Shaping Nationalism

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Shaping Nationalism The French Revolution • The French Revolution marked a turning point for European Nationalism • Marked the transition from Absolute Monarch to Republic The History Behind It • The revolution had been growing for some time, but the catalyst was the storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789 • It was a prison and its capture by the mob was symbolic of the overtaking of tyranny • The news of the Bastilles capture spread across France and inspired people to take up arms against the king and aristocracy • It inspired the feeling that they were a nation and could govern themselves. • The idea of being the French Nation had entered the peoples’ collective consciousness • In pre-revolutionary France, society was divided into strict social order. • The Monarch, aristocracy and high-ranking clergy held most power Estates-General • The Estates General was an elected body of three groups 1. First Estate- clergy 2. Second Estate- aristocrats 3. Third Estate- common people • First and Second Estates tended to side together and outvote the Third. • June 1789, the Third Estate declared themselves the National Assembly and swore the Tennis Court Oath • France was influenced by the Renaissance ideas • Paris became the cultural capital of Europe • People were exposed to new ideas that questioned the nobility • Prior to the revolution, there was a growing middle class called the bourgeoisie. They were prosperous professionals and began to demand more say in decision making. Financial Factors • France had been at war and was basically broke • King called the Estates-General in order to raise taxes • The Third Estate opposed this because they carried the tax burden Geographic Factors • Winter of 1788-89 was cold and people were suffering • Flooding was followed by a drought • This led to food shortages and hunger • The women of Paris marched to Versailles to demand that the bread shortages be addressed • There was a rumor that Marie Antoinette exclaimed “Let Them Eat Cake” in response to the shortage Declaration of the Rights of Man • Summer 1789 the National Assembly created the Declaration of the Rights of Man. • This document abolished the traditional privileges of the upper class and sparked a bloody struggle that radically changed France. • France became a secular-non religious republic • Liberty • Egalitarianism • Fraternity • Widespread violence and bloodshed ensued • The nobility and those who supported the king were targeted • Many fled France • Both the King and Marie Antoinette were executed by guillotine…by 1793, the Reign of Terror had begun Foreign Reaction • Obviously the other Monarchy’s of Europe were shocked by what was occurring in France. • They were fearful of the ideas of revolution spreading • Other countries sent invasion forces into France in an attempt to restore the monarchy. • How might this have affected French Nationalism? .

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Nationalism in the French Revolution of 1789
The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine Honors College 5-2014 Nationalism in the French Revolution of 1789 Kiley Bickford University of Maine - Main Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/honors Part of the Cultural History Commons Recommended Citation Bickford, Kiley, "Nationalism in the French Revolution of 1789" (2014). Honors College. 147. https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/honors/147 This Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors College by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NATIONALISM IN THE FRENCH REVOLUTION OF 1789 by Kiley Bickford A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for a Degree with Honors (History) The Honors College University of Maine May 2014 Advisory Committee: Richard Blanke, Professor of History Alexander Grab, Adelaide & Alan Bird Professor of History Angela Haas, Visiting Assistant Professor of History Raymond Pelletier, Associate Professor of French, Emeritus Chris Mares, Director of the Intensive English Institute, Honors College Copyright 2014 by Kiley Bickford All rights reserved. Abstract The French Revolution of 1789 was instrumental in the emergence and growth of modern nationalism, the idea that a state should represent, and serve the interests of, a people, or "nation," that shares a common culture and history and feels as one. But national ideas, often with their source in the otherwise cosmopolitan world of the Enlightenment, were also an important cause of the Revolution itself. The rhetoric and documents of the Revolution demonstrate the importance of national ideas.
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Jacques-Louis David's 'Oath of the Tennis Court'
EXTENSION ACTIVITIES – Jacques-Louis David’s ‘Oath of the Tennis Court’, 1791 Read the discussion of Jacques-Louis-David’s ‘Oath of the Tennis Court’ (1791) on p. 3-8 of this handout. Then complete the following extension activities: 1. One of the big problems which faced David as the Revolution progressed was that many of the figures to whom he had given prominence in the 1791 drawing fell from favour as political conditions changed. Using Liberating France (including the Who’s Who) and other sources, find out what happened to Mounier, Mirabeau, Bailly, Barère, Barnave, and Robespierre. Then research the clergymen, Abbé Grégoire and Abbé Sieyès. 2. David alludes to the popular movement which became known as the sans-culottes through the strong and robust figure in the red bonnet of liberty in the lower left hand corner. Referring to Liberating France (including the Section B Timeline), write a paragraph to outline the role played by the sans-culottes movement from 10 August 1792 until the days of Germinal and Prairial Year III, (1 April and 20-23 May 1795). 3. Using Liberating France (including the Who’s Who) and other sources, outline David’s revolutionary career – both as a painter and as a politician. In your answer consider the importance his paintings and drawings 1789-1795, and his role in organising public ceremonies. Then investigate his political activities as a deputy in the National Convention. 4. David uses at least eight revolutionary ideas in his 1791 study of the Tennis Court Oath. Locate them and any other revolutionary ideas not mentioned in the summary above.
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French Revolution 1789–1795
French Revolution 1789–1795 EVENTS THE THREE ESTATES 1789 May 1789 King Louis XVI of France calls a meeting of the Estates General (elected body of representatives from the Before the Revolution of 1789, three estates of French society; last convened in 1614) to French society was divided into solve financial crisis. Dispute begins over members’ powers three classes called estates. Members of the 3rd Estate were Jun 1789 Representatives of 3rd Estate declare themselves a denied the privileges of the 1st and National Assembly and swear, in the Tennis Court Oath, to 2nd estates. Revolutionaries fought draw up a new constitution for France. Members of 1st and against the injustice of this system, 2nd Estates join the National Assembly known as the “Old Regime.” Jul 1789 The Bastille (armory and political prison in Paris) is stormed by citizens after rumors that the King intends to 1st Estate suppress the National Assembly. Radicals form Paris Clergy of the Catholic Church 1790 Commune (to govern city) and National Guard volunteer (about 1% of population) force (to protect revolution). The Great Fear: peasant mobs ● Exempt from taxation overrun rural estates; many nobles leave France (they are ● Owned 20% of the land known as émigrés) ● Received annual payment of 10% of all citizens’ income Aug 1789 Rule of National Assembly begins (to Oct 1791) Aug 1789 Assembly issues the Declaration of the Rights of 2nd Estate Man (revolutionary manifesto and bill of human rights). Members of the nobility (about 2% Nobles and clergy agree to give up special
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Napoleon Reversing the French Revolution. HIST 3000 (Chicago
Napoleon Reversing the French Revolution. HIST 3000 (Chicago Style) Napoleon Bonaparte turned France into a police state during his reign.1 However, he did not continue the French Revolution as the French people hoped. The French Revolution brought forth liberty and to do as ones will if it does not harm another.2 A new document brought by the French Revolution embodying these principles was the French Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen in 1789.3 This Declaration stated under article 11 that there was to be a free flow of ideas and opinions in writing and the press.4 Article 7 outlawed any cruel harsh punishment and arbitrary sentencing.5 However, Napoleon reversed these fundamental principles of the French Revolution. Writers, the press, along with the French people were subjected to the General police and prefects and were banned from saying anything controversial, against his regime, anything about France’s revolutionary past, and against France’s allies.6 Arbitrary, cruel punishments, and harsh rules were enacted by Napoleon through the Penal Code in 1810.7 Napoleon did not continue the French Revolution and reversed it by turning France into a police state and monitored and censored the French people, the press, and writers. French Revolution embodiment The French Revolution exemplifies liberty and freedom.8 This was what the revolutionaries were fighting for during the revolution of 1789, and was not given to the French people during the Ancient Regime.9 The French Revolution, particularly the revolution of 1789, exemplified the 1 Philip G. Dwyer, Napoleon and Europe (Great Britain: Longman, 2001), Pg.
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Five Things You Should Know About the Declarations of the Rights of Man and Woman
Five Things You Should Know about the Declarations of the Rights of Man and Woman 1. TENNIS, ANYONE? The National Assembly of France, governing after the outbreak of the French Revolution, approved the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. The National Assembly, the vestiges of the delegation of the Third Estate (everyone in France except the nobility and the clergy) delegation to the Estates-General, tried to create a new governing body and was locked out of its meeting room. In 1789, its members met at a nearby tennis court to swear an oath (known as the Tennis Court Oath) not to disband until they gave France a constitution. They began by proposing the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen. 2. AN AMERICAN HERO: Much of the declaration was taken from a draft done by General Marquis de Lafayette, a liberal and a heroic participant in the American Revolution as well as a hero at home in France, at the request of the National Assembly during the summer of 1789. He was ultimately disappointed in the more radical course of the revolution. 3. AN ENLIGHTENED PROPOSAL: The declaration reads as a tribute to the ideas of the Enlightenment. It embodies the ideas of John Locke’s theories of natural rights and social contract, Montesquieu’s separation of powers, Rousseau’s idea of general will, and Voltaire’s thoughts on equality and free speech. Another major influence was the Preamble to the Constitution of the United States. In all, seventeen articles were published, creating a document based on universal principles that encouraged further discussion of human rights and demanded clarification of the definition of “man and citizen.” The ideas of the Declaration of the Rights of Man were upheld in the 1791 constitution.
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The French Revolution
englIsh CHRONOLOGY OF THE REVOLUTION IN LYON TOPIC ROOM 18: THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 7 February 1790: Plundering of the Arsenal Imbert-Colomès ordered the muscadins to relieve the National Guard at the Arsenal, but the Guard, as representatives of the people, objected, took up arms and won the day, plundering the Arsenal. Colomès fled and tried to make Lyon the capital of royalist France, a place where emigrants could seek refuge. The Tricolour cockade, the cockade population immediately denounced this royalist conspiracy. of the lyon army during the siege of lyon in 1793, fabric, 1793, Inv. 513 The period of support (1789-1792) 14 March 1789: General Assembly of the three orders in the Cordeliers church In anticipation of the Estates General at Versailles in May 1789, a General Assembly composed of 300 clergymen, 317 noblemen and 350 delegates from the city and the surrounding area met at the Cordeliers church. It decided that each order would elect its own deputies and prepare a list of grievances. The third estate’s list included a demand for the abolition of the “octroi” taxes*, who se value had been increasing since the beginning of the 18th c. Plundering of the lyon arsenal, 7 February 1790, lithograph, 30 June - 5 July 1789: Berthault, 18th c., Inv. 55.80.4 July riots The failure of the debates at Versailles, the proclamation of 30 June 1790: the “National Assembly” by the third estate (17 June) and the Festival of the Federation Tennis Court Oath (20 June) led the king once again to invite As a prelude to the celebration of the Federation organised in the three new orders to debate.
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H-France Review Volume 17 (2017) Page 1
H-France Review Volume 17 (2017) Page 1 H-France Review Vol. 17 (September 2017), No. 152 Sophie Wahnich, La Révolution française n’est pas un mythe. Paris: Klincksieck, 2017. 247 pp. Notes. 25.00€ (pb). ISBN 978-2-252-04052-2. Review by Timothy Scott Johnson, Texas A & M University Corpus Christi To many historians of France, and in particular historians of the French Revolution, a study focused on readings of Jean-Paul Sartre, Claude Lévi-Strauss, and Michel Foucault might seem of improbable relevance. However, Sophie Wahnich’s La Révolution française n’est pas un mythe makes a compelling case that engaging with these three thinkers’ views of history has significant historiographical and methodological value. Out of these three thinkers, Sartre is the only one who could be seen as engaging directly with the history of the Revolution, both in published and unpublished works. Yet it is Wahnich’s contention that the debates between these figures over the practice and epistemological status of history that began in the 1960s have influenced the historiography of the Revolution from the 1970s onward. At the center of this wide-ranging study is the claim that what began as an argument between Sartre, Lévi-Strauss, and Foucault about the status and practice of history eventually affected scholarly debates and practices within French Revolutionary studies and the attitude with which the French Revolution is approached today. Sartre’s Critique de la raison dialectique, published in 1960, attempted to reconcile his existentialist philosophy focused on the process of human freedom asserting itself with a Marxist vision of history.
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A New Interpretation of Jacques-Louis David's
Originalveröffentlichung in: Bryson, Norman (Hrsg.): Visual culture : images and interpretations, Middletown, Conn. 1994, S. 202-227 WOLFGANG KEMP The Theater of Revolution: A New Interpretation of Jacques-Louis David's Tennis Court Oath A S artistes manquees, as would-be artists, we art historians feel a strong inclination toward the great unfinished projects. Here we JL JL are not only entitled but asked to complete what was left frag mentary. But especially in the case of works that never stood the test of realization, we are tempted to do what we do more often than not to normal works of art: We transfer them to a kind of ideal space, severing their bonds to function, place, and viewer. In this chapter, I present a new interpretation for a famous fragment, using it to demonstrate the decisiveness of a work's function and place of destination, especially in this case of a bold and failed design. In the case of David's Tennis Court Oath, we find authorization in an argument that David himself put forward some years after he began the painting. He said: To be sure, France does not really love the Fine Arts. An affected taste rules. Even if Italy's masterpieces are met in France with great enthusiasm, one regards them in reality as curiosities or treasures. The place a work of art occupies, the distance which you have to overcome in order to see it, these factors contribute in a special way to the work's aesthetic value. In particular the paintings which previously served as church ornament lose much of their attraction and power when they do not remain at the place for which they were made.1 I shall give you only a very short summary of the well-known facts about the Tennis Court Oath.2 On zo July 1789, the six hundred depu ties of the Third Estate met in a tennis court at Versailles, after the king had kept them away from their normal meeting place.
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Reading Group Guide the Good Doctor Guillotin
READING GROUP GUIDE for THE GOOD DOCTOR GUILLOTIN By Marc Estrin FROM THE AUTHOR Dear Reading Group, Why guillotines? Why the French Revolution? How come this one time, I didn’t write a funny book? I often choose subject matter based on my ignorance -- which remains vast, and grows each day the older I get. For Insect Dreams, I jumped into the details of American history 1920 -1945 because my father was a teacher of American history, and five decades later I knew too little about it -- a few names, but no connections, no dynamics. I thought I’d learn something and make my dead father happy. One huge area of ignorance for me was the French Revolution. Robespierre, Danton, Marat/Sade -- something like that. Again, few details, but a sense that much of that eighteenth century conflict is being reflected in our own. Years ago, I had bought Simon Schama’s history, Citizens. Why? Because I am attracted to fat books. Great reason, huh? But for too long, it had been on my “guilt” pile -- books I should be reading but haven’t made time to. The combination of these two factors was pushing towards a dive into 1789. The catalytic event was a report from my editor, Fred Ramey, that his son had called him up in tears after reading the Sacco-Vanzetti chapter in Insect Dreams, my dream-meditation on that electrocution and on capital punishment in general. I realized how profound was our human reaction to the coolly planned murder of a citizen by the state, how many themes, often denied, but deep and broad, the issue evoked.
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French Revolution and the Trial of Marie Antoinette Background Guide Table of Contents
French Revolution And The Trial Of Marie Antoinette Background Guide Table of Contents Letter from the Chair Letter from the Crisis Director Committee Logistics Introduction to the Committee Introduction to Topic One History of the Problem Past Actions Taken Current Events Questions to Consider Resources to Use Introduction to Topic Two History of the Problem Past Actions Taken Current Events Questions to Consider Resources to Use Bibliography Staff of the Committee Chair: Peyton Coel Vice Chair: Owen McNamara Crisis Director: Hans Walker Assistant Crisis Director: Sydney Steger Coordinating Crisis Director: Julia Mullert Under Secretary General Elena Bernstein Taylor Cowser, Secretary General Neha Iyer, Director General Letter from the Chair Hello Delegates! I am so thrilled to welcome you all to BosMUN XIX. For our returning delegates, welcome back! For our new delegates, we are so excited to have you here and hope you have an amazing time at the conference. My name is Peyton Coel and I am so honored to be serving as your Chair for this incredible French Revolution committee. I’m a freshman at Boston University double majoring in History and International Relations. I’m from the frigid Champlain Valley in Vermont, so the winters here in Boston are no trouble at all for me. When I’m not rambling on about fascinating events in history or scouring the news for important updates, you can ﬁnd me playing club water polo or swimming laps in the lovely FitRec pool, exploring the streets of Boston (Copley is my favorite place to go), and painting beautiful landscapes with the help of Bob Ross.
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Tennis Court Oath June 1789
The Tennis Court Oath June 1789 History Guide Primary Source Refusing to be outvoted and demanding that the masses who work and pay taxes be heard, the representatives of the Third Estate regrouped at the Tennis Court of Versailles to proclaim themselves the National Assembly. They vowed not to disband until the King had recognized their sovereignty. The National Assembly, considering that it has been called to establish the constitution of the realm, to bring about the regeneration of public order, and to maintain the true principles of monarchy; nothing may prevent it from continuing its deliberations in any place it is forced to establish itself; and, finally, the National Assembly exists wherever its members are gathered. Decrees that all members of this assembly immediately take a solemn oath never to separate, and to reassemble wherever circumstances require, until the constitution of the realm is established and fixed upon solid foundations; and that said oath having been sworn, all members and each one individually confirm this unwavering resolution with his signature. We swear never to separate ourselves from the National Assembly, and to reassemble wherever circumstances require, until the constitution of the realm is drawn up and fixed upon solid foundations. [All the members swear the same oath between the hands of the president.] Taken from: http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/tennis_oath.html Source: Gazette Nationale, ou Le Monituer universel, trans. Laura Mason in Laura Mason and Tracey Rizzo, eds., The French Revolution: A Document Collection (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1999), pp. 60-61..
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Big Ideas (Formulated As Questions) Need to Know Be Familiar with the French Revolution and the Origins of Human Rights
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