DOCSLIB.ORG

Neighborhood Sustainability Certification Frameworks and the New Urban Politics of Scale Alex J

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Neighborhood Sustainability Certification Frameworks and the New Urban Politics of Scale Alex J Macalester College DigitalCommons@Macalester College Geography Honors Projects Geography Department 4-25-2018 "From the Neighborhood Up!": Neighborhood Sustainability Certification Frameworks and the New Urban Politics of Scale Alex J. Ramiller Macalester College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/geography_honors Part of the Human Geography Commons, and the Urban Studies and Planning Commons Recommended Citation Ramiller, Alex J., ""From the Neighborhood Up!": Neighborhood Sustainability Certification Frameworks and the New Urban Politics of Scale" (2018). Geography Honors Projects. 56. http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/geography_honors/56 This Honors Project - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Geography Department at DigitalCommons@Macalester College. It has been accepted for inclusion in Geography Honors Projects by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Macalester College. For more information, please contact [email protected]. “From the Neighborhood Up!” Neighborhood Sustainability Certification Frameworks and the New Urban Politics of Scale Alexander Ramiller April 25, 2018 Advisor: Laura Smith Department of Geography Macalester College Saint Paul, Minnesota Abstract Urban sustainability goals are closely tied to the current political context, in which the imperative to attract highly mobile global capital frequently steers the objectives of local government. In this paper, I argue for the incorporation of the neighborhood scale into contemporary understandings of “local” or “urban” sustainability policy, emphasizing the potential for multi-scalar certification frameworks to subvert the predominant global- local relationship. By shifting the conceptualization and implementation of sustainability from globally dependent urban regimes to a diverse array of discrete urban communities, neighborhood-scale initiatives are able to draw greater attention to issues of social equity, environmental justice, and spatially uneven development. At the same time, the ability for those initiatives to operate within (inter)national certification frameworks provides them with guidance, greater legitimacy, and opportunities for knowledge-sharing. I explore this idea through an examination of two neighborhood-scale sustainability certification frameworks: the well-established “LEED for Neighborhood Development” certification that uses a points-based framework to evaluate the sustainability of neighborhood redevelopment designs; and the “EcoDistricts” framework, which uses a general set of “imperatives” to evaluate neighborhood sustainability. Through quantitative analysis, I find that neighborhoods participating in both of these frameworks are at potential risk of gentrification. Through case studies and empirical analysis, I find that certification frameworks and neighborhood-scale projects form a mutually constitutive relationship in which interpretations of sustainability and social equity are generated by neighborhood stakeholders, codified through certification, and evolve through knowledge-sharing and local adaptation. i Acknowledgements I must begin by extending the sincerest gratitude to the members of my Honors Thesis Committee, each of whom made invaluable contributions both to this research project and to my undergraduate experience. I would first like to thank my thesis advisor, Laura Smith, for her invaluable support, encouragement, and guidance throughout this process, even when my project unexpectedly turned in a more qualitative direction. I would also like to thank my academic advisor Dan Trudeau, who first introduced me to the discipline of Geography and provided me with indispensable advice on conducting the qualitative and case study portions of this research. Finally, I would like to thank Patrick Schmidt from the Political Science Department, who provided me with the incredible opportunity to join him on a research project in Denmark almost two years ago that provided me with direct inspiration for this project. In addition, I would like to acknowledge all of the practitioners who agreed to speak with me for this project, as it was their participation and their insights that made this research project possible. On that note, I want to extend special thanks to I-Chun Catherine Chang for providing me with a crucial contact at the United States Green Building Council. Finally, I want to thank my family and friends for their support and advice, and the entire Macalester Geography Department for being the best academic home that any student could ask for. ii Table of Contents CHAPTER 1: CONTEXTUALIZING URBAN SUSTAINABILITY ........................................ 1 CHAPTER 2: SUSTAINABILITY AND THE NEW URBAN POLITICS OF SCALE .......... 8 THE NEW LOCALISM AND URBAN SUSTAINABILITY .................................................................... 8 Policy Mobilities and Multi-Local Networks ......................................................................... 11 THE NEW URBAN POLITICS OF SCALE ........................................................................................ 13 The New Politics of Scale ....................................................................................................... 15 The New Urban Politics ......................................................................................................... 16 The New Environmental Politics of Urban Development ...................................................... 19 NEIGHBORHOOD POLITICAL ECOLOGY ....................................................................................... 21 Uneven Geographies of Neighborhood Development ........................................................... 22 Eco-Gentrification ................................................................................................................. 24 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 26 CHAPTER 3: INTRODUCING NEIGHBORHOOD CERTIFICATION FRAMEWORKS 28 THE NEIGHBORHOOD SCALE ...................................................................................................... 29 CERTIFICATION FRAMEWORKS ................................................................................................... 30 BACKGROUND FOR COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ........................................................................... 34 LEED for Neighborhood Development .................................................................................. 35 EcoDistricts ............................................................................................................................ 37 CHAPTER 4: ADVANTAGES OF CERTIFICATION FRAMEWORKS ............................. 40 METHODOLOGY .......................................................................................................................... 40 GUIDING FRAMEWORK ................................................................................................................ 41 BRAND IDENTITY ........................................................................................................................ 46 GOVERNANCE .............................................................................................................................. 51 iii KNOWLEDGE-SHARING NETWORKS ........................................................................................... 58 DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................................. 63 CHAPTER 5: GEOGRAPHIES OF CERTIFICATION FRAMEWORKS ............................ 66 METHODOLOGY .......................................................................................................................... 67 Project Boundaries ................................................................................................................ 67 Census Data ........................................................................................................................... 69 Statistical Techniques ............................................................................................................ 74 GEOGRAPHICAL CONTEXT .......................................................................................................... 75 LEED-ND ............................................................................................................................... 75 EcoDistricts ............................................................................................................................ 76 MEDIAN HOUSEHOLD INCOME .................................................................................................... 78 RACIAL DEMOGRAPHICS ............................................................................................................. 82 DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................................. 85 CHAPTER 6: PORTLAND CASE STUDIES ............................................................................ 88 METHODOLOGY .......................................................................................................................... 88 PORTLAND’S SUSTAINABILITY REGIME ...................................................................................... 90 SOUTH WATERFRONT CENTRAL DISTRICT ................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ecodistricts Organization Engagement and Governance June 2011, Version 1.1
    EcoDistricts Organization Engagement and Governance June 2011, Version 1.1 www.pdxinstitute.org/ecodistricts Copyright Copyright © 2011 Portland Sustainability Institute. All rights reserved. Acknowledgements The EcoDictricts Toolkits were developed by the Portland Sustainability Institute (PoSI) in partnership with practitioners from the EcoDistricts Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) in 2010-2011. Its publication would not have been possible without the dedication of these many volunteers. PoSI staff led the development, writing and research. TAC members reviewed draft toolkits and, in some cases, provided content. In addition, a targeted group of topic area experts provided a peer review. PoSI would like to thank the following individuals and organizations for their contributions and dedication to this process: Organization Working Group Jim Johnson (Chair), Oregon Solutions Paul Leistner, Portland Office of Neighborhood Involvement Jill Long, Lang Powell Tim O’Neal, Southeast Uplift Ethan Seltzer, Portland State University EcoDistricts Toolkit Organization Development, June 2011, Version 1.1 2 Contents Introduction .................................................................................... 4 Phase 1 – Engagement.................................................................. 6 Step 1. Engaging Stakeholders .................................................................6 Determine Representatives in Your Community...........................6 Make an Inventory of Community Resources.................................7 Define
    [Show full text]
  • Innovating Cities Policy Report for EU R&I Sustainable Urban Development
    Innovating Cities Policy Report for EU R&I Sustainable Urban Development Cities P4P-Project for Policy: Policy Review Report from EU DG R&I funded urban projects under Framework Programme Seven (FP7) Written by David Ludlow, Ana Bartolo, Maria Del Mar Delgado, Evgenia Koutsomarkou, Elena Marchigiani, Daniel Monterescu December – 2019 Innovating Cities Policy Report for EU R&I Sustainable Urban Development European Commission Directorate-General for Research and Innovation Directorate D — Clean Planet Unit D.2 —Future Urban & Mobility Systems Contact Maria Yeroyanni Email [email protected] [email protected] European Commission B-1049 Brussels Manuscript completed in December 2019 The European Commission is not liable for any consequence stemming from the reuse of this publication. The views expressed in this publication are the sole responsibility of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Commission. More information on the European Union is available on the internet (http://europa.eu). PDF ISBN 978-92-79-62954-9 doi:10.2777/389661 KI-04-16-933-EN-N Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2020 © European Union, 2020 The reuse policy of European Commission documents is implemented based on Commission Decision 2011/833/EU of 12 December 2011 on the reuse of Commission documents (OJ L 330, 14.12.2011, p. 39). Except otherwise noted, the reuse of this document is authorised under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). This means that reuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.
    [Show full text]
  • Portland Pilot Program Evaluation 2 (1)
    Portland Ecodistrict Pilot Program Evaluation Report of Findings FEBRUARY 2015 © 2015 EcoDistricts. All Rights Reserved 1223 SW Washington St., Suite 200 Portland, OR 97205 TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary 4 Background 7 Beyond the Portland Pilot 10 Pilot Evaluations 11 South of Market 12 South Waterfront 22 Foster-Green (Lents) 32 Gateway 44 Lloyd 52 Lessons Learned 60 Appendix 64 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Through the support of the Bullitt Foundation, EcoDistricts undertook an evaluation of the Portland Ecodistrict Pilot program, a three-year partnership between the City of Portland, Portland Development Commission (PDC) and Portland Sustainability Institute (PoSI) to accelerate sustainable neighborhood-scale projects in five districts throughout Portland between 2009 and 2012. The City selected the five following districts to participate in the program in order to promote sustainability across a diverse set of neighborhood “typologies”: • Portland State University - South of Market Ecodistrict (“SoMa”) • North Macadam Urban Renewal Area - South Waterfront Ecodistrict • Lents Urban Renewal Area - Foster-Green Ecodistrict • Gateway Urban Renewal Area - Gateway Ecodistrict • Lloyd District - Lloyd Ecodistrict This evaluation is one element of a four-part Bullitt funded project to more deeply understand best practices for district and neighborhood sustainable development in the region. The four elements are: Portland Pilot program evaluation; analysis of neighborhood sustainability projects in the Cascadia Region; update of the EcoDistricts Protocol; and a technical guide for green infrastructure and ecosystem services. All four elements of this project have been designed to inform the development of the Global EcoDistricts Protocol and other EcoDistricts-initiated programs intended to accelerate district-scale sustainable development in the region and beyond.
    [Show full text]
  • LLOYD Ecodistrict ROADMAP
    LLOYD ECODISTRICT ROADMAP PROSPEROUS EFFICIENT BIOPHILIC CONNECTED NOVEMBER 2012 Contributors CLIENT ADVISORY TEAM Portland Development Commission Lloyd EcoDistrict Board Lloyd EcoDistrict Lisa Abuaf Irene Bowers Ashforth Pacific Technical Advisory Committee Lew Bowers Hank Ashforth Portland Development Commission Irene Bowers Lloyd EcoDistrict Bonneville Power Administration Sarah Heinicke Anita Decker Portland Bureau of Planning and Sustainability Vinh Mason Doubletree Hotels PROJECT LEAD Arianne Sperry Terry Goldman Portland Sustainability Institute David Tooze Rob Bennett Glimcher Properties Bruce Walker Wanda Rosenbarger Naomi Cole Portland Bureau of Transportation Langley Investment Properties Peter Hurley CONSULTANTS Wade Lange Portland Bureau of Environmental Services Puttman Infrastructure, Inc. Liberty Northwest Alice Brawley-Chesworth Tom Puttman Danny Schamma Amy Chomowicz Arup Linda Dobson Lloyd TMA Stephen Burges Tim Kurtz Rick Williams Orion Fulton Brian Wethington Dave Whitaker Cole Roberts Metro John Williams Zero Waste Alliance Portland Water Bureau Janet Senior Jay Coalson Oregon Convention Center Brittin Witzenburg Lloyd EcoDistrict Sarah Heinicke PacifiCorp Pat Egan Lloyd TMA Owen Ronchelli Portland Development Commission Lindsay Walker Lew Bowers Metro Portland Mayor’s Office Matt Korot Lisa Libby Portland Sustainability Institute Rob Bennett Rose Quarter Chris Oxley Justin Zeulner LLOYD ECODISTRICT ROADMAP PROSPEROUS EFFICIENT BIOPHILIC CONNECTED WWW.PDXINSTITUTE.ORG PORTLAND SUSTAINABILITY INSTITUTE 2 Table of
    [Show full text]
  • The Ecodistrict: a Framework for Environmental Mitigation at the Neighborhood Level Stephen Deal
    10 AUGUST 2017 • W ATER LOG 37:3 The Ecodistrict: A Framework for Environmental Mitigation at the Neighborhood Level Stephen Deal A view of Millvale, Pennsylvania. Photograph courtesy of ornoth Liscomb. While there are many conservation groups that focus planning process, ecodistrict neighborhoods can then use on preserving pristine wilderness, few groups focus on this baseline to craft projects and performance goals that greening up the city landscape. Worse yet, an overly improve upon existing environmental conditions. This simplistic understanding of natural systems in an type of planning approach has value because it ties urban context may result in greenery that amounts to environmental mitigation directly into the institutional little more than window dressing and is not fully life of a neighborhood. integrated to provide comprehensive ecosystem services. New Urbanist developer Andres Duany used the An ecodistrict and its elements term “green camouflage” when describing green The Portland Sustainability Institute provides a good infrastructure that fails to properly acknowledge its definition of the term ecodistrict: urban context: “an urban paradigm cannot be based on An EcoDistrict is a neighborhood that is committed the implantation of natural vignettes in the residual to sustainability that links green buildings, smart places between buildings.” 1 infrastructure and behavior to meet ambitious One way to ensure that urban greenery provides sustainability goals over time. EcoDistricts are the tangible benefits is to create an ecodistrict. An ecodistrict right scale to generate sustainability – small enough helps establish a baseline of environmental performance to innovate quickly and big enough to have a in a neighborhood. By engaging in a comprehensive meaningful impact.
    [Show full text]
  • The SW Ecodistrict, a Vision Plan for a More Sustainable Future
    | SW Ecodistrict National Capital Planning Commission The National Capital Planning Commission is the federal government’s central planning agency in the District of Columbia and surrounding counties in Maryland and Virginia. The Commission provides overall planning guidance for federal land and buildings in the region. It also reviews the design of federal construction projects, oversees long-range planning for future development, and monitors investment by federal agencies. COMMISSION L. Preston Bryant, Jr., Chairman, Presidential Appointee John M. Hart, Presidential Appointee Elizabeth Ann White, Presidential Appointee Arrington Dixon, Mayoral Appointee Robert E. Miller, Mayoral Appointee, NCPC Vice Chairman The Honorable Leon E. Panetta, Secretary of Defense Represented by Bradley Provancha The Honorable Ken Salazar, Secretary of the Interior Represented by Peter May The Honorable Dan Tangherlini, Acting Administrator of General Services Represented by Mina Wright The Honorable Joseph I. Lieberman, Chairman, Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, United States Senate Represented by Elyse Greenwald The Honorable Darrell Issa, Chairman, Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, United States House of Representatives Represented by Howard A. Denis The Honorable Vincent C. Gray, Mayor, District of Columbia Represented by Harriet Tregoning The Honorable Phil Mendelson, Chairman, Council of the District of Columbia Represented by the Honorable Tommy Wells, Member, Council of the District of Columbia Marcel Acosta, Executive Director The SW Ecodistrict Plan was prepared through the collaboration of the federal government and the District of Columbia. The National Capital Planning Commission had primary responsibility for oversight of the project and ZGF Architects LLP served as the principal consultant. SW Ecodistrict | Chairman's Message We have a compelling opportunity to revitalize a federal precinct in the heart of the nation’s capital into a showcase of sustainability.
    [Show full text]
  • Read the Five Year Report
    EcoDistricts #NeighborhoodsForAll Our First Five Years | 2013 - 2018 5 YEARS STRONG Message From Rob I founded EcoDistricts five years ago with a simple idea: to make our neighborhoods the center of the global sustainability movement. I was inspired by two simple truths: 1) the community a child is born into does more to influence that child’s future than any other factor; and 2) the neighborhood is the most important scale to implement positive change. Neighborhood development is complex, messy and requires strong leadership and collaboration. We started EcoDistricts with a focus on two key priorities: defining what success looks like with the launch of EcoDistricts Certified and building a “campfire” to convene and deepen the industry’s commitment to equity and sustainability. What started as a pilot program in my home city of Portland, Oregon has become a growing movement of thousands of urban and community development leaders across North America and around the world making neighborhood- scale commitments to equity, resilience and climate protection. In the following pages, you’ll be introduced to people and projects who have led the way in our first five years. With more people moving into cities than at any other time in history and the impacts of global warming being felt the world over, the need for inspired leadership has never been greater. We at EcoDistricts never take for granted the fact that we get to do what we love every day. We’re constantly inspired by the urban development and community leaders who are tirelessly working to imagine a brighter future.
    [Show full text]
  • A Global Survey of Building Energy Efficiency Policies in Cities
    Urban Efficiency: A Global Survey of Building Energy Efficiency Policies in Cities Contents Foreword from C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group Foreword from Tokyo Metropolitan Government Executive Summary 1. A macro view of city-level policies 2. Objectives and methodology 3. Policy maps and global trends 3.1 Overview 3.2 Global trends illustrated by policy maps 3.2.1 Building energy codes 3.2.2 Reporting and benchmarking of energy performance data 3.2.3 Mandatory auditing and retro-commissioning 3.2.4 Emissions trading schemes 3.2.5 Green building rating and energy performance labelling 3.2.6 Financial incentives 3.2.7 Non-financial incentives 3.2.8 Awareness raising programmes 3.2.9 Promoting green leases 3.2.10 Voluntary leadership programmes 3.2.11 Government leadership 3.2.12 Other 4. Experiences from frontrunner cities 4.1 Overview 4.2 Case studies 4.2.1 Hong Kong 4.2.2 Houston 4.2.3 Melbourne 4.2.4 New York City 4.2.5 Philadelphia 4.2.6 San Francisco 4.2.7 Seattle 4.2.8 Singapore 4.2.9 Sydney 4.2.10 Tokyo 4.3 Analysis 4.3.1 Key characteristics 4.3.2 Inputs during design and implementation phase 4.3.3 Results and impacts 4.3.4 Success factors 4.3.5 Key challenges 4.3.6 Future perspectives 5. Conclusions Acknowledgements Appendices 1. List of web-based databases including information on energy efficiency policies and/or action worldwide 2. Policy map - City-led programmes 3. Questionnaire sent to cities for case studies 4.
    [Show full text]
  • El Valle Heritage & Ecotourism Region
    EL VALLE HERITAGE & ECOTOURISM REGION DEVELOPMENT SUMMARY Samaná, Dominican Republic - 2/26/17 Page2- El Valle Ecotourism Region Planning – 2/26/17 - ECO2/VHD PROGRAM OUTLINE TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction Heritage and Ecotourism Region Model Conservation Districts Ecoregion Development Ratios Regional Connectivity El Valle Ecodistrict and Greenbelt Areas Agricultural Overlay Development Typologies Rural Landscapes Protection Transportation Modalities Ecodistrict Guiding Principles Appendix Page3- El Valle Ecotourism Region Planning – 2/26/17 - ECO2/VHD INTRODUCTION The area framed by the north end of the city of Samaná and the Atlantic Ocean and between the Cabo Cabrón national park and the Salto El Limón national monument is one of the last relatively unspoiled areas of the Dominican Republic. It contains unique historic and cultural enclaves, a relatively unspoiled watershed and forest region, remarkable unspoiled beaches, and key ecological fresh water and salt water marine life. The reason it has not been developed in a more conventional way—as much of the eastern coastline has—is that it has not yet been reached by development roads. Therefore, this region is ideal for a truly unique development opportunity established around preservation and restoration. This development aims not only to protect the region’s remarkable treasures, but also to stimulate the burgeoning eco- and ag-tourism market in the Dominican Republic. Building it in a way that benefits the local residents by creating lasting and quality jobs, economic security, and opportunities for small scaled entrepreneurship. This is a place for full and total immersion into history, culture, agriculture, ecology, and the cutting edge of sustainability in this last remaining Dominican Republic Gem.
    [Show full text]
  • From the Neighborhood Up
    FROM THE NEIGHBORHOOD UP PORTLAND, OR MAY 7-9, 2014 ao Welcome to Portland! In all, our Incubator and annual Summit have served more than 2,000 of the world’s leading urban planners, citymakers and policymakers over the last five years. Here, you’ll participate in dynamic group work sessions with fellow urban development practitioners and industry experts. District-scale sustainability solutions, such as district energy, green streets, smart grid and comprehensive demand management, are well known. However, the widespread deployment of these strategies has been slow to develop due to a lack of comprehensive policy or implementation frameworks at the municipal level. EcoDistricts is providing a way forward. They are an important scale to accelerate sustainability—small enough to innovate quickly and big enough to have a We are delighted to host you meaningful impact. for an exciting three days of By bringing together people like you—the best city and collaboration, relationship district innovators in North America —the Incubator is creating a network-within-a-network of leaders to building and inspiring ideas revitalize cities from the neighborhood up. Here you with a single purpose—to will meet the public officials, industry leaders and civic entrepreneurs who are leading the change in their accelerate district-scale cities. Each participant brings unique knowledge and sustainability. The Incubator experiences that will enrich your work. We hope you will rely on one another as resources and openly share what is an executive-level training works—and what doesn’t—as we collectively navigate and capacity building program, district-scale sustainable development.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecodistricts LIVING INFRASTRUCTURE GUIDE
    EcoDistricts LIVING INFRASTRUCTURE GUIDE FEBRUARY 2015 This Guide was developed with the generous support of the Bullitt Foundation. EcoDistricts would also like to acknowledge the project consultants Biohabitats, and the kind support of the advisory committee and contributors, including: Josiah Cain, RLA – Director of Innovation at Sherwood Design Engineers Chad Adams – Vice President of Design & Innovation at Bio-Logical Capital Rhys Roth – Director of Center for Sustainable Infrastructure at The Evergreen State College Julia Kintsch – Conservation Ecologist at ECO-resolutions Noah Enelow – Economist at EcoTrust Robert “Skip” Backus, CEO at The Omega Institute Pamela Mang – Founding Partner at Regenesis Group Otto Condon, AICP – Principal at ZGF Architects Jose Alminana, RLA – Principal at Andropogon Antonio Pares, RLA – Principal at Mithun In partnership with: © 2015 EcoDistricts. All rights reserved 1223 SW Washington St., Suite 200 Portland, OR 97205 TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION ONE: Introduction and Framework 4 Purpose 4 Attributes of a Living Infrastructure 5 Function and Scale 5 The EcoDistricts Protocol: This Guide in relation to other EcoDistricts Publications 7 SECTION TWO: Creating Living Infrastructure 9 Attribute 1. The district harbors and supports indigenous flora, fauna, migratory species and pollinators. 9 Attribute 2. The district conserves and replenishes fresh water, protects and restores fertile soils, and provides food. 12 Attribute 3. Connects people to nature. 14 Attribute 4. Employs strategies to eliminate or regulate
    [Show full text]
  • FBR) Is Located on the New Brunswick Side of the Upper Most Part of the Bay
    PART I: SUMMARY PROPOSED UNESCO FUNDY BIOSPHERE RESERVE NEW BRUNSWICK, CANADA NOMINATION DOCUMENT April 10, 2007 Proposed UNESCO Fundy Biosphere Reserve Part I: Summary TABLE OF CONTENTS Part I: Summary 1. Proposed Name of the Biosphere Reserve ....................................................................I - 5 2. Country .........................................................................................................................I - 5 3. Fulfillment of the Three Functions of Biosphere Reserves .............................................I - 5 3.1 Conservation ......................................................................................................I - 7 3.2 Development Function ....................................................................................... I - 12 3.3 Logistic Support ................................................................................................ I - 14 4. Criteria for Designation as Biosphere Reserve ............................................................. I - 16 4.1 Integration of Bio-geographical Regions and Human Intervention...................... I - 16 4.2 Significance for Biological Diversity Conservation ............................................. I - 16 4.3 Opportunities to Explore and Demonstrate Approaches to Sustainable Development .................................................................................. I - 20 a) Capacity Building ........................................................................................ I - 21 b) Knowledge
    [Show full text]