Acknowledgments This publication is based on New Yorl< Food and Life Sciences Bulletin 80, July 1779, Varieties for New York State. The authors are indebted to their predecessors, John Einset (deceased), John Watson (deceased),Willard Robinson, Contents and Iceit11 Kimball, who developed the earlier bulletin and generated much of the information contained therein. Gary Introduction 2 Howard's expertise was invaluable to the Leading American Varieties 3 Cornell evaluations of Vitis uitzifera varieties, and Ben Gavitt and Joe Bertino American Varieties of Limited Acreage 3 (deceased) provided their skillful - malting expertise. Phillip McInnis, Jr., French-American and Other Interspecific Varieties 4 assisted with field evaluations and generated the early variety data bases Interspecific Varieties for Red Wine Production 4 upon which this publication was based. I~lterspecificVarieties for White Wine Production 5 Raymond Mallaber and the Field Research Unit of Geneva, as well as the Recent Introductions of Interspecific Hybrids staff of the Vineyard Laboratory of Fredonia, supplied skilled and enthusias- Cold-Hardy Varieties Developed by tic viticult~~ralexpertise. James Kamas Elmer Swenson, Osceola, Wisconsin and Nelson Shaulis provided thoughtf~ll reviews of this manuscript. We are European (Vitis uinife~a)Wine Grape Varieties grateful for financial support from the Leading Vitis uirzifem White Wine Varieties New Yorl< State Grape 1)roduction Research Fund, the New Yorl< Wine and Other Vitis vi~ziferaWhite Wine Varieties Grape Foundation, and John Dyson. To all of the above, as well as to many others Leading Vitis uinifera Red Wine Varieties who contributed in significant ways, the Vitis uinifera authors express their gratitude and Other Red Wine Varieties appreciation. Bird Damage Insect and Disease Damage Br~lceI. Reisch, Robert M. Pool, and Marp- Howell Martens are with the Department of Sources of Additional Information Horticultural Sciences, and Thornas Menicl<- Kling is with the Department of Food Disease ldentificntiofz Science, New Yorl< State Agric~lltural Experiment Station, Cornell University, lnsect Identification Geneva, New York. Weed Ma~zagemetzt David V. Peterson is with the Finger Lakes C~tlttiralPractices Grape G~ozuing Grape Program, Cornell Cooperative fo~ Extension, 110 Court Street, Penn Yan, Descriptions of Grape Varieties New York.

Photo credits: Co~lcord-Mary-Ho\veII Martens Nlagal a-Rober t M. Pool Melody, Cayuga Whltc, Whlte Rlesllng, For czdditioi~alcopies, call or. ~c/i.iteto Media Chardonnay, Cabernet franc-C~III~UIII- Ser~~icesReso~irce Center, Corizell Ulzi~~ersity, catloll Services, N.Y.State Agricultural 7 Bltsii~essai2d Techilology l'arl:, Ithnca, N. Y. Experiment Stat~on 148.50, Telepho?~e607-25.5-2080. Vldal blanc--David X'cter son Introduction

The majority of commercial grape Most of the grape acreage in New I'otcntial lor winter cold tolerance varieties around the world belong York is planted with the Concord is genetically controlled and is to the species Vitis uirzifera. In New variety (Table 1).This and other primarily a function of variety. The York, however, V. vinifera varieties varieties of V. labrusca have a actual level of cold hardiness are only one of a diverse group of prono~sncedfruity flavor, often attained in the vineyard, however, varieties that includes those derived referred to as American flavor. Of is affected by the health of the vine, from the fox grape, V. labrz~sca, the top five New York varieties, crop load during the previous and hybrids of native American Concord, Catawba, and Niagara season, degree of vine acclimation species with V. uznifera. This descended from V. labrz~sca; to colct when low temperatures are bulletin describes the broad range Aurore was derived from several encountered, and other factors. of varieties available for commer- American species crossed with Dormant buds may be damaged at cial use, as well as those with V. vinifera; and Chardonnay is a one temperature and trunks at potential for home vineyards and pure variety of V. vinifera. Vinifera another. The ratings of relative roadside markets. Most of the are described in this publica- resistance to winter cold (Table 2) varieties described here are adapted tion and more extensively else- are generalized to reflect the to cool climate growing regions. where (Pool et al., n.d.). variation in tolerance by different Some may be suitable for use in the varieties, although cultural prac- The most important factor for a Northeast, Midwest, and Mid- tices and enviro~l~nentalconditions potential co~nmercialgrower to Atlantic growing regions of the may reduce or increase a vine's consider is market. Before planting, United States. The descript~onsand resistance. Information on relative growers should consult buyers to information in Tables 1-3 may be resistance to diseases and cold ensure that there is a demand for used to help choose varieties suited injury is found in Table 2. to specific needs. Further informa- the fruit they will produce. tion may be obtained from Coop- Grape varieties vary greatly in their erative Extension as well as from tolerance to diseases. Disease resis- the references listed at the end of tance is an important consideration this publication. when deciding which varieties are suitable for a given site. Varieties that are more susceptible to disease will require more effort to keep disease under control. Home gardeners may be especially interested in growing the more disease-tolerant varieties. I,eading American Varieties Cor-ncord is grown on a greater it a desirable dessert grape, and it is tible to fur-igal diseases than tilac of varicty of soils and under a wider the leading table gmpe variety in Concord (Table 2). Catawba also range of clinlatic conditions than New Yorlt. Slzin craclting and experiences foliar injury ~ihel-e any other variety of American excessive postharvest shelling, ozone pollution occurs. High grape. Its vine is vigorous and however, as well as the presence of acidity may be a problenl in some productive, ripening in early to seeds, limit its use for this purpose. years. This grape is used primarily mid-October i11 New York. Relative characteristics of Co~lcord in white or pink dessert , but Concord's versatility gives it a large and other varieties are listed in it is also used for juice production lnarlzet potential. It is the most Tables 2 and 3. More inforlnation and fresh market sales. important variety for sweet juice, on the Concord grape may be Niagara is a floral, strollglp Ameri- jelly, and preserves, and it is also found in a separate publication can flavored white grape used for used in quantity for wine produc- (Zabadal et al., 1988). juice, wine, and fresh consun~ption. tion and fresh market sales. Catawba, developed in the early It ranks below Concord in cold Concord produces medium-sized 1800s, is a spicy-flavored, slipsltin hardiness and ripens somewhat clusters bearing large, blue-bla-clz grape with a pronounced labrusca earlier. On favorable sites, yields berries. It is typical of the American aroma. To reach full maturity in can equal or surpass those of V. labrttsca-derived grapes in New York, Catawba requires Concord. Acidity is lower than for having a tough skin that separates favorable sites with long growing most other American varieties. It is readily from the pulpy flesh seasons. The vines are vigorous, grown successfully in many districts (slipskin).The pronounced fruity, hardy, and productive, but the throughout New York. labrusca flavor of Corlcord rllaltes foliage is somewhat more suscep-

American Varieties of Limited Acreage Delaware is an early-ripening red tolerance (Table 2), this variety grape sales. With careful pruning, variety with small berries, small should be planted only on very its vigor and productioll maj7 clusters, and a mild American favorable sites. Other interspecific approach that of Concord. The flavor. It is an important dessert hybrid varieties have now largely fruit clusters are susceptible to variety in Japan but is used pri- replaced Dutchess in New York . rnarily for juice and white wine in wine production. Isabella is an old, black, labrusca- New York. Rain during season may cause the tender skins Elvira is a white grape descended type variety used primarily for wine. In other parts of the world to crack. Delaware requires a deep, from V. ~ipmia,the Riverbank or Isabella is one of the most common fertile, well-drained soil for satisfac- Frost Grape. The variety ripens at grapes of its type, but in New York tory vine growth; on such soils, the same time as Concord does and it is rare, having been replaced by with good management, its yields is one of the most productive vari- other varieties. Cold damage can may be as high as those of Con- eties grown in New York. It is used occur in severe winters. cord. On all but the most favorable primarily for bulk wine production. soils, Delaware should be grafted Because the skin is thin and the V. cluster is very compact, berries may Ives is a black grape of the on a phylloxera-resistant rootstocl< labrttsca type that is used to add to ensure vigorous growth. crack during some seasons if the grapes are harvested at full ma- color to red wines and juices. It is highly susceptible to danlage by the Once prized for champagne turity. The current practice is to production in New York, Delaware harvest the fruit before cracking air pollutant, ozone, which may cause diminished vigor and productivity. is now being replaced by several occurs. The must is typically high interspecific hybrid and vinifera in acidity. See also Ventura. Moore's Diamond resembles the varieties. Delaware remains, Fredonia is a blue-black, Concord- fruit of Niagara and the vine of however, one of the highest quality Concord and is one of the few American varieties for wine. type grape with very large berries that ripen about two weeks before white American varieties that have Dutchess is a late-ripening white Concord. Although Fredonia lacks been used to produce dry table wine. It is also desirable as a table grape of V. vilzifera and V. lab~usca the flavor associated with Concord, ancestry. The fr~iithas less of an which is usually desired for juice grape, but the skins may crack American flavor than other vari- and jelly, Fredonia is used for both during wet seasons. eties of V. labrusca ancestry. juice production and roadside table Because of its relatively low cold erican and Other Interspecifis Varieties

The introduction of the North More recent introductions from Chambourcin (Joannes-Seyve 26- American pests phylloxera North American breeding pro- 205) is a late-ripening grape that (Dakttilosphaira uitifoliae) and grams have been based on further may produce a highly rated red powdery mildew (Unci~ztlla crosses using French-American wine when the fruit fully matures. ~zecator)into Europe in the mid- hybrids, native American species, It requlres a long growing season 1800s was devastating to grape- and V. uinifera varieties. It was and a site less subject to low winter growing enterprises. French hybrid- only coincidental that some of the temperatures. The large, moder- izers responded by developing new varieties bred in France were ately loose bunches set medium- varieties using wild American adapted to conditions in New sized blue berries. The vine is very species resistant to phylloxera, York. Varieties produced by North productive, and cluster thinning is powdery mildew, and other dis- Ainerican breeding programs have required. eases. Breeders rushed to market been selected specifically for their the results of their crosses in an ef- adaptation to local conditions. Chancellor (Seibel 7053) was once fort to solve the crisis. These selec- planted widely in France for table tions were usually identified with Several interspecific varieties such wine production. It is moderately the name of the originator plus a as Cascade, Baco noir, De cold hardy and productive but number; many were named later. Chaunac, Ventura, and Vidal blanc requires cluster thinning. are sensitive to attack by soilborne Chancellor's wine quality is among The first products of these pro- virus diseases of the ringspot the better of the French-American grams (developed by breeders and complex. These varieties should be varieties. Planting might be more nurserymen such as Seibel, grafted onto virus-resistant widespread if the clusters were less Couderc, Icuhlmann, and Bertille rootstocks. Ripening seasons for susceptible to downy mildew and Seyve) were planted widely in wine varieties are listed in Table 3. the foliage less susceptible to Europe, but wine quality was powdery mildew. disappointing compared with the Interspecific Varieties for Red traditional varieties. Additional Chelois (Seibel 10878) wine quality Wine Production time was required to hybridize and ranks highly among the French- select improved types. Initial Baco noir (Baco No. 1)is an American hybrids. It experienced a crosses used low-quality V. uinifera extremely vigorous variety that is major decline in acreage in New grapes, such as Aramon, as best grown on heavy soils. Exces- York when demand for red wine parents. Aramon is grown widely sive vigor often occurs on light decreased during the 1980s. in Europe for bulk, but not quality, soils, increasing the risk of winter However, there was a resurgence of wine production. Later products injury. Early budbreak increases the interest in Chelois in the early of French breeding programs probability of spring freeze dam- 1990s as consumers regained descended from V. winifera parents age. The variety is also sensitive to interest in red wine. Chelois may be known for high-quality wines. attack by soilborne virus diseases. blended with other red hybrids Wines made from these more The fruit is usually high in acid and (Chambourcin, Baco noir, and recent hybrids, such as Vidal blanc produces wines of good quality that Chancellor) or V. uinifera varieties. and Vignoles, have received are nornlally deeply pigmented b~lt Vines are healthy, vigorous, and acclaim. low in tannin content. productive but require cluster thinning to prevent overcropping. V. labrtisca was rarely used in the Cascade (Seibel 13053) is a produc- Berry splitting and subsequent development of the French-Ameri- tive and moderately hardy variety. bunch rots may be severe in some can hybrids so as not to impart its The medium to large loose clusters years. Because it is susceptible to strong flavor to the new selections. ripen early. Birds often cause crop winter damage, Chelois should be many other wild American species loss. Wines are generally light in planted on better sites. Small, blue- were used, especially V. nestiualis color and body with low acidity. black berries are borne on compact, lincectinzii (the Post Oak Grape), Because of this grape's susceptibil- medium-sized clusters. 17. ~.zrpest~is(the Sand Grape), and ity to soilborne virus diseases and 17. ripnlia. The flavors of the generally low wine quality, acreage French-American group are has declined dramatically since variable but much more subtle than 1375 (Table 1). those of Inany varieties derived from V,l~~l7~r~~scn. Colobel (Seibel 8357) produces a Villard noir (Seyve-Villard 18-315 ) Cayuga TVhire, narlled at Geneva in heavily pigmented juice useful for is a late-ripening, productive variety 1972, is one of the Inost productive blending as a coloring agent. Used that produces good-quality red and disease-resistant varieties alone, it makes poor wine. Vines wine when grow11 on favorable grown in New York. Its wine, are very productive but just slightly sites. For best performance, choose which has medium body and good cold hardy. The large clusters of a site with moderate winter tem- balance, has been rated highly. This blue-black berries ripen late. peratures and a long growing versatile grape can be made into a season. Grafted vines are recom- semisweet wine emphasizing the De Chaunac (Seibel9549)is a very mended to improve vigor, espe- fruity aromas, or, using oak aging, productive and vigorous variety. cially on heavy soils. Cluster into a dry, less fruity wine. When Cluster thinning is required to thinning is also necessary to harvested early, it illay produce a maintain yield and fruit quality. prevent overcropping. very attractive sparkling wine with The clusters are large and loose, good acidity, good structure, and resulting in few problems with Vincent was released in 1967 by pleasant aromas. When overripe, bunch rots at harvest. Wine is only the Horticultural Research Institute however, it can develop strong fair in quality, and the vine is of Ontario (HRIO)at Vineland, hybrid aromas with slight Ameri- s~tbjectto soilborne viruses. Be- Canada. The vine is medium in can overtones. Its excellent cultural cause of shril~kingdemand, acreage vigor, very productive, and ripens characteristics and high wine has declined dramatically in recent late. This dark blue grape produces quality promise an important years. a very dark juice that is useful for future for this variety in New York. blending with varieties that have Lion Millot (IZuhlmann 194-2)is low pigment content. Care must be Ravat 34 is a selection of the an early-ripening black grape taken to control powdery mildew. French hybridizer, J. F. Ravat. It produced from the same cross as ripens early and is moderately Marechal Foch. The wines are vigorous, productive, and winter similar, with distinct berry aromas. Interspecific Varieties for White hardy. Wine quality is good. There Vine characteristics tend to be Wine Production is limited commercial experience similar as well, although Lion Aurore (Seibel 5279) is the most with this variety in New York. Millot is usually more vigorous and widely planted nonlabrusca grape Trial results from Fredonia, New productive. in New York. Processors have used York, indicate excellent yield Marechal Foch (Kuhlmann 188-2) Aurore to extend the harvest season potential. is a very early ripening black grape because the fruit matures in late Seyval (Seyve-Villard 5-276, with small berries and clusters that August and early September before commonly marketed as Seyval produce a fruity, light red table most other varieties are ripe. The blanc) is one of the most widely wine. The vines are hardy and vine is productive, vigorous, and planted hybrid grapes east of the medium in vigor and production. produces large bunches of amber- Rocky Mountains. When grapes MarCchal Foch should be grafted colored berries. Bird damage and are harvested at optimal maturity, on a resistant rootstock to ensure fruit rot often occur. Wine quaIity wines have attractive aromas of adequate vigor. Birds are attracted is poor, and this grape is being grass, hay, and melon. The body to the small, black berries. replaced by interspecific varieties of higher quality. Its major use has tends to be thin, and either malo- Rougeon (Seibel5898)is hardy and been for bulk wine production, lactic fermentation or barrel very productive but sometimes frequently blended with V. lnbrttsca fermentation followed by oak aging bears biennially. The wine is of varieties. will enhance quality. The vine tends high color and is used primarily for to overbear and must be thinned to blending. ensure proper ripening and main- tain vine size. Grafting is also recommended on all but the most fertile sites. Fruit clusters are very susceptible to Botrytis bunch sot. Ventura was developed in Ontario, Recent Introductions of Cold-Hardy Varieties Canada, in 1974. A cross of Interspecific Hybrids Developed by Elmer Swenson, Chelois and Elvira, it is a very Chardonel (Plant patent 7860) was Osceola, Wisconsin productive, cold-hardy, crack- released by Cornell University Several wine and table grape vari- resistant replacement for Elvira. scientists in 1990 because of eties have been developed through The berries are high in sugar and superior performance in Michigan the private breeding efforts of acidity and ripen at the same time and Arkansas. Its cold hardiness has Elrner Swenson and are described as does Concord. Although the been nearly as good as for Seyval in below. All have been bred for high grape is considered a hybrid, the New York, but good locations with levels of cold hardiness and should wine has a pronounced labrusca long growing seasons are required do well in northeastern U.S. areas aroma and flavor. The vine is to ripen the fruit. This cross of typified by cold winters and short susceptible to tomato ringspot virus Seyval and Chardonnay produces growing seasons. and may require grafting on virus- an excellent wine when mature fruit infected sites. are used, with fruit aromas charac- Esprit (Plant patent 5716), a teristic of both parents. Its potential seedling of Villard blanc, is very Vidal blanc (Vidal 256) is a heavily productive with large clusters and productive white grape that for sparkling wine production appears to be good. large, white berries. The variety is produces good-quality wine when consumed fresh or fermented into the fruit reaches maturity. It Horizon, developed at Cornell wine but is hardy enough only for requires sites with long growing University in 1982, is suitable for good sites in southwestern Wiscon- seasons and moderate winter production of bulk white wine. Its sin; it is one of the least hardy of temperatures. Small berries are low acidity makes it useful in this group. borne on very large, compact, blending. Wines have been de- tapering clusters. Cluster thinning is scribed as neutral and free of Lacrosse (Plant patent 5588) is a required to prevent overcropping. labrusca and hybrid flavors, but fruity, white wine grape derived Plantings in New York have some taste panelists have noted from Seyval. Compared to Seyval, increased from 35 acres in 1975 to labrusca aid hybrid aromas in the vine is more cold hardy, the 152 in 1990 (Table 1). recent samples. The vine is very fruit ripens slightly earlier, and the wine is somewhat fruitier. Vignoles (Ravat 51) produces an productive and winter hardy, but excellent dessert wine, especially Botrytis bunch rot is a problem in St. Croix (Plant patent 4928) bears when picked late in the season. The some years. medium-sized blue berries on fruit can develop high sugar Melody (Plant patent 6159) was medium clusters. The vine is very content while acidity remains high. introduced by Cornell University in hardy, vigorous, and disease Vines are hardy with moderate 1985. The young wine is fruity with resistant and is very precocious in vigor and productivity. Budbreak is hints of apricot and floral aromas. bearing. Cluster thinning may be late, reducing the risk of spring Its quality is among the better of the required. freeze injury. Clusters are small, white hybrids. The vine is moder- St. Pepin (Plant patent 5771) is a very compact, and highly suscep- ately disease resistant (Table 2) and sibling of Lacrosse, but it ripens tible to Botrytis bunch rot. Acreage very productive and vigorous. earlier and makes a very fruity doubled between 1975 and 1990 Selection of well-exposed canes white wine. Winter hardiiless ranks (Table 1j. when pruning will ensure an with Esprit. It must be planted near Villard blanc (Seyve-Villard 12- adequate crop each year. No cluster other grape varieties because it is 375) is a very productive, late- thillning is required. Melody is in pistillate and requires cross- ripening grape that produces large, limited commercial production and pollination. loose clusters of oval berries. It acreage is increasing. thrives on sites with a longer Vivant was introduced in 1983 at growing season than Geneva. Wine HRIO, Canada. This white wine q~ialityis average. The fruit may be variety is vigorous and prod~~ctive solcl as a dessert grape when it is but sensitive to fungal diseases fully ripe. (Table 2).No cluster thinning is required, Interest in this variety in Canada has been decreasing, Table I. Ncbv Yorli gr'~pcvirrc acreage of all ages Irr 1979' and 1990 by variety' Acreage Acreage Change 1975 1990 (%I American Varieties Concol-d 21,006 Catawba 2,102 Niagara 2,055 Delaware 841 Elvira 466 Dutchess 131 Moore's Diamond 68 Fredonia 59 Ives 45 Isabella 37 Steuben na' Total

Interspecific Varieties Aurore Seyval De Chaunac Baco noir Cayuga White Vidal blanc Ventura Rougeon Vignoles Colobel Markcha1 Foch Chelois Chancellor Cascade Rosette Verdelet Lton Millot Vincent Total

Vitis vinifeva Varieties Chardonnay White Riesling Plnot noir Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot Gewurztran1lner Cabernet franc Sauvignon blanc Total 230 2,111 +818.8

All Other Varieties 314 455 na

Total all varieties 42,653 32,846 -23.0 'Sources: K.Y. Orchard and Vineyard Survey 1975, N.Y.Crop Reporting Service, Albany, N.Y., Release No. 31, June 1976; N.Y.Vi~leyard Survey 1990, Dept. of Agriculture and LIarkets, Albany, N.Y., September 1991. 'Intor~~~arion11ot available Figure I. Leading wine and juice grape varieties

Concord, widely adapted and Niagara, a white V. labrusca variety used Melody, a 1985 Cornell used for juice, jelly, wine, and primarily for juice and sweet wine pro- introduction gaining in fresh market sales. duction. popularity for wine production.

Cayuga White, released in Vidal blanc, a heavily productive, late- White Riesling, one of 1972 from Cornell Univer- ripening white wine grape increasing in the most winter hardy sity, a productive and popularity. V. uinifera wine grapes, well disease-resistant wine grape adapted to cool climates. that produces dry, semi- sweet, and sparkling wines.

Chardonnay, the leading V.vinifera wine Cabernet fmnc, the best-adapted red grape in terms of New York acreage (ruler V. vinifera variety (ruler shows centimeter shows centimeter measurements). measurements). European (Vitir vi~ifem)Wne Grape Varieties

The first colonists of what is now vine Function is likely to reduce primary disadvantage is its sela- New York Stare atterlipted to grow n~intescold tolerance. Certified tively high susccptibility to Bot~ytis European grapes but failed as did plantiilg stock that has been tested bunch rot. For that reason, vertical all successive attempts until the for known virus pathogens is now training combined with su~nn~er 1960s. Invariably, the failed available. Unfortunately, because of pruning and leaf removal have vineyards succumbed to winter stringent federal quarantine often produced superior results. Of cold injury, but several underlying regulations, we have primary access the several clones tested at Geneva, factors contributed to the failure to only to selections from California we have found the locally available achieve satisfactory cold hardiness. and are unable to test clones of New York clone to be superior to The fundamental reason is that V. these varieties that have been those from Foundation Plant vi?ziferavines generally are less cold selected and tested by European Materials Service of California. hardy than the American grape scientists to tolerate growing Those clones tend to set excessive species used to produce interspecific conditions more like those of New crops of very compact clusters that hybrids. Equally important, York than California. rot easily and do not ripen reliably. however, these grapes have little or Their vegetative growth is exces- It is important to remember the no inherent resistance to several sive, often leading to winter cold vulnerability of European grape pests and diseases native to our injury. state. These include the grape root varieties. Only sites that do not aphid, phylloxera, and several place extra restrictions on vine White Riesling is also planted fungal diseases (powdery mildew, function, such as poor soil or air widely because of its high relative black rot, and downy mildew). It drainage, excessive or inadequate cold hardiness and the excellent was not until satisfactory phyllox- fertility, or local restrictions on quality of still and sparkling wines era-resistant rootstocks were length of growing season, should be made from its fruit. New York identified and modern fungicides used for V. virrcfera. In addition, White Riesling wines are probably developed that even the limited growers must use stringent mea- superior to any except those of its potential cold hardiness of these sures to control diseases and homeland in Germany. The major varieties could be attained in the insects, superior pruning and disadvantage is the susceptibility of field. Recently we have found that training methods, and canopy its fruit to Botrytis bunch rot and V. vinifelzl varieties will not succeed management techniques such as the relatively late harvest date. in soils traditionally used to grow leaf removal that will enhance White Riesling quite reliably American varieties unless the soil wood maturity and minimize reaches the maturity levels com- pH is raised to about 6.5. disease. These techniques are monly chosen in Europe (17-20 discussed in Jordan et al. (1980). percent soluble solids) for the Another important factor that variety. Its susceptibility to bunch limited the success of these old Leading mite rot suggests that additional canopy varieties was the health of the Wine Varieties management techniques such as nursery stock from which they leaf removal and extra sprays to were produced. During the many Chardonnay is the most widely combat bunch rot may be advanta- centuries of culture, certain virus planted V. vinifera variety in New geous. Several excellent clones are and viruslike diseases have become York (Table 1).Relative to other V. available, but older ones that have widespread in V. vinifera. In vinifera varieties, it is cold hardy not been tested for freedom from regions with less stringent climates, but not as hardy as White Riesling viruses should be avoided because such as California, these diseases or Cabernet franc. Its advantages they have reduced production may have only marginal impact on include very high quality of both potential compared to certified yield or grape quality. It has been still and sparkling table wines, early clones. suggested that the vines may even and reliable fruit and wood matu- benefit from a dwarfing effect. In rity, and inoderate vigor. Its New York's climate, however, anything that detracts from normal , a white-fruited form of of Ottonel is similar to that Noblessa has moderate cold Pinot noir, is an important white of Gewiirztraminer. It makes tolerance and few cultural prob- wine variety in Germany, Alsace, excellent muscat-flavored wines lems. Its fruit ripens very early (the and the Loire Valley of France. and is the best adapted of the first week in September in Geneva), This grape's adaptability to New traditional muscat varieties in New and the wines have been rated York growing conditions is similar Yorlt. It is moderately resistant to highly. Its primary defect is low to Chardonnay, and it has more bunch rot. vigor and hence low yields when resistance to bunch rot. It seems planted at standard vine spacing Sauvignon blanc has produced worthy of more extensive culture in intervals. Therefore, closer in-the- outstanding wines in New York. It New York and similar cool climate row spacing than the norm should should be planted, however, with districts. be considered. caution. It is a very vigorous variety Pinot gris is the "gray" (light red) with a long vegetative cycle. Cold Semillon is a standard variety of for~nof Pinot noir. The clone we hardiness is difficult to attain in our Bordeaux. Although not included have tested is not as cold hardy as climate, and its maximum hardi- in recent tests at Geneva, it per- our Pinot blanc clone but is as ness appears to be low. The clusters formed reasonably well in earlier hardy as the better Pinot noir are very susceptible to Botrytis trials. Semillon might be planted clones we have tested. It also infection, and the strong vegetative experimentally as a white wine appears to resist bunch rot. Pinot growth produces a large canopy alternative to the standard New gris makes a fuller-bodied white that increases the potential for York V. uinifera varieties. wine than does Pinot blanc. Both bunch rot and reduces vine fruitful- Siegerrebe was produced from a the blanc and gris forms add to the ness. We have tested only a single cross of Madeleine Angevine by cluality of sparkling wine cuvies clone from California. Clones from Gewiirztraminer. It ripens very and make interesting still wines. Europe are reported to have shorter early (last week of August to the They have the potential to offer an vegetative cycles and might be first week of September at Geneva) interesting alternative to better adapted to New York. and has good winter cold hardi- Chardonnay or White Riesling for ness. The wine is very fruity with high-quality wine production. Other Vitis vinifera White some similarity to that of Gewiirztraminer has red fruit but Wine Varieties Gewiirztraminer. It would prob- makes white wine with very ably be of most interest in areas Tests of V. uinifera performance at with shorter than normal growing distinctive spicy aromas that have a Geneva and elsewhere in the state selective market appeal. It is less seasons. Because it ripens early, have identified several less well bird depredation has been severe. cold hardy than the best-adapted known white wine varieties that V. uinifera varieties (Table 2),and appear to have some potential for its high vigor and long vegetative use in cold climates. They include Leading Vitis vinifera Red growth cycle have created problems Comtessa, which produces fruity Wine Varieties in many New York vineyards. The wines with good acid structure that Pinot noir is one of the world's large vines result in shaded fruit, are similar to those of White great red wine varieties. When fully uneven ripening, and less than Riesling. Winter cold hardiness and mature, it produces superior red optimal cold hardiness. On favor- bunch rot tolerance appear to be table wines. Excellent white able sites and with appropriate good. Comtessa ripens at the same sparkling wines can be produced as canopy management techniques, time as Chardonnay, well before well. These may be made from however, production and wine White Riesling. Pinot noir alone or by blending q~~alitycan be excellent. We have with other traditional sparltling tested only a single clone from Morio Muscat appears to be wine varieties. Because it ripens California. slightly more cold tolerant and ripens earlier than Muscat Ottonel. early (first week of October in Muscat Ottonel is a productive The wine has a distinct muscat Geneva) relative to other classic red variety that does well in most years. flavor. It may be less resistant to V. vinifem varieties and is reason- However, if wood rnaturity is bunch rot than is Muscat Ottonel. ably cold hardy, Pinot noir is an restricted by cool sutnmer tempera- attractive choice for the cooler tures or when winter cold is severe, production areas of New York. cold injury results, Cold h,as d'mess The variety has two important defects, however. It tends to Pinot Meunier resembles Pinot nois Lirnberger is grown under several produce very compact clusters of closely. It is among the most winter different names in the northern thin-skinned fruit that are highly hardy of the red Pinot family that production areas of Europe (e.g., susceptible to Botrytis infection and we have tested and is also the most Le~nberger,Blaufsanltisch). It has subsequent bunch rot. Wines tend susceptible to bunch rot. In France not been widely tested commer- to be deficient in color, especially the variety is used solely as a cially in New York, but results to when the fruit is harvested early to component of Champagne blends, date have been favorable. Cold avoid bunch rot. When used for and it would appear to be best hardiness appears acceptable, and sparkling wine production the fruit suited for that role in New York. Botrytis resistance is good. The are harvested before bunch rot Good red wines have been made, clusters are large and yield potential becomes a problem. however, in years of low Botrytis is high, which may dictate the need hazard. for crop control in some years. Many clones of Pinot noir are being Wines have been rated highly; they tested, and there are great differ- Cabernet Sauvignon is one of the have deep red color and rich ences among them. The following most cold hardy and disease- tannins. are listed primarily because of their resistant V. vinifera varieties. general availability. Pinot noir Although it ripens late, satisfactory Gamay noir has only recently been "Mariafeld" ("Klevner Mariafeld") levels of sugar in most New York tested in New York. It is the originated in Switzerland. It has the production areas are usually primary red wine variety of greatest resistance to bunch rot of attained. Sugar alone, however, Beaujolais in France, and New any Pinot noir clone tested at does not determine wine quality, York wines have been well re- Geneva. It tends to have high yield, and consistently superior wines ceived. We do not have enough large berry size, and relatively low have been produced only in the experience to judge its real poten- winter cold tolerance. Normally warmer production areas. tial, so that plantings should be these factors should discourage considered experimental. Cabernet franc should be consid- planting, but because harvest can ered an alternative or a supplement Trollinger has been a consistent be delayed until full maturity, the to Cabernet Sauvignon. It is the vineyard performer in tests at clone often produces wines superior most cold hardy V. uinifem variety Geneva. The variety is grown to those made from clones with we have tested. The fruit ripens widely in northern Europe to potentially higher quality that must earlier and has produced good- produce early-maturing, light red be harvested early to avoid bunch quality wines more consistently table wines. Experimental planting rot. The wines are high in color and than has that of Cabernet is suggested for producers who are tannin relative to other clones. Sauvignon. interested in wines of this type. A "Mariafeld" is recommended for cross of Trollinger named planting as one of a mix of clones Rotberger has also been a consis- when red Pinot noir wines are Other Vitis vinifera Red Wine tent producer of enjoyable fruity desired. Information on the origin Varieties red wines. of Pinot noir "Geneva" has been Merlot has produced superior lost. Relative to other clones it has wines in New Yorlz. It has a very Petite Verdot is one of the classic good winter cold hardiness but low long vegetative growth cycle, red Bordeaux varieties. Yields have resistance to bunch rot. Pinot noir however, and tends to produce been low at Geneva; fruit matures "Gamay Beaujolais" is another dense, shaded canopies, leading to late, and wine quality has been variety whose moderate wine bunch rot and reduced winter cold mediocre at best. Small trial quality is enhanced because bunch tolerance. It is recommended for plantings of this variety are recom- rot tolerance allows harvest to be only the most favored sites in cool mended for producers who wish to delayed until fruit are fully mature. climate regions. make complex blends of Bordeaux Other promising clones are cur- red wine varieties. rently being tested. Before making planting decisions, growers should check current information on suitability and availability of alternative Pinot noir clones. Table 2. Relative susceptibility of wine and juice grape varieties to low-temperature injury, disease, and leaf damage resulting from sulfur applications'

Variety WH BR2 DM PM BOT PHOM EU CG ALS SULFUR Aurore Baco noir Cabernet franc Cabernet Sauvignon Cascade Catawba + + + No Cayuga White + ? + + No Chambourcin ? ++ ? Yes Chancellor + + + +++ Yes Chardonel ? ++ + + No Chardonnay Chelois Colobel Comtessa Concord +++ + ++ Yes De Chaunac +++ + + +++ Yes Delaware Dutchess Elvira Esprit Fredonia Gamay noir Gewiirztraminer Horizon Isabella Ives Yes Lacrosse ? Lion Millot > Limberger No MarCchal Foch Yes Melody No Merlot Moore's Diamond Table 2. (continued)

Variety %WPI BR' DM PM BOT PHOM EU CG AI,S SULFUR Morio Muscat 2 +++ +++ +++ +++ ? +++ +++ ? No Muscat Ottonel 2 +++ +++ +++ + + ? +++ +++ ? No Niagara 4 +++ +++ + + + +++ + + + + No Noblessa 2 +++ +++ +++ ++ ? +++ +++ ? No Petite Verdot 2 +++ +++ +++ + ? +++ +++ ? No Pinot blanc 2 +++ +++ +++ + + ? +++ +++ ? No

Pinot gris 2 +++ +++ +++ ++ ? +++ +++ ? No

Pinot noir 2 +++ +++ +++ +to +++ ? +++ +++ + No Ravat 34 4 ? + ++ + ? ? + ++ No

Rougeon 4 ++ +++ +++ + + +++ + ? +++ Yes

Saint Croix 6 ? + + + + ++ ? ? ? ? ? Saint Pepin 5 ? + +++ ++ ? ? ? ? ? Sauvignon blanc 1 +++ +++ +++ +++ ? +++ +++ ? No Semillon 2 +++ +++ +++ + + ? +++ +++ ? No Seyval 4 +++ + + +++ +++ + + +++ ++ No

Siegerrebe 3 +++ +++ +++ + + ? +++ +++ ? No Trollinger 2 +++ +++ +++ + ? +++ +++ ? No Ventusa 6 ++ + + +++ + ? ? + +++ No Vidal blanc 3 + + + +++ + + + +++ + No Vignoles 4 + + + +++ +++ + + + + +++ ++ No Villard blanc 3 ? ++ +++ + ? ? ? ? ? Villard noir 4 ? + +++ + ? ? ? ? ? Vincent Vivant White Riesling 3 +++ +++ +++ +++ + + + + +++ + No

NOTE: WH = Winter hardiness, 1 = too tender for all but a few select sites, 2 = tender, 3 = slightly hardy, may be grown on better sites, 4 = moderately hardy, 5 = hardy, and 6 = very hardy, worthy of trial on cold sites. BR = Black rot, DM = Downy mildew, PM = Powdery mildew, Bot = Botrytis, Phom = Phomopsis, Eu = Eutypa, CG = Crown gall, ALS = Angular leaf scorch, Sulfur = sensitivity to sulfur spray injury. ' Portions of this table were excerpted from the 1991 Pest Ma~~age???e??tReco~zn?endations for G~apes,a Cornell Cooperative Extension Publication.

Disease categories are rated as follows: + = slightly susceptible or sensitive, ++ = moderately susceptible or sensitive, +++ = highly susceptible or sensitive, ? = relative susceptibility or sensitivity not established. Berries not susceptible. Table 3. Season of maturity of cool climate wine and juice grape varieties'

Early Midseason Late White Wine Aurore (h) Cayuga White (h) Catawba (a) Comtessa (v) Chardonnay (v) Chardonel (h) Lacrosse (h) Delaware (a) Dutchess (a) Noblessa (v) Elvira (a) Gewiirztraminer (v) Ravat 34 (h) Esprit (a) Muscat Ottonel (v) Saint Pepin (h) Horizon (a) Vidal blanc (h) Siegerrebe (v) Melody (h) Villard blanc (h) Moore's Diamond (a) White Riesling (v) Morio Muscat (v) Niagara (a) Pinot bianc (v) Pinot gris (v) Sauvignon blanc (v) Semillon (v) Seyval (h) Ventura (a) Vignoles (h) Vivant (h)

Red Wine Cascade (h) Baco noir (h) Cabernet Sa~lvignon(v) Leon Millot (h) Chelois (h) Cabernet franc (v) MarCchal Foch (h) Concord (a) Chambourcin (h) Saint Croix (a) De Chaunac (h) Chancellor (h) Gamay noir (v) Colobei (h) Limberger (v) Isabella (a) Pinot Meunier (v) Ives (a) Pinot noir (v) Merlot (v) Rougeon (h) Petite Verdot (v) Trollinger (v) Villard noir (h) Vincent (h)

Note: a = American type, derived from Vitis lnbrusca h = Interspecific hybrid, without dominant labrusca characteristics v = V1tl.s utnzfern 'In New York, early varieties ripen between late A~lgustand mid-.September;mid-season varieties ripen between late September ansl early October; late varieties mature after the first weel< in Octobe~.. Bird Damage Insect and Disease Damage All grape varieties, particularly Any 1~31-ietyof grape n1ay be State Agricultural Experiment those that ripen early, may be injured by insects or diseases. Table Station continue to search for seriously damaged or destroyed by 2 provides relative ratings of envisonnientally sound practices to birds. I11 small planti11gs it may be disease resistance. Varieties that are control crop losses from insects and helpful to enclose the ripening resistant to several diseases may be diseases. Areas of research include grape clusters in paper bags to grown with fewer fungicide appli- the development of disease-resistant prevent damage. A11 alternative is cations. Publications providing varieties, the development of to cover the vines completely with guidance on grape disease and biological control technology, netting. In commercial plantings insect control are listed in the identification of cultural practices netting, noisemalzers, balloons, and following section under Disease that reduce disease incidence, and ribbons that flash in the wind are Identification and Insect Identifica- testing of chenlical illaterials with the most widely used controls. tion. Researchers at the New Yorlz minimal environmental impact.

Sources of Additional Information Disease Identification Insect Identification Burr, T. J., C. Bazzi, and M.-N. Brissett. 1991. Riedl, H., and E. F. Taschenberg. 1984. Gmpe Crozufz Gall. Grape IPM. Disease Identification Ben.), Moth. Grape IPM. Insect Identification Sheet 7. New Yorlz State Agricultural Experimeilt Sheet 1. New York State Agricultural Experi~nent Station, Geneva, N.Y. Station, Geneva, N.Y. 'Pearson, R. C., and T. J. Burr. 1981. Eutypa Riedl, H., and E. F. Taschenberg. 1984. Grape Dieback. Grape IPM. Disease Identification Sheet Cane Gallmaker. Grape IPM. Insect Identifica- 1. New York State Agricultural Experiment tion Sheet 2. New York State Agricultural Station, Geneva, N.Y. Experiment Station, Geneva, N.Y. Pearson, R. C. 1984. Black Rot. Grape IPM. Riedl, H., and E. F. Taschenberg. 1984. Grape Disease Identification Sheet 4. New York State Ca~?eGirdler. Grape IPM. Insect Identification Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, N.Y. Sheet 5. New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, N.Y. Pearson, R. C. 1984. Botrytis Bu~zchRot mzd Bltght. Grape IPM. Disease Identification Sheet 3. Taschenberg, E. F., and H. Riedl. 1984. Clz~?tbzng New Yorlz State Agricultural Experiment Station, Cutzuortns. Grape IPM. Insect Identification Geneva, N.Y. Sheet 3. New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, N.Y. I'earson, R. C. 1984. Phomopsts Cam and Leaf Spot. Grape IPM. D~seaseIdentification Sheet 6. Taschenberg, E. F., and H. Riedl. 1985. Grape Flea New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Beetle. Grape IPM. Insect Identification Sheet 6. Geneva, N.Y. New York State Agricultural- Experiment Station, Geneva, N.Y. Pearson, R. C. 1984. Powdery Mtldew. Grape IPM. Disease Identification Sheet 2. New York Van Kirk, J., H. Riedl, and E. F. Taschenberg. State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, 1984. Gmpe Leaflopper. Grape IPM. Insect N.Y. Identification Sheet 4. New York State Agricul- tural Experiment Station, Geneva, N.Y. Pearson, R. C., and A. C. Goheen, eds. 1988. Conzpendiuwz of Grape Diseases. St. Paul, Minn.: American Phy topathology Society Press. Schwarz, M. R., and R. C. Pearson. 1984. Downy Mildew. Grape IPM. Disease Identification Sheet 5. New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, N.Y.

Available fioill AIed~aSe~vlces Resou~ce Center, Cornell University. 7 Busilless and Technology Park, Ithaca, N.Y. 14850. Telepholle 607-255-2080. Weed Management Descriptions of Grape Varieties +Dunst,R. M., A. F. Senesac, and R. M. Pool (N.d.). Cattell, H., and H. L. Stauffer. 1978. The Wines of "Managing weeds in New York vineyards. 111. the East. I. The Hybrzds. Lancaster, Pa.: L & H Pre-emergence herbicides." Grape Facts, Vol. 1, Photojournalism. No. 3. New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, N.Y. Cattell, H., and L. S. Miller. 1979. The Wines of the East. II. The Vinifera. Lancaster, Pa.: L & H 'Dunst, R. M., A. F. Senesac, and R. M. Pool (N.d.). Photojournalism. "Managing weeds in New York vineyards. IV. Post-emergence herbicides." Grape Facts, Vol. 1, Cattell, H., and L. S. Miller. 1980. The Wines of the No. 4. New York State Agricultural Experiment East. 111. Native America?? Gmpes. Lancaster, Station, Geneva, N.Y. Pa.: L & H Photojournalism. 'Pool, R. M., R. M. Dunst, and A. F. Senesac (N.d.). Elfving, D. C., A. Dale, K. H. Fisher, N. Miles, and "Managing weeds in New York vineyards. I. G. Tellrani. 1992. Fruit Cztltivars-A Guide to Choosing a weed management program." Grape Commercial Grotuers. Publication RV-5-92- Facts, Vol. 1, No. 1. New York State Agricul- ISM. Ontario, Canada: Ontario Ministry of tural Experiment Station, Geneva, N.Y. Agriculture and Food. 'Pool, R. M., R. M. Dunst, and J. S. Icamas (N.d.). Galet, P. 1979. A Practical Ampelogmphy- "Managing weeds in New York vineyards. V. Grapevine Identification. Translated by L. Managing vineyard floors using no-tillage." Morton. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. Grape Facts, Vol. 1, No. 5. New York State Hillebrand, W., H. Lott, and F. Pfaff. 1984. Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, N.Y. Taschenbltch der Rebsorten. Wiesbaden, Ger- 'Senesac, A. F., R. M. Dunst, and R. M. Pool (N.d.). many: Fachverlag, Dr. Fraund GmbH. "Managing weeds in New York vineyards. 11. *Pool, R. M., G. E. Howard, R. Dunst, J. Dyson, T. Chemical control of vineyard weeds." Grape Henick-Kling, J. Freer, L. Fuller-Perrine, W. Facts, Vol. 1, No. 2. New York State Agricul- Smith, and A. Wise (N.d.).Grozuing Vitis tural Experiment Station, Geneva, N.Y. vinifesa Grapes in New York State. I. Perfor- mance of netu and interesting varieties. Geneva, Cultural Practices for Grape Growing N.Y.: Communication Services, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station. +Goffinet,M. C., ed. 1991. Proceedings of the Nelson J. Shaztlis Vitictilture Synzposium, Inte- Robinson, J. C. 1986. Vines, Grapes and Wines. grated Pest Management of Grape Diseases: New York: Alfred A. Knopf. Present and Future Strategies. New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, N.Y. Jordan, T. D., R. M. Pool, T. J. Zabadal, and J. P. Tomkins. 1980. "Cultural practices for commer- cial vineyards." Misc. Bull. 111. New York State College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. tzabadal, T. J., J. A. Bartsch, G. D. Blanpied, T. J. Dennehy, R. C. Pearson, R. M. Pool, and B. I. Reisch. 1988. Concord Table Grapes: A Manual for Grotuers. Communications Services, New Yorlc State Agsicultural Experiment Station, Geneva, N.Y.

"Available fro111 Media Services Resource Center, Cornell U~ii\.ersiry,7 U~isinessand Tecllt~ologyPark, Itliaca, N.Y. 148.50. 'l'elephone 607-2.5.5-2080. ii\vailal~iefro111 1:inger 1.alct.s Grape I'rogl.am, 110 Court Street, Perin Yaii, N.Y. 1452.7. Telephone 3 1.5-536-338 1. 'Avail,~hlefrom New Yoi.1~\Yli11c c"c C;r,~pc Fo~tntlatioi~,Penn Yan, N.Y.14527. Telephone :3 1 .i-536-7442..