Upacara Kathina Dalam Agama Buddha

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Upacara Kathina Dalam Agama Buddha 1 UPACARA KATHINA DALAM AGAMA BUDDHA (Studi Kasus Pada Vihara Buddha Metta Arama Menteng Jakarta) Oleh MA’MUN NIM. 0032118712 JURUSAN PERBANDINGAN AGAMA FAKULTAS USULUDDIN DAN FILSAFAT UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH J A K A R T A 1428 H/2007 M 2 UPACARA KATHINA DALAM AGAMA BUDDHA (Studi Kasus Pada Vihara Buddha Metta Arama Menteng Jakarta) Skripsi Diajukan Kepada Fakultas Ushuluddin dan Filsafat Untuk Memenuhi Syarat-syarat Mencapai Gelar Sarjana Teologi Islam Oleh Ma’mun NIM. 0032118712 Di bawah Bimbingan Pembimbing I Pembimbing II Drs. H. Roswen Dja’far Dra. Hj. Hermawati, M.A NIP. 150 022 782 NIP. 150 227 408 JURUSAN PERBANDINGAN AGAMA FAKULTAS USULUDDIN DAN FILSAFAT UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH J A K A R T A 1428 H/2007 M 3 KATA PENGANTAR ﺑﺴﻢ اﷲ اﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ اﻟﺮﺣﻴﻢ Segala puja dan puji serta syukur penulis panjatkan kepada Allah Swt. yang telah memberikan kekuatan iman dan Islam, taufiq, hidayah serta inayah- Nya, sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan skripsi ini. Salawat dan salam senantiasa tercurahkan kepada Baginda Nabi Besar Muhammad Saw. yang telah memberikan cahaya dan fatwa kepada seluruh ummatnya hingga akhir zaman. Syukur dengan mengucap al-hamdulillah, dan dengan usaha maksimal dan tekad yang bulat serta dorongan yang kuat dari saudara-saudaraku tercinta dan kedua orang tua, akhirnya penulisan skripsi ini dapat penulis selesaikan, walaupun tentunya hambatan dan rintangan senantiasa menanti silih berganti. Atas izin Allah Swt. semua kesulitan dan hambatan dapat diatasi, sehingga hasil usaha dan jerih payah ini dapat disajikan sebagaimana yang ada di hadapan pembaca. Penulis menyadari bahwa penulisan skripsi ini belum mencapai ukuran sempurna. Untuk itu sumbangsih dan pemikiran, kritik dan saran yang konstruktif dari pembaca sangat penulis harapkan. Disadari sepenuhnya dengan kerendahan hati, bahwa penulisan skripsi ini tidak terlepas dari berbagai pihak yang turut membantu dengan rela berpartisipasi dalam membantu proses penulisan skripsi ini dari awal hingga selesai, maka sudah sepantasnya penulis menyampaikan penghargaan yang setinggi-tingginya dan mengucapkan terima kasih yang sebesar-besarnya kepada : 1. Bapak Dr. M. Amin Nurdin, MA, selaku Dekan Fakultas Ushuluddin dan Filsafat beserta staf dan Bapak Drs. H. Roswen Dja’far, sebagai pembimbing I 4 dan Dra. Hj. Hermawati, M.A sebagai pembimbing II atas kebijaksanaannya dalam memberikan tugas kepada penulis untuk menyelesaikan skripsi ini. 2. Bapak dan Ibu Dosen di lingkungan fakultas Ushuluddin dan Filsafat jurusan Perbandingan Agama yang telah memberikan ilmu kepada penulis selama kuliah di UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. 3. Bapak Pimpinan Perpustakaan Utama dan Perpustakaan Fakultas Ushuluddin dan Filsafat UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta beserta staf yang telah memberikan kesempatan kepada penulis untuk memanfaatkan dan meminjam buku-buku yang berhubungan dengan pembahasan skripsi ini. 4. Bapak Suddhi Citto, selaku Bhante/Bikkhu Vihara Buddha Metta Arama Menteng, Jakarta yang telah memberikan data dan kontribusinya dalam rangka penyelesaian skripsi ini. 5. Kakak dan adik-adikku tercinta Hendar & Ali serta teman-teman satu perjuangan seperti Topan & Bezho yang telah membantu penulis dalam memberikan semangat dan motivasinya demi terselesaikannya skripsi ini. 6. Ayah dan Ibunda tercinta (Bapak Marhadi dan Umi Sunaiyah) yang senantiasa berusaha dan berdoa serta mendidik penulis dengan penuh tanggungjawab dan selalu memberikan bantuan baik moril maupun materil. 7. Sanak famili dan handai taulan serta rekan mahasiswa fakultas Ushuluddin dan Filsafat, khususnya jurusan Perbandingan Agama angkatan 2000 dan semua pihak yang telah memberikan bantuan dengan suka rela dalam penyelesaian skripsi ini. 5 Walaupun demikian, banyaknya pihak yang telah berjasa dalam penyelesaian skripsi ini, bukan berarti kepada mereka pertanggungjawaban dibebankan, akan tetapi penulislah yang bertanggung jawab sepenuhnya, baik yang menyangkut kekhilafan maupun kekurangan-kekurangannya. Akhirnya hanya kepada Allah Swt. penulis serahkan segalanya, semoga jasa dan bantuan semua pihak yang diberikan kepada penulis menjadi pemberat timbangan amal kebaikan di akhirat kelak. Mudah-mudahan usaha kecil penulis melalui tulisan ini dapat membawa manfaat, baik bagi penulis sendiri maupun bagi pembaca pada umumnya. Amin ya rabb al-‘alamin. 01 Pebruari 2007 M Jakarta, 13 Muharram 1428 H Penulis 6 DAFTAR ISI Halaman Judul i ........................................................... KATA PENGANTAR iv .....................................................................DAFTAR ISI PENDAHLUAN : BAB I A. Latar Belakang Masalah ...............................................................1 B. Pembatasan dan Perumusan Masalah ...........................................5 C. Tujuan dan Kegunaan Penelitian .................................................6 D. Metodologi Penelitian ..................................................................7 E. Sistematika Penyusunan ...............................................................8 RUANG LINGKUP PERAYAAN KATHINA : BAB II A. Pengertian Kathina .......................................................................10 B. Sejarah Timbulnya Kathina ..........................................................13 C. Manfaat Perayaan Kathina ...........................................................18 D. Persembahan Dana Dalam Kathina ..............................................23 VIHARA BUDDHA - METTA ARAMA MENTENG - JAKARTA : BAB III A. Sejarah Singkat Vihara Buddha Metta Arama .............................29 B. Peran dan Fungsi Vihara Buddha Metta Arama ..........................31 C. Aktivitas Dalam Vihara Buddha Metta Arama ............................35 D. Arti Simbol Dalam Vihara Buddha Metta Arama .......................39 PELAKSANAAN UPACARA KATHINA DI VIHARA : BAB IV 7 BUDDHA METTA ARAMA MENTENG JAKARTA A. Persiapan Upacara Kathina ..........................................................46 B. Tata Cara Upacara Kathina ..........................................................49 C. Tujuan Upacara Kathina ..............................................................52 D. Kandungan Makna Dalam Upacara Kathina ................................55 E. Analisa Kritis ...............................................................................61 PENUTUP : BAB V A. Kesimpulan ..................................................................................67 B. Saran-saran ...................................................................................68 71 ................................................. DAFTAR ISTILAH BUDDHA 72 ........................................................... DAFTAR PUSTAKA 74 ...................................................... LAMPIRAN-LAMPIRAN 8 BAB I PENDAHULUAN A. Latar Belakang Masalah Dalam kehidupan manusia, religi merupakan unsur yang teramat penting. Hal ini disebabkan karena religi telah mengambil tempat yang teramat besar dalam jiwa manusia. Kurft mengatakan bahwa kepercayaan adalah urusan hati, menyita seluruh hidup, berakar dalam jiwa manusia sebagai keseluruhan dengan segala ungkapan yang banyak seginya.1 Dengan kepercayaan yang dimiliki, manusia menjawab pertanyaan yang timbul sebagai akibat dari berbagai pengalaman yang tidak dapat dimengerti, pengalaman yang timbul dalam konfrontasi dengan alam dan dalam kehidupan pribadi dan sekitarnya. Pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang timbul dan terkadang tidak dapat dijawab misalnya adalah masalah upacara yang berkaitan erat dengan kepercayaan manusia. Kepercayaan bagi manusia menjadi suatu pegangan dalam meyakini sebuah upacara yang sifatnya mungkin bisa dikatakan supranatural yang berada di luar batas pemikirannya. Suparlan mengatakan bahwa kepercayaan merupakan suatu sistem keyakinan yang dianut dan tindakan-tindakan yang diwujudkan dalam suatu masyarakat dalam menginterpretasi atau memberi respon terhadap apa yang dirasakan dan diyakini sebagai sesuatu yang gaib dan suci.2 Pandangan 1A.C. Kruyt, Keluarga Dari Agama Suku Masuk ke Agama Kristen, (Jakarta : BPK Gunung Mulia, 1976), h. 76 2Ronald Robert (ed), Agama; Dalam Analisa dan Interpretasi Sosiologis, (Jakarta : Rajawali Press, 1988), h. v - vi 9 terhadap adanya suatu dunia yang gaib dan suci yang sifatnya supranatural itu adalah sesuatu yang universal dalam setiap kepercayaan yang dimiliki manusia yang selanjutnya kepercayaan ini dapat diwujudkan dalam bentuk berbagai aktivitas upacara. Aktivitas dan tindakan religius tersebut yang diperagakan pada suatu upacara merupakan usaha manusia untuk berkomunikasi dengan Tuhan, dewa- dewa dan penghuni-penghuni dunia gaib lainnya. Tindakan-tindakan religius itu sendiri memang cenderung bersifat simbolis, sehingga dalam upacara itu dipahami dengan simbol-simbol. Hal tersebut pada dasarnya menguatkan dan membuat suatu kepercayaan menjadi nyata. Dalam hal ini C. Greetz mengemukakan pendapatnya sebagai berikut : Agama adalah suatu sistem simbol yang berlaku untuk menetapkan suasana-suasana hati dan motivasi-motivasi yang kuat dan tahan lama dalam diri manusia, dengan merumuskan konsep-konsep tentang suatu tatanan umum, eksistensi dan membungkus konsep-konsep itu dengan aura faktualitas, sehingga suasana-suasana hati dan motivasi-motivasi itu tampak nyata.3 Upacara dengan segala perlengkapannya senantiasa mewujudkan emosi keagamaan yang menjadi perhatian anggota masyarakat. Penyelenggaraan upacara, selain berfungsi komunikatif juga dapat mensosialisasikan norma-norma dan nilai-nilai yang diajarkan oleh sistem kepercayaan. Sosialisasi memang dapat ditempuh
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