saha & Raychaudhuri, ALE 0.19, PME 0.05, PLE 0.16, AER 1.14, PER 1.19, EFL 0.81. 2016: 25, fgs. 21A–G, 26A, 28A–C. Leg measurements: I 3.54 (1.27, 0.87, 0.59, 0.38, 0.43); Myrmarachne plataleoides Caleb, 2016b: 411, fgs. II 3.32 (1.16, 0.84, 0.56, 0.38, 0.38); III 4.60 (1.40, 0.91, 31–54. 0.82, 0.90, 0.57); IV 5.12 (1.42, 0.87, 1.03, 1.20, 0.60). Leg Specimens examined: NCBS-AR134, 1 male, formula: 4312. Colour same as in males (Image 18F) but 25.iii.2013; NCBS-AR133, 2 males, 09.v.2013, MCC, coll. difers in the following: the clypeus brownish-yellow; thin John Caleb T.D. & Nagoor Meerasa Mohammed. white stripe originates between the AMEs and ALEs gently Global distributon: India, Sri Lanka, China, and moves laterally and joins the lateral white band (Image southeastern Asia. 18G). Abdomen brownish, with a median lighter band Distributon in India: Bihar, Karnataka, Odisha, Tamil with lateral darker streaks broken by diagonal branches Nadu, and West Bengal. (Image 18F). Epigyne as in Image 18H; copulatory ducts Remarks: Myrmarachne megachelae Kumar & long; spermathecae pear-shaped (Image 18I). Mohanasundaram, 1998 was described from Coimbatore, Remarks: Hęciak & Prószyński (1983) redescribed the Tamil Nadu. From the original illustratons it is apparent species based on the single holotype female originally that the species corresponds to the darker form of M.

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Images 17A–D. Phanuelus gladstone. A—lef palp, ventro-lateral view | B—expanded palp showing the embolic coils, retrolateral view | C— epigyne with plug on lef side, possibly a broken embolic tp, ventral view | D—vulva, dorsal view. E–G. Phintelloides jesudasi. E—lef palp, ventral view | F—same, retrolateral view | G—vulva, dorsal view. H–J. Langona davidi. H—expanded lef palp, retrolateral view | B—expanded palp showing the embolic division | J—palp, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–B, H, J—0.1mm | E–F—0.2mm. © John Caleb

15738 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 18 May 2020 | 12(7): 15711–15766 J TT Spider fauna of Madras Christan College campus Caleb plataleoides as illustrated in Caleb (2016b) (cf. fgs from Phintella vitata Sen et al., 2015: 37, fgs. 10–111, pl. Kumar & Mohanasundaram (1998) with fgs 37–40 13. in Caleb (2016b)). The species is identcal in general Phintella vitata Roy, Saha & Raychaudhuri, 2016: 18, morphology and cheliceral patern with dorsally fatened fgs. 15A–E, 25D, 27K. basal region and swollen anterior region and dentton Phintella vitata Dhali, Saha & Raychaudhuri, 2017: 34, with 5 promarginal teeth. Therefore, M. megachelae, is fgs. 73–77, pl. 18. considered a junior synonym of M. plataleoides. Phintella vitata Tyagi et al., 2019: Supplement, fgs. S2.54, S3.27–30. Genus Myrmarachne MacLeay Specimens examined: MCC-ARA32, 1 female, Myrmarachne melanocephala MacLeay, 1839 (Image 20.vii.2010; MCC-ARA262–ARA263, 2 females, 18.x.2012; 28N) MCC-ARA608, 1 male, 18.vii.2013, MCC, coll. John Caleb Myrmarachne melanocephala MacLeay, 1839: 11, pl. T.D. 1, fg. 4. Global distributon: India to Philippines. Myrmarachne orientales Tikader, 1973: 60, fgs. 3–6. Distributon in India: Goa, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu (new Myrmarachne orientales Tikader & Biswas, 1981: 105, record), and West Bengal. fgs. 193–194. Myrmarachne orientales Sen et al., 2015: 42, fgs. Genus Phintelloides Kanesharatnam & Benjamin 152–156, pl. 14. Phintelloides jesudasi Caleb & Mathai, 2014 (Images Myrmarachne melanocephala Roy, Saha & 17E–G, 29B) Raychaudhuri, 2016: 24, fgs. 20A–F, 25I, 27R. Phintelloides jesudasi Kanesharatnam & Benjamin, Myrmarachne melanocephala Caleb, 2016b: 410, fgs. 2019: 41, fgs. 3, 6E–H, 17A–E, 18A–D. 20–30. Specimens examined: SRC-ZSI I/SP 7, holotype male, Myrmarachne melanocephala Dhali, Saha & 18.v.2014, Vanianchatram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, coll. Raychaudhuri, 2017: 39, fgs. 105–109, pl. 17. John Caleb T.D. & John Thomas C.H.; SRC-ZSI I/SP 8, 1 Specimens examined: MCC-ARA205, 1 male, female allotype (data same as holotype); SRC-ZSI I/SP 9, 10.x.2012; MCC-ARA314–ARA315, 1 male & 1 female, 1 female paratype, 18.viii.2013, MCC, coll. John Caleb T.D. 14.xi.2012; MCC-ARA630, 1 female, 27.vii.2013; MCC- Global distributon: India and Sri Lanka. ARA660, 1 female, 18.x.2013, MCC, coll. John Caleb T.D. Distributon in India: Tamil Nadu. Global distributon: Pakistan to Indonesia. Distributon in India: Tamil Nadu, Utarakhand, and Genus Phlegra Simon West Bengal. Phlegra prasanna Caleb & Mathai, 2015 (Images 19A–D, 29D) Genus Phanuelus Caleb & Mathai Phlegra prasanna Caleb & Mathai, in Caleb, Mungkung Phanuelus gladstone Caleb & Mathai, 2015 (Images & Mathai, 2015: 11, fgs. 47–56. 17A–D, 28O) Specimens examined: NCBS-QA481, holotype male, Phanuelus gladstone Caleb & Mathai, in Caleb, 20.iii.2014, MCC, coll. John Caleb T.D.; Paratype: NCBS- Mungkung & Mathai, 2015: 7, fgs. 26–46. QA482,1 male paratype, 06.x.2014, coll. John Caleb T.D. Specimens examined: NCBS-QA474, holotype male, Global distributon: India. MCC, 13.ix.2013, coll. John Caleb T.D.; paratypes: NCBS- Distributon in India: Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. QA475, 1 female, 13.ix.2013; NCBS-QA476, 1 male, 27.vi.2013; NCBS-QA477, 1 male, 27.x.2014; NCBS- Genus Plexippus C.L. Koch QA478, 1 male, 28.x.2014, coll. John Caleb T.D. Plexippus paykulli (Audouin, 1826) (Image 29E) Global distributon: India. Plexippus paykulli Tikader, 1967: 120, fgs. 4a–c. Distributon in India: Tamil Nadu. Marpissa bengalensis Tikader, 1974b: 211, fgs. 11–12. Natural history: The species is tny and cryptcally Marpissa mandali Tikader, 1974b: 213, fgs. 13–16. coloured making it hard to notce. Plexippus paykulli Sen et al., 2015: 31, fgs. 72–76, pl. 13. Genus Phintella Strand Plexippus paykulli Roy, Saha & Raychaudhuri, 2016: Phintella vitata (C.L. Koch, 1846) (Image 29A) 16, fgs. 13A–E, 25B, 27I. Saltcus ranjitus Tikader, 1967: 117, fgs. 1a–c. Plexippus paykulli Dhali, Saha & Raychaudhuri, 2017: Saltcus ranjitus Tikader & Biswas, 1981: 89, fgs. 154– 27, fgs. 20–27, pl. 18. 155. Plexippus paykulli Tyagi et al., 2019: Supplement, fgs. Phintella vitata Prószyński, 1992: 200, fgs. 148–152. S2.57, S3.33–36.

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 18 May 2020 | 12(7): 15711–15766 15739 J TT Spider fauna of Madras Christan College campus Caleb

15740 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 18 May 2020 | 12(7): 15711–15766 J TT Spider fauna of Madras Christan College campus Caleb

Specimens examined: MCC-ARA111, 1 male, Type material: Type material kept at NHMW, Vienna. 15.iii.2012; MCC-ARA513, 1 male, 11.iii.2013, MCC, coll. Reg No: NHMW 21.890. Photographs of the types were John Caleb T.D. obtained from NHMW by Mr. M. Freudenshuss. Global distributon: Africa. Introduced to both Global distributon: India. Americas, Europe, Middle East, India, China, Japan, Korea, Distributon in India: Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Australia, and Pacifc Nadu. islands. Distributon in India: Lakshadweep Islands, Stenaelurillus metallicus Caleb & Mathai, 2016 (Images Maharashtra, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu (new record), and West 19K–N, 29I) Bengal. Stenaelurillus metallicus Caleb & Mathai, 2016a: 185, fgs. 1–22. Plexippus petersi (Karsch, 1878) (Image 29F) Specimens examined: NCBS-AR103, holotype male, Plexippus petersi Tyagi et al., 2019: Supplement, fgs. 21.vi.2013, MCC , coll. John Caleb T.D.; paratypes (from S2.56, S3.37–38. same locaton): NCBS-AR110, 1 male, 21.vi.2013; NCBS- Specimens examined: MCC-ARA43, 1 male, 9.i.2011; AR109, 1 male, 18.vii.2013; NCBS-AR104 & AR113, 1 male MCC-ARA576, 1 male, 10.vi.2013, MCC, coll. John Caleb & 1 female, 5.ix.2013; NCBS-AR112, 1 female 11.xi.2013; T.D. NCBS-AR111, 1 male, 21.iv.2015, all coll. John Caleb Global distributon: Asia. Introduced to Africa and T.D.; NCBS-AR105–AR108 & AR114–AR117, 4 males & 4 Pacifc islands. females, 30.i.2014, coll. Karthy Distributon in India: Tamil Nadu (new record) and Global distributon: India. West Bengal. Distributon in India: Tamil Nadu.

Genus Rhene Thorell Genus Telamonia Thorell Rhene favicomans Simon, 1902 (Image 29G) Telamonia dimidiata (Simon, 1899) (Image 29J) Rhene favicomans Jastrzębski, 1997: 51, fgs. 9–11. Phidippus pateli Tikader, 1974a: 124, fgs. 10–11. Specimens examined: MCC-ARA34, 1 female, Phidippus pateli Tikader & Malhotra, 1978: 543, fgs. 20.vii.2010; MCC-ARA546, 1 female, 25.iii.2013, MCC, 1–3. coll. John Caleb T.D. Phidippus pateli Tikader & Biswas, 1981: 91, fgs. 156– Global distributon: India, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, 159. Thailand, and Vietnam. Telamonia dimidiata Prószyński, 1992: 207. Distributon in India: Tamil Nadu (new record) and Telamonia dimidiata Sen et al., 2015: 38, fgs. 117– West Bengal. 121, pl. 13. Telamonia dimidiata Roy, Saha & Raychaudhuri, 2016: Genus Stenaelurillus Simon 12, fgs. 10A–E, 24H, 27F. Stenaelurillus lessert Reimoser, 1934 (Images 19E–J, Specimens examined: MCC-ARA236,1 female, 29H) 16.x.2012; MCC-ARA313, 1 female, 14.xi.2012; MCC- Stenaelurillus lessert Reimoser, 1934: 504, fgs. 25–26. ARA90, 1 male, 15.ii.2012; MCC-ARA327–ARA328, 1 male Stenaelurillus lessert Prószyński, 1984: 139. & 1 female, 23.xi.2012; MCC-ARA479, 1 male, 21.ii.2013; Stenaelurillus lessert Wesolowska, 2014: 248, fgs. MCC-ARA514, 1 female, 11.iii.2013, MCC, coll. John Caleb 1A–B, 2A–F, 3A–D. T.D. Stenaelurillus lessert Sebastan et al., 2015: 72, fgs. Global distributon: India, Bhutan, Malaysia, and 4A–C, 5A–G, 6A–C, 7B, 10A–J, 11A–F. Indonesia (Sumatra). Stenaelurillus lessert Caleb & Sanap, 2016: 83, fgs. Distributon in India: Gujarat, Maharashtra, Tamil 1–11. Nadu (new record), and West Bengal. Stenaelurillus lessert Logunov & Azarkina, 2018: 77, fgs. 87–89, 336–337. Genus Thyene Simon Specimens examined: MCC-ARA579–ARA583, 1 male, Thyene imperialis (Rossi, 1846) (Images 29K, L) 4 females, 10.vi.2013; MCC-ARA616, 1 female, 22.vii.2013; Thyene imperialis Prószyński & Deeleman-Reinhold, NCBS-AR118, 1 male, 26.vi.2013; NCBS-AR119, 1 male, 2010: 184, fgs. 154–156, 163. 21.vi.2013; NCBS-AR120, 1 male, 18.vii.2013; NCBS- Specimens examined: MCC-ARA208, 1 male, AR121, 1 male, 02.vii.2013; NCBS-AR122, 1 female, 11.x.2012; MCC-ARA480, 1 female, 21.ii.2013; MCC- 05.ix.2013: MCC, all coll. John Caleb T.D.; NCBS-AR123, 2 ARA499, 1 male, 27.ii.2013; MCC-ARA540–ARA541, 1 females, 31.i.2014, coll. Karthy. male & 1 female, 25.iii.2013, MCC, coll. John Caleb T.D.

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Images 19A–D. Phlegra prasanna. A—lef palp, ventral view | B—same, retrolateral view | C—palpal tbia, ventro-lateral view | D—same, retrolateral view. E–J. Stenaelurillus lessert. E—epigyne of the syntype deposited in NHM Vienna, Austria, ventral view | F—male, front view | G—lef palp, ventral view | H—same, retrolateral view | I—epigyne of specimen from MCC, Chennai, ventral view | J—vulva, dorsal view. K–N. Stenaelurillus metallicus. K—lef palp, ventral view | L—same, retrolateral view | M—epigyne, ventral view | N—vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–B—0.2mm | F—1mm | C–E, L–N—0.1mm. © John Caleb. Image E was kindly provided by Mr. M. Freudenshuss.

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Global distributon: Southern Europe, northern and Heteropoda venatoria Tyagi et al., 2019: Supplement, eastern Africa, Middle East to central Asia, China, India, fgs. S2.63, S3.7–10. and Indonesia Specimens examined: MCC-ARA105–ARA106, 2 Distributon in India: Punjab and Tamil Nadu. females, 6.iii.2012; MCC-ARA523, 1 male, 21.iii.2013; MCC-ARA584, 1 female, 10.vi.2013, MCC, coll. John Caleb Family Scytodidae Blackwall T.D. Genus Scytodes Latreille Global distributon: Tropical Asia. Introduced to Pacifc Scytodes lugubris (Thorell, 1887) (Images 20A–D, 29M) Is., North, Central and South America, Macaronesia, Dicts lugubris Thorell, 1887: 86. Europe, Africa Scytodes lugubris Rheims, Brescovit & Durán-Barrón, Distributon in India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, 2007: 105, fgs. 20–22, 90–93. Assam, Bihar, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, and almost Specimens examined: MCC-ARA233, 1 female, all over India (Sethi & Tikader 1988). 16.x.2012; MCC-ARA289, 1 female, 5.xi.2012; MCC- ARA323, 1 female, 15.xi.2012, MCC-ARA577, 1 female, Genus Olios Walckenaer 10.vi.2013, MCC, coll. John Caleb T.D. Olios lamarcki (Latreille, 1806) (Image 30A) Global distributon: Tropical Asia. Introduced to Sparassus lamarcki Pocock, 1900: 267. Hawaii, Mexico. Olios lamarcki Gravely, 1931: 241, fgs. 5B, 6B–C. Distributon in India: Tamil Nadu (new record). Olios lamarcki Caleb, 2018: 339, fgs. 1–17. Specimens examined: MCC-ARA35–ARA36, 2 females, Family Sicariidae Keyserling 28.vii.2010; MCC-ARA644, 1 male, 8.viii.2013, MCC, coll. Genus Loxosceles Heineken & Lowe John Caleb T.D. Loxosceles rufescens (Dufour, 1820) (Images 21A–H, 29N) Global distributon: Madagascar to India, Sri Lanka, Loxosceles indrabeles Tikader, 1963: 23, fgs. 1a–c. Bangladesh. Loxosceles rufescens Trivedi & Dal, 2019: 2, fgs. 1a–h, Distributon in India: Odisha, Tamil Nadu, and West 2a–f. Bengal. Specimens examined: MCC-ARA484–ARA486, 2 females & 1 male, 25.ii.2013, MCC, coll. John Caleb T.D. Genus Palystes L. Koch Global distributon: Southern Europe, northern Palystes favidus Simon, 1897 (Image 30B) Africa to Iran. Introduced to USA, Mexico, Macaronesia, Palystes favidus Pocock, 1900: 266. South Africa, India, China, Japan, Korea, Laos, Thailand, Palystes favidus Gravely, 1931: 258, fgs. 14A–B. Australia, Hawaii. Palystes favidus Tikader & Sethi, 1990: 178, fgs. 38– Distributon in India: Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Tamil 43. Nadu (new record). Specimens examined: MCC-ARA37, 1 female, 30.vii.2010; MCC-ARA232, 1 female, 12.x.2012, MCC- Family Sparassidae Bertkau ARA237, 1 male, 16.x.2012; MCC-ARA601, 1 female, Genus Heteropoda Latreille 27.vi.2013; MCC-ARA609, 1 male, 18.vii.2013, MCC, coll. Heteropoda venatoria (Linnaeus, 1767) (Image 29O) John Caleb T.D. Heteropoda venatoria Gravely, 1931: 251, fgs. 9C, Global distributon: India. 10D. Distributon in India: Bihar, eastern Himalaya, Odisha, Heteropoda andamanensis Tikader, 1977: 189, fgs. Tamil Nadu, Utar Pradesh, and West Bengal. 16A–E Heteropoda nicobarensis Tikader, 1977: 191, fgs. Family Tetragnathidae Menge 17A–D Genus Guizygiella Zhu, Kim and Song Heteropoda andamanensis Sethi & Tikader, 1988: 15, Guizygiella melanocrania (Thorell, 1887) (Images 30C, fgs. 40–45. 33D) Heteropoda nicobarensis Sethi & Tikader, 1988: 28, Zygiella melanocrania Tikader & Bal, 1980: 243, fgs. fgs. 130–134. 1–4. Heteropoda venatoria Sethi & Tikader, 1988: 16, fgs. Zygiella melanocrania Tikader, 1982: 215, fgs. 419– 52–57. 422. Heteropoda venatoria Sen et al., 2015: 57, fgs. 289– Specimens examined: MCC-ARA795, 1 female, 293, pl. 16. 22.iv.2014, MCC, coll. John Caleb T.D. Heteropoda venatoria Dhali, Saha & Raychaudhuri, Global distributon: India to China, Laos. 2017: 45, fgs. 140–145, pl. 19. Distributon in India: Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, and

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Images 20A–D. Scytodes lugubris. A—carapace, dorsal view | B—abdomen, ventral view | C—sternum and mouth parts, ventral view | D— vulva, dorsal view. Images not to scale. © John Caleb

Tamil Nadu (new record). MCC-ARA93, 1 female, 24.ii.2012; MCC-ARA718, 1 male, 03.xii.2013, MCC, coll. John Caleb T.D. Genus Leucauge White Global distributon: Pakistan, India, Bangladesh to Leucauge decorata (Blackwall, 1864) (Images 30D, 33C) Thailand, Philippines, China, Japan, Indonesia, Papua New Tetragnatha decorata Blackwall, 1864: 44. Guinea, and Australia. Nephila angustata Stoliczka, 1869: 241, pl. 20, fg. 7. Distributon in India: Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Karnataka, Leucauge decorata Simon, 1906: 282. Kerala, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Odisha, Sikkim, Tamil Leucauge decorata Gravely, 1921b: 451, 454, fgs. Nadu, Utar Pradesh, and West Bengal. 8d–e. Leucauge decorata Tikader, 1970: 41, fgs. d–f. Genus Meta C.L. Koch Leucauge decorata Gajbe, 2007: 509, fgs. 263–265. ?Meta sp. (Image 30E) Leucauge decorata Sen et al., 2015: 102, fgs. 595– Specimens examined: MCC-ARA281, 1 female, 600, pl. 21. 05.xi.2012; MCC-ARA481, 1 female, 21.ii.2013, MCC, coll. Specimens examined: MCC-ARA45, 1 female, 9.i.2011; John Caleb T.D.

15744 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 18 May 2020 | 12(7): 15711–15766 J TT Spider fauna of Madras Christan College campus Caleb

Images 21A–H. Loxosceles rufescens. A–E. Female. A—carapace, dorsal view | B—chelicerae, labium and endites | C—sternum | D—epigynal feld, ventral view | E—vulva, dorsal view. F–H. male. F—chelicerae, labium and endites | G—lef palp, prolateral view | H—same, retrolateral view.. Images not to scale. © John Caleb

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Distributon in India: Tamil Nadu. 25.iii.2013, MCC, coll. John Caleb T.D. Global distributon: India. Genus Tetragnatha Latreille Distributon in India: Karnataka and Tamil Nadu (new Tetragnatha mandibulata Walckenaer, 1841 (Image 30F) record). Tetragnatha mandibulata Pocock, 1900: 215, fg. 67. Tetragnatha mandibulata Gravely, 1921b: 429, 441 Genus Nihonhimea Yoshida fgs. 1d, 3d–e. Nihonhimea mundula (L. Koch, 1872) (Images 30K, 33E) Specimens examined: MCC-ARA270, 1 female, Achaearanea mundula Chrysanthus, 1963: 741, fgs. 26.x.2012; MCC-ARA309, 1 female, 8.xi.2012; MCC- 76–77, 83. ARA611, 1 male, 18.vii.2013, MCC, coll. John Caleb T.D. Parasteatoda mundula Saaristo, 2006: 69, fgs. 55–59. Global distributon: Central America, Caribbean, Specimens examined: MCC-ARA100, 1 female, Guyana, Brazil, West Africa, India to Philippines, and 29.ii.2012; MCC-ARA331, 1 female, 23.xi.2012; MCC- Australia. ARA460, 1 female, 13.ii.2013, MCC, coll. John Caleb T.D. Distributon in India: Assam, Bihar, Kerala, Karnataka, Global distributon: Seychelles, India to New Odisha, Tamil Nadu, and West Bengal. Caledonia. Distributon in India: Tamil Nadu (new record). Family Theraphosidae Thorell Genus Sahydroaraneus Mirza & Sanap Genus Rhomphaea L. Koch Sahydroaraneus sp. (Images 22A–F, 30G) Rhomphaea projiciens O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1896 Specimens examined: MCC-ARA422, 1 female, (Image 30L) 21.i.2013; MCC-ARA428, 1 female, 29.i.2013; MCC- Argyrodes projiciens Patel, 1973: 152. ARA509, 1 female, 11.iii.2013; WILD-13-ARA-1236, 1 Rhomphaea projiciens Srinivasulu et al., 2013: 4486. female, 01.viii.2013, MCC, coll. John Caleb T.D. Specimens examined: MCC-ARA510, 1 female, Distributon in India: Tamil Nadu. 11.iii.2013, MCC, coll. John Caleb T.D. Global distributon: USA to Argentna. Introduced to Family Theridiidae Sundevall India. Genus Argyrodes Simon Distributon in India: Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu Argyrodes argentatus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1880 (new record). (Image 30H) Argyrodes argentatus Javed, Srinivasulu & Tampal, Family Thomisidae Sundevall 2010: 982, fgs. 4–6. Genus Bomis L. Koch Specimens examined: MCC-ARA103, 1 female, Bomis khajuriai Tikader, 1980 (Image 30M) 06.iii.2012; MCC-ARA551, 1 female, 07.v.2013, MCC, coll. Bomis khajuriai Tikader, 1980a: 141. John Caleb T.D. Specimens examined: MCC-ARA612, 1 female, Global distributon: India, Indonesia to China. 18.vii.2013, MCC, coll. John Caleb T.D. Introduced to Hawaii. Global distributon: India. Distributon in India: Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, and Distributon in India: Madhya Pradesh and Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu (new record). (new record).

Genus Ariamnes Thorell Genus Henriksenia Lehtnen Ariamnes sp. (Image 30I) Henriksenia hilaris (Thorell, 1877) (Image 30N) Specimens examined: MCC-ARA524, 1 female, Misumenoides deccanes Tikader, 1965: 279, fgs. 3a–b. 21.iii.2013, MCC, coll. John Caleb T.D. Misumenoides shulli Tikader, 1965: 280, fgs. 4a–b. Distributon in India: Tamil Nadu. Diaea jaintous Tikader, 1966: 59, fgs. 5a–b. Diaea jaintous Tikader, 1968: 108, fgs. 4–5. Genus Meotpa Simon Diaea jaintous Tikader, 1971: 44, fgs. 13C–D. Meotpa multuma Murthappa, Malamel, Prajapat, Misumenoides deccanes Tikader, 1971: 59, fgs. 16J–K. Sebastan & Venkateshwarlu, 2017 (Image 30J) Misumenoides shulli Tikader, 1971: 59, fgs. 16R–S. Meotpa multuma Murthappa et al., 2017: 592, fgs. Misumena decorata Tikader, 1980a: 103, fgs. 145– 3A–E, 4E–F. 146. Specimens examined: MCC-ARA234, 1 female, Diaea jaintous Tikader, 1980a: 105, fgs. 147–148. 16.x.2012; MCC-ARA423, 1 female, 23.i.2013, MCC- Misumenoides deccanes Tikader, 1980a: 152, fgs. ARA462, 1 female, 13.ii.2013; MCC-ARA544, 1 male, 216–217.

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Images 22A–F. Sahydroaraneus sp. A—carapace, dorsal view | B—labium and endites | C—sternum | D—epigynal feld, ventral view | E— spinnerets, ventral view | F—vulva, dorsal view. Images not to scale. © John Caleb except Image E which was kindly provided by Dr. M. Siliwal.

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Misumenoides shulli Tikader, 1980a: 154, fgs. 218– Thomisus cherapunjeus Tikader & Biswas, 1981: 78, 219. fgs. 139–140. Specimens examined: MCC-ARA112, 1 female, Thomisus cherapunjeus Sunil Jose & Sebastan, 2001: 15.iii.2012, MCC, coll. John Caleb T.D. 184, fgs. 2A–B. Global distributon: India to Philippines, Indonesia Thomisus cherapunjeus Gajbe, 2007: 440, fgs. 40–41. (Sulawesi), and New Guinea. Specimens examined: MCC-ARA367, 1 female, Distributon in India: Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Tamil 12.xii.2012; MCC-ARA483, 1 female, 21.ii.2013; MCC- Nadu, and Utar Pradesh. ARA545, 1 female 25.iii.2013; MCC-ARA716, 1 female 03.xii.2013, MCC, coll. John Caleb T.D. Genus Indoxystcus Benjamin Global distributon: Africa and Asia. Introduced to Indoxystcus minutus (Tikader, 1960) (Image 30O) Australia. Xystcus minutus Tikader, 1960: 173, fgs. 1a–b. Distributon in India: Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Xystcus minutus Tikader, 1968: 113, fgs. 18–20. Meghalaya, and Tamil Nadu. Xystcus minutus Tikader, 1971: 50, fgs. 14K–M. Xystcus minutus Tikader, 1980a: 120, fgs. 165–167. Genus Synema Simon Xystcus minutus Tikader & Biswas, 1981: 80, fgs. Synema decoratum Tikader, 1960 (Image 31C) 143–144. Synema decorata Tikader, 1960: 174, fgs. 2a-c. Xystcus minutes Gajbe, 2007: 444, fgs. 44–46. Synema decorata Tikader, 1971: 54, fgs. 15J–M. Indoxystcus minutus Benjamin & Jaleel, 2010: 162, Synema decorata Tikader, 1980a: 136, fgs. 192–195. fgs. 3–4, 8–15. Synema decorata Gajbe, 2007: 447, fgs. 50–53. Xystcus minutus Sen et al., 2015: 67, fgs. 364–368, Specimens examined: MCC-ARA33, 1 female, pl. 17. 20.vii.2010; MCC-ARA501, 1 female, 27.ii.2013, MCC, coll. Specimens examined: MCC-ARA282, 1 female, John Caleb T.D. 05.xi.2012, MCC, coll. John Caleb T.D. Global distributon: India and China. Global distributon: India and Sri Lanka Distributon in India: Karnataka, Maharashtra, Tamil Distributon in India: Gujarat, Kerala, Maharashtra, Nadu (new record), and West Bengal. Meghalaya, Tamil Nadu (new record), and West Bengal. Genus Thomisus Walckenaer Genus Pagida Simon Thomisus pugilis Stoliczka, 1869 (Image 31D) Pagida saltciformis (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1883) Thomisus pugilis Stoliczka, 1869: 225, pl. 19, fg. 3. (Images 23A–B, 31A) Thomisus pugilis Tikader, 1971: 21. Palaephatus saltciformis O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1883: Thomisus pugilis Tikader, 1980a: 48, fgs. 71–72. 362, pl. 37, fg. 7. Thomisus pugilis Tikader & Biswas, 1981: 76, fgs. Pagida saltciformis Simon, 1895: 1000, fgs. 1064– 135–136. 1065. Thomisus pugilis Gajbe, 2007: 439. Pagida saltciformis Benjamin & Clayton, 2016: 361, Specimens examined: MCC-ARA134–ARA135, 1 fgs. 4–16, 18–30, 34–37. female & 1 male, 26.iii.2012; MCC-ARA268, 1 female, Specimens examined: MCC-ARA95, 1 female, 26.x.2012, MCC, coll. John Caleb T.D. 28.ii.2012; MCC-ARA741, 1 male, 16.xii.2013, MCC, coll. Global distributon: India. John Caleb T.D. Distributon in India: Punjab, Tamil Nadu (new record), Global distributon: India (new record) and Sri Lanka. and West Bengal. Distributon in India: Tamil Nadu. Thomisus sp. 1 (Image 31E) Genus Runcinia Simon Specimens examined: MCC-ARA131, 1 female, Runcinia insecta (L. Koch, 1875) (Images 23C–F, 31B) 26.iii.2012, MCC, coll. John Caleb T.D. Thomisus cherapunjeus Tikader, 1966: 53, fgs. 1a–b. Distributon in India: Tamil Nadu. Thomisus cherapunjeus Tikader, 1968: 104, fgs. 13– 14. Thomisus sp. 2 (Image 31F) Thomisus cherapunjeus Tikader, 1971: 24, fgs. 8K–L. Specimens examined: MCC-ARA271, 1 female, Runcinia chauhani Sen & Basu, 1973: 103, fgs. 1A–B. 26.x.2012, MCC, coll. John Caleb T.D. Runcinia chauhani Tikader, 1980a: 60, fgs. 89–90. Distributon in India: Tamil Nadu. Thomisus cherapunjeus Tikader, 1980a: 54, fgs. 82– 83.

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Images 23A–B. Pagida saltciformis. A—lef palp, ventral view | B—same, retrolateral view. C–F. Runcinia insecta. C—dorsal view | D—right leg I, prolateral view | E—carapace, front view | F—vulva, dorsal view | G—Uloborus sp.vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–B—0.1mm. © John Caleb

Genus Tmarus Simon 30.vii.2010; MCC-ARA91, 1 male, 15.ii.2012; MCC- Tmarus sp. (Image 31G) ARA110, 1 female, 15.iii.2012; MCC-ARA136, 1 female, Specimens examined: MCC-ARA317, 1 female, 28.iii.2012; MCC-ARA461, 1 female, 13.ii.2013, MCC, coll. 14.xi.2012, MCC, coll. John Caleb T.D. John Caleb T.D. Distributon in India: Tamil Nadu. Distributon in India: Tamil Nadu.

Family Uloboridae Thorell Family Zodariidae Thorell Genus Uloborus Latreille Genus Hermippus Simon Uloborus sp. (Images 23G, 31H, 33F) Hermippus sp. (Images 31I) Specimens examined: MCC-ARA41, 1 female, Specimens examined: MCC-ARA578, 1 female,

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10.vi.2013; MCC-ARA794, 1 male, 22.iv.2014, MCC, coll. Araneidae (11), Thomisidae (eight), Lycosidae (fve) and John Caleb T.D. Theridiidae (fve) (Figure 1). The 108 species correspond Distributon in India: Tamil Nadu. to 5% of the total Indian diversity (1830 species) and 47% of the diversity known from Tamil Nadu (226 species) Genus Tropizodium Jocqué & Churchill (Karthikeyani et al. 2017). Twenty species (18%) are Tropizodium sp. (Images 31J) endemic to India, of which, nine are from Saltcidae, three Specimens examined: MCC-ARA522, 1 female, from Araneidae, two from Gnaphosidae, and one each 21.iii.2013, MCC, coll. John Caleb T.D. from Corinnidae, Idiopidae, Lycosidae, Philodromidae, Distributon in India: Tamil Nadu. Sparassidae and Theridiidae. Eleven species are endemic to the Indo-Sri Lankan region (Table 2). Guild structure RESULTS AND DISCUSSION analysis revealed seven feeding guilds (Uetz et al. 1999) (Table 1). Dominant feeding guild is consttuted by the The present study details the diversity of spiders from stalkers (33%) followed by orb web weavers (24%), ground the MCC campus, Tambaram, Tamil Nadu, India. A total runners (19%), ambushers (12%), scatered line weavers of 25 families, 84 genera and 108 species were recorded (9%), foliage runners (8%) and sheet web builders (3%) during the study, amongst which, 10 species are new to science, along with 31 being recorded for the frst tme Table 1. Diferent functonal guild structure of spiders found in MCC from the state of Tamil Nadu (Table 2). campus. Of the 60 families recorded in the Indian region, 25 Guilds Families are found in the MCC campus. This represents 41% of the Orb web weavers Araneidae, Tetragnathidae, Uloboridae total families recorded in India. Saltcidae was the most diverse with 28 species under 22 genera. It is followed Ambushers Deinopidae, Philodromidae, Thomisidae by Araneidae with 19 species belonging to 11 genera. Stalkers Oxyopidae, Saltcidae Thomisidae (10 species), Lycosidae (seven species), Scatered line weavers Pholcidae, Theridiidae Oxyopidae (fve species) and Theridiidae (fve species) Sheet web weavers Eresidae, Oecobiidae Clubionidae, Cheiracanthiidae, (Figure 1) consttute other major families. Among the Foliage runners 469 genera recorded from the Indian region, 84 (18%) Hersiliidae, Scytodidae, Sparassidae Corinnidae, Gnaphosidae, Idiopidae, have been recorded from MCC. Maximum generic Ground runners Liocranidae, Lycosidae, Sicariidae, diversity was found in Saltcidae (22 genera) followed by Theraphosidae, Zodariidae

15 Genera 10 Species

0 Eresidae Idiopidae Salticidae Sicariidae Lycosidae Pholcidae Tetragnat… Araneidae Philodrom… Hersiliidae Theraphos… Zodariidae Oxyopidae Gnaphosid… Cheiracant… Corinnidae Scytodidae Uloboridae Theridiidae Oecobiidae Deinopidae Liocranidae Thomisidae Sparassidae Clubionidae Figure 1. The number of genera and species representng each family.

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(Figure 2). The diferent web paterns of various spider number of species (28) from this family, of which, eight families are illustrated in Images 32A–H & 33A–F. were new to science. No large-scale work was undertaken The diversity of invertebrates especially the arachnids in or around Chennai for more than seven decades afer have been understudied and poorly represented in the the early studies carried out by Sherrifs (1919, 1927) and region owing to a lack of up-to-date comprehensive Gravely (1921, 1924, 1931, 1935) in the early half of the studies. For instance, even large and speciose family 20th century. as Saltcidae has been severely neglected with the vast Many species were rediscovered afer several decades majority of Indian forms remaining undescribed or with no records or observatons untl the present study, understudied. The present study has recorded the highest for example, Araneus viridisomus Gravely (described in

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Table 2. Checklist of spider species found in the Madras Christan College campus.

Family Species Family Species

Anepsion maritatum O. Pickard-Cambridge, # 1 42 Oecobiidae Oecobius putus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1876 1877# 43 Hamataliwa sp. 1 2 Araneus bilunifer Pocock, 1900* 44 Hamataliwa sp. 2 3 Araneus viridisomus Gravely, 1921* Oxyopes hindostanicus 4 Argiope aemula (Walckenaer, 1841) 45 Oxyopidae Pocock, 1901

5 Argiope anasuja Thorell, 1887 46 Oxyopes sp.

6 Argiope pulchella Thorell, 1881 47 Peuceta viridana (Stoliczka, 1869)

# 7 Cyclosa confraga (Thorell, 1892)# 48 Philodromidae Tibellus elongatus Tikader, 1960*

8 Cyclosa hexatuberculata Tikader, 1982# 49 Artema atlanta Walckenaer, 1837

9 Cyclosa neilensis Tikader, 1977*# 50 Crossopriza lyoni (Blackwall, 1867) Araneidae Pholcidae 10 Cyrtophora cicatrosa (Stoliczka, 1869) 51 Pholcus phalangioides (Fuesslin, 1775) 11 Eriovixia excelsa (Simon, 1889) 52 Pholcus sp.

12 Eriovixia laglaizei (Simon, 1877) 53 Bianor balius Thorell, 1890

13 Gasteracantha geminata (Fabricius, 1798)^ 54 Bretus cf. adonis Simon, 1900^

14 Larinia chloris (Audouin, 1826)# 55 Carrhotus viduus (C. L. Koch, 1846)

15 Neoscona molemensis Tikader & Bal, 1981# 56 Chrysilla volupe (Karsch, 1879)

16 Neoscona mukerjei Tikader, 1980# 57 Cocalus sp.

17 Neoscona vigilans (Blackwall, 1865) 58 Cyrba ocellata (Kroneberg, 1875) 18 Parawixia dehaani (Doleschall, 1859)# Harmochirus exaggeratus Caleb & Mathai, 59 2015* 19 Poltys nagpurensis Tikader, 1982# 60 Harmochirus zabkai Logunov, 2001 20 Cheiracanthiidae Cheiracanthium sp. 61 Hasarius adansoni (Audouin, 1826)# Clubiona flicata O. Pickard-Cambridge, 21 Clubionidae 1874# 62 Hyllus manu Caleb et al., 2014* Aetus decollatus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 22 63 Hyllus semicupreus (Simon, 1885)^# 1896^ 23 Castaneira favipes Gravely, 1931* 64 Langona albolinea Caleb & Mathai, 2015* Corinnidae Langona davidi (Caleb, Mungkung & Mathai, 24 Coenoptychus pulcher Simon, 1885^ 65 2015)* # 25 Corinnomma severum (Thorell, 1877) 66 Langona tgrina (Simon, 1885)* Asianopis likuensis (Yin, Griswold & Yan, 26 Deinopidae Saltcidae Menemerus bivitatus # 2002) 67 (Dufour, 1831) Myrmaplata plataleoides O. Pickard- 27 Stegodyphus sarasinorum Karsch, 1891 68 Cambridge, 1869 Eresidae Stegodyphus tbialis (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 28 Myrmarachne melanocephala MacLeay, 1869) 69 1839 29 Poecilochroa tridotus Caleb & Mathai, 2013* 70 Phanuelus gladstone Caleb & Mathai, 2015* Gnaphosidae Zelotes tambaramensis Caleb & Mathai, 30 # 2013* 71 Phintella vitata (C. L. Koch, 1846) Phintelloides jesudasi (Caleb & Mathai, 31 Hersilia savignyi Lucas, 1836 72 Hersiliidae 2014)^ 32 Hersilia tbialis Baehr & Baehr, 1993^ 73 Phlegra prasanna Caleb & Mathai, 2015* 33 Idiopidae Idiops constructor (Pocock, 1900)* 74 Plexippus paykulli (Audouin, 1826)# 34 Liocranidae Oedignatha scrobiculata Thorell, 1881 75 Plexippus petersi (Karsch, 1878)# 35 Draposa atropalpis (Gravely, 1924)^ 76 Rhene favicomans Simon, 1902# 36 Hippasa greenalliae (Blackwall, 1867) 77 Stenaelurillus lessert Reimoser, 1934* 37 Hippasa madraspatana Gravely, 1924* Stenaelurillus metallicus Caleb & Mathai, 78 2016* 38 Lycosidae Lycosa bistriata Gravely, 1924 # 39 Lycosa indagatrix Walckenaer, 1837^ 79 Telamonia dimidiata (Simon, 1899) Wadicosa fdelis (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 80 Thyene imperialis (Rossi, 1846) 40 1872) 81 Scytodidae Scytodes lugubris (Thorell, 1887)# 41 Wadicosa quadrifera (Gravely, 1924)^ 82 Sicariidae Loxosceles rufescens (Dufour, 1820)#

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Family Species 1921 and recorded only in 2014; Caleb & Mathai 2014),

83 Heteropoda venatoria (Linnaeus, 1767) Aetus decollatus O. Pickard-Cambridge (recorded by

84 Sparassidae Olios lamarcki (Latreille, 1806) Reimoser in 1934 and rediscovered in 2016; Caleb & Mathai 2016; Sudhin et al. 2016), Coenoptychus pulcher 85 Palystes favidus Simon, 1897* Simon (recorded in 1931 by Gravely and rediscovered in 86 Guizygiella melanocrania (Thorell, 1887)# 2018; Paul et al. 2018 and present study). Two species 87 Leucauge decorata (Blackwall, 1864) Tetragnathidae (Oxyopes hindostanicus Pocock, 1901 and Langona tgrina 88 ?Meta sp. (Simon, 1885)) were redescribed based on original type 89 Tetragnatha mandibulata Walckenaer, 1841 specimens only and have not been recorded or collected 90 Theraphosidae Sahydroaraneus sp. again. These have been recorded and illustrated in the Argyrodes argentatus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 91 present study. Such vast intervals between sightngs/ 1880# reports indicate the poor state of faunistc studies in the 92 Ariamnes sp. Indian context. 93 Theridiidae Meotpa multuma Murthappa et al., 2017*# MCC has a very rich and diverse habitat structure # 94 Nihonhimea mundula (L. Koch, 1872) (Images 2A–H). The vegetaton structure is predominantly Rhomphaea projiciens O. Pickard- 95 Cambridge, 1896# tropical dry evergreen forest (Lal & Livingstone 1978; 96 Bomis khajuriai Tikader, 1980# Amirthalingam 2005). Satellite data showed that over

97 Henriksenia hilaris (Thorell, 1877) 99% of the area under scrub jungle vegetaton has been lost in Chengelpet, near Tambaram (Shankar-Raman 98 Indoxystcus minutus (Tikader, 1960)# et al. 1996). Currently 95% of the potental area under Pagida saltciformis (O.P.-Cambridge, 99 1883)##^ evergreen type is under cultvaton, 4.5% under thicket, 100 Runcinia insecta (L. Koch, 1875) Thomisidae and barely 0.5% remains under scrub-woodlands. This 5% 101 Synema decoratum Tikader, 1960# group has been placed under Albizia amara plesioclimax

102 Thomisus pugilis Stoliczka, 1869# community with several sub-communites and transitons

103 Thomisus sp. 1 (Meher-Homji 1973).

104 Thomisus sp. 2 Despite the rapid loss of habitat and destructon around the MCC campus, the campus itself on the other 105 Tmarus sp. hand has conserved rapidly vanishing unique habitat of 106 Uloboridae Uloborus sp. the scrub regions and the tropical dry evergreen forest 107 Hermippus sp. Zodariidae with much of the natve fora and fauna intact (Phillips 108 Tropizodium sp. & Jesudasan 2013). This fact has been supported by *—Endemic to India | ^—Endemic to India and Sri Lanka | #—New to Tamil Nadu the recent discovery of many new species of fungus | ##—New to India. Guild structure Guild structure (Hosagoudar et al. 2009), white fles (Phillips & Jesudasan 2013), and spiders (Caleb & Mathai 2013, 2014a, 2015, 2016; Caleb et al. 2014, 2015, 2020) from the campus. During the recent past, however, fragmentaton and 18% 22% human interference is gradually taking its toll in the 18% 22% Guild structure 7% campus for educatonal, housing, developmental actvites 7% 3% 11% and recreatonal facilites. Therefore, conservaton and 3% 8% 11% protecton of these last lef exclusive lifelines which are 8% Orbhome web to weavers several unique species is the need of the hour. 18% 22% Orb web weavers 31% Ambushers 31% Ambushers 7% Stalkers 3% Stalkers REFERENCES 11% Scattered line weavers 8% Scattered line weavers Orb web weavers SheetAmirthalingam, web weavers M. (2005). Madras Christan College – A biological Sheet web weavers heritage site of Chennai city. April–June Issue 11: 1. htp://cpreec. 31% Ambushers Foliageorg/55.htm hunters Foliage hunters Agnarsson, I., J.A. Coddington & M. Kuntner (2013). Systematcs: Stalkers Ground hunters Ground hunters progress in the study of spider diversity and evoluton, pp 58–111. Scattered line weavers In: Penny, D. (ed). Spider Research in the 21st Century: Trends and Perspectves. Siri Scientfc Press, Manchester, UK, 320pp. Figure 2. SheetGuild structureweb weavers of spiders from MCC campus. Baehr, M. & B. Baehr (1993). The Hersiliidae of the Oriental Region Foliage hunters 15762 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 18 May 2020 | 12(7): 15711–15766 Ground hunters J TT Spider fauna of Madras Christan College campus Caleb

including New Guinea. Taxonomy, phylogeny, zoogeography Entomology and Zoology 9(2): 634–637. (Arachnida, Araneae). Spixiana 19(Suppl.): 1–96. Caleb, J.T.D., S. Mungkung & M.T. Mathai (2015). Four new species of Barrion, A.T. & J.A. Litsinger (1995). Riceland spiders of South and jumping spider (Araneae: Saltcidae: Aelurillinae) with the descripton Southeast Asia. CAB Internatonal, Wallingford, UK, xix+700pp. of a new genus from South India. Peckhamia 124.1: 1–18. Benjamin, S.P. (2015). Model mimics: antlike jumping spiders of the Caleb, J.T.D., R.V. Sanap, K.G. Patel, P.P. Sudhin, K.S. Nafn & A.V. genus Myrmarachne from Sri Lanka. Journal of Natural History 49(43– Sudhikumar (2018). First descripton of the female of Chrysilla volupe 44): 2609–2666. (Karsch, 1879) (Araneae: Saltcidae: Chrysillini) from India, with notes Benjamin, S.P. & Z. Jaleel (2010). The genera Haplotmarus Simon, 1909 on the species’ distributon and life history. Arthropoda Selecta 27(2): and Indoxystcus gen. nov.: two enigmatc genera of crab spiders from 143–153. the Oriental region (Araneae: Thomisidae). Revue Suisse de Zoologie Caleb, J.T.D., G.B. Pravalikha, B.E. Johnson, M. Manyu, S. Mungkung & 117: 159–167. M.T. Mathai (2017). Hersilia aadi Pravalikha, Srinivasulu & Srinivasulu, Benjamin, S.P. & C.I. Clayton (2016). Phylogenetc placement and 2014 a junior synonym of Hersilia savignyi Lucas, 1836 (Araneae: revision of the tropical Asian crab spider genus Pagida (Araneae: Hersiliidae). Zootaxa 4254(3): 396–400. Thomisidae). Invertebrate Systematcs 30(4): 353–369. Champion, H.G. & S.K. Seth (1968). Revised survey of the forest types of Bhatacharya, G.C. (1937). Notes on the moultng process of the spider India. New Delhi: Manager of Publicatons. (Myrmarachne plataleoides, Camb.). Journal of the Bombay Natural Chrysanthus, P. (1963). Spiders from south New Guinea V. Nova Guinea, History Society 39: 426–430. Zoology 24: 727–750. Blackwall, J. 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Saha & D. Raychaudhuri (2017). Liter and ground dwelling Bradoo, B.L. (1975). The sexual biology and morphology of the spiders (Araneae: Arachnida) of reserve forests of Dooars, West reproductve organs of Stegodyphus sarasinorum Karsch (Araneae: Bengal. World Scientfc News 63: 1–242. Eresidae). Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 111: 239–247. El-Hennawy, H.K. (2016). Stegodyphus tbialis (O. Pickard-Cambridge, Buchar, J. (1976). Über einige Lycosiden (Araneae) aus Nepal. Ergebnisse 1869) in central India (Araneae: Eresidae), with notes on Indian des Forschungsunternehmens Nepal Himalaya 5: 201–227. Stegodyphus species. Indian Journal of Arachnology 5: 28–35. Buchar, J. (1997). Lycosidae aus Bhutan 1. Venoniinae und Lycosinae Gajbe, U.A. (2007). Araneae: Arachnida. In: Fauna of Madhya Pradesh (Arachnida: Araneae). Entomologica Basiliensis 20: 5–32. (including Chhatsgarh), State Fauna Series. Zoological Survey of Caleb, J.T.D. (2016a). 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Tikader, B.K. (1974b). Studies on some jumping spiders of the genus Author details: Dr. John T.D. Caleb is an arachnologist whose research mainly Marpissa from India (family-Saltcidae). Proceedings of the Indian focuses on the spider diversity, taxonomy and DNA barcoding. He has described Academy of Science 79(B): 204–215. 35 new spider species across India and has about 50 research papers on an extensive range of taxonomic research on Indian spiders. His passion towards Tikader, B.K. (1976). Redescripton of a jumping spider Harmochirus the systematcs and biogeography of saltcids got him the “Herbert Levi Fund brachiatus (Thorell) with a new record from India. Journal of the for Arachnological Research” (HLMFAR) in 2017 by the American Arachnological Bombay Natural History Society 73: 410–411. Society (AAS) for studying the Saltcids of India. He is presently working as a Tikader, B.K. (1977). Studies on spider fauna of Andaman and Nicobar Research Associate in the Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata. islands, Indian Ocean. Records of the Zoological Survey of India 72: 153–212. Acknowledgements: I would like to express my thanks to Dr. Manu Thomas Tikader, B.K. (1980a). Thomisidae (Crab-spiders). Fauna India (Araneae) Mathai, Associate Professor and Head, Dept. of Zoology, MCC, for his encouragement and support during the work. Thanks to Dr. R.W. Alexander 1: 1–247. Jesudasan, Principal, MCC, for providing facilites to carry out the research work Tikader, B.K. (1980b). Descripton of a new species of spider of the genus which is a part of my Ph.D. Thesis. Dr. Narasimhan, Associate Professor, Dept. Neoscona (Family: Araneidae) from India and some observatons on of Plant Biology & Plant Biotechnology, MCC, is thanked for his encouragement, intraspecifc colour variaton. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of and impartng his knowledge on plant diversity in the Madras Christan College Science (Animal Science) 89: 247–252. campus. I express my sincere and profound grattude to Prof. Dr. Jerzy Prószyński Tikader, B.K. (1981). Studies on spiders of the genus Castaneira (Poland) for his metculous guidance, encouragement and invaluable inputs Keyserling (Family: Clubionidae) from India. Bulletn of the Zoological regarding saltcid taxonomy. His database, “Global species database of Saltcidae” served as an excellent platorm for quick learning and easy comparison. I express Survey of India 4: 257–265. my grattude to Late Dr. Ganesh Vankhede, and his students Drs. Atul Bodkhe, Tikader, B.K. (1982). Part 1. Family Araneidae (= Argiopidae). Typical orb- Seema Keswani, Rajoria, Priyanka Hadole of the Indian Society of Arachnology, weavers. In: The fauna of India. Spiders: Araneae. Vol. II. Zoological Amravat, for their hospitality during my visit and allowing me to use the facilites Survey of India, Calcuta, pp. 1–293. at the Arachnology Museum and access their literature collecton. My sincere Tikader, B.K. & A. Bal (1980). Studies on spiders of the genus Zygiella grattude goes to Dr. Krushnamegh Kunte, Natonal Center for Biological Sciences, Cambridge from India (Araneae: Araneidae). Proceedings of the Indian Bengaluru, for the microscope facility and helping in depositng some of the type Academy of Science (Anim. Sci.) 89: 243–246. specimens. Thanks to Dr. B.A. Daniel, WILD/Zoo outreach organizaton for his words of inspiraton and kind hospitality during my visit to their organizaton. I Tikader, B.K. & A. Bal (1981). Studies on some orb-weaving spiders of the also record my thanks to Late Dr. Gajbe U.A., Ex-Scientst, ZSI for his generous genera Neoscona Simon and Araneus Clerck of the family Araneidae advice on taxonomic identfcaton. Many thanks to M. Freudenshuss, for (=Argiopidae) from India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, providing photographs of the type specimen of S. lessert and to Christoph Occasional Paper 24: 1–60. Hörweg (Austria) for sharing details of the specimen deposited in NHMW, Tikader, B.K. & B. Biswas (1981). Spider fauna of Calcuta and vicinity: Vienna, Austria. Thanks to Drs. Robert Raven and Manju Siliwal for their support Part-I. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, Occasional Paper 30: in identfying myaglomorphs and sharing literature. I would like to thank Drs. 1–149. Peter Jäger, Christa L. Deeleman-Reinhold, Barbara Baehr, Tamas Szüts, Wanda Wesołowska, Rudy Jocque, Dinendra Raychaudhuri, Souvik Sen, Samson Davis, Tikader, B.K. & M.S. Malhotra (1978). Sexual dimorphism in the jumping Mathew M.J., Sunil Jose, Karthikeyani R., and Sanjay Molur for sharing rare spider Phidippus pateli Tikader (family: Saltcidae). Journal of the literature. Thanks to Kannadasan Narasimmarajan for discussion on vegetaton Bombay Natural History Society 74: 543–546. structure and sharing relevant literature. I am much obliged to Job Daniel J.R. for Tikader, B.K. & M.S. Malhotra (1980). Lycosidae (Wolf-spiders). Fauna his kind assistng during feld collecton. I thank Zeeshan Mirza for preparing the India (Araneae) 1: 248–447. map and Amos Shem Samuel for his kind help in proofreading the manuscript. My Tikader, B.K. & V.D. Sethi (1990). Studies of some giant crab spiders of heartelt grattude go to my parents, brother, wife and daughter for their constant the family Heteropodidae from India. Part II. Records of the Zoological support (both moral and fnancial) and encouragement during the course of this work. I am grateful to the anonymous reviewes for their comments which greatly Survey of India 87: 165–186. improved the manuscript. Trivedi, V. & P. Dal (2019). Occurrence, distributon and descripton of Loxosceles rufescens (Dufour, 1820) (Araneae: Sicariidae) from western India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 116: 1–8. Turnbull, A.L. (1973). Ecology of the true spiders (Araneomorphae). Threatened Taxa Annual Review of Entomology 18, 305–348. Tyagi, K., V. Kumar, S. Kundu, A. Pakrashi, P. Prasad, J.T.D. Caleb & K. Chandra (2019). Identfcaton of Indian spiders through DNA barcoding: cryptc species and species complex. Scientfc Reports 9(14033): 1–13 & Supplement. Uetz, G.W., J. Halaj & A.B. Cady (1999). Guild structure of spiders in major crops. Journal of Arachnology 27: 270–280. Wanless, F.R. (1979). A revision of the spider genus Bretus (Araneae: Saltcidae). Bulletn of the Britsh Museum of Natural History (Zoology) 35: 183–190. Wanless, F.R. (1984). A revision of the spider genus Cyrba (Araneae: Saltcidae) with the descripton of a new presumptve pheromone dispersing organ. Bulletn of the Britsh Museum of Natural History (Zool.) 47: 445–481. Wesolowska, W. (2014). A review of the Asian species of the spider genus Stenaelurillus (Araneae: Saltcidae). Oriental Insects 47(4): 246–254. World Spider Catalog. (2020). World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. htp://wsc.nmbe.ch, version, 21. Accessed on 7 February 2020. Zamani, A., Y.M. Marusik, M. Soof, S. Koponen, J.T.D. Caleb & A. Šestáková (2019). First record of Poltys nagpurensis (Araneae: Araneidae) from Iran. Arachnologische Miteilungen 57: 4–7.

15766 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 18 May 2020 | 12(7): 15711–15766

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May 2020 | Vol. 12 | No. 7 | Pages: 15711–15766 Date of Publicaton: 18 May 2020 (Online & Print) www.threatenedtaxa.org DOI: 10.11609/jot.2020.12.7.15711-15766

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Spider (Arachnida: Araneae) fauna of the scrub jungle in the Madras Christan College campus, Chennai, India – John T.D. Caleb, Pp. 15711–15766

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