DOCSLIB.ORG

Hydraulic Modelling and Risk Mapping Statement of Requirements and Outline Brief Template Technical Group

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Hydraulic Modelling and Risk Mapping Statement of Requirements and Outline Brief Template Technical Group www.sfrm.co.uk 1. Introduction Project title Ribble Catchment Model Update and Expansion Project reference tbc Project stage Main Environment Agency Region North West Environment Agency Area n/a Environment Agency Project Manager Mark Franklin Environment Agency Project Executive tbc Project Partner(s) n/a Address Richard Fairclough House, Knutsford Road, Contact details for Environment Agency Latchford, Warrington, Cheshire, WA4 1HT Project Manager Telephone 01925 542958 Email [email protected] 2. Health & Safety and environmental considerations The Environment Agency has a statutory duty to ensure that the employees and consultants it employs are competent in the tasks they perform with regard to health, safety, wellbeing and environmental responsibilities. Compliance with Health and Safety legislation was addressed when the SFRM2 framework was tendered for and general requirements for Health and Safety (such as working hours, site visit risk assessments, etc) are covered by this. 3. Description of requirements Objectives There are 1.825 million properties at high-risk of flooding from rivers and the sea in England and Wales. We need to increase the number of properties that receive and take up our warnings to meet the aims of our corporate strategy The project aims to improve real-time flood forecasting for the Ribble Catchment, specifically the Pendle Water and Calder catchments to support continuing expansion of our Flood Warning Service and to ensure continued delivery of timely and accurate Flood Warnings The approach expected to be taken is to update the modelling, and provide guidance on model performance for Flood Forecasting Duty Officers Key issues and risks include the urban nature and rapid response of the catchment, channel changes and the short data record at key sites Study area Maps showing the geographic location of the study area are included in Appendix A. The project area lies in the Ribble Catchment to the east of Preston The catchment is extensively urbanised with an area of about 330km 2 and several fast response tributaries (Pendle Water, Colne Water, River Brun, Green Brook, River Hyndburn, Sabden Brook). Many sections are culverted or in engineered channels and there are significant areas of floodplain in the lower reaches and in parts of the upper catchment Key urban areas include Burnley, Nelson, Colne and Accrington, with Flood Warning Areas at Whalley, Burnley, Barrowford, Fulledge, Lomeshaye and Padiham, and further Flood Warning Areas planned for Trawden, Colne and Burnley during 2011/12 A number of models exist for the study area, the most applicable are: Pendle Water, Upper Calder and Lower Calder Flood Forecasting Models (River Ribble Flood Forecasting Improvements Project, Atkins, 2006) Burnley, Colne Water, Green Brook, Lower Calder, Pendle Water, Swinden Brook and Trawden Brook Flood Mapping Models (Burnley, Nelson, Colne Area Flood Mapping Update, JBA, 2010) Page 1 of 9 Last updated 31-Mar-11 Hydraulic Modelling and Risk Mapping Statement of Requirements and Outline Brief Template Technical Group www.sfrm.co.uk Modelling reports for PDMs developed at various sites inside and outside of the study area which may be suitable donors Deliverables The draft and final reports of the project must be agreed with the EA PM and should follow the principles of the SFRM performance scope (available from www.sfrm.co.uk .). A detailed list of tasks required is provided in Appendix B. The main deliverable is an updated Flood Forecasting network suitable for configuration into the NFFS and for real-time use To support real-time use of the model the project should deliver (concise) guidance on expected model performance and limitations for inclusion in the NW MFDO manual The final modelling report should be a technical report aimed primarily at Flood Forecasting Technical Specialists Calibration, verification and performance testing should be carried out to understand the model performance with observed flows, observed rainfall, and forecast rainfall With reference to the above statement the consultant should clearly state in their response what capability they have for carrying out this testing, and what access they have to forecast rainfall data for use in this project Offline calibration should be to current NW specification standards and, as such, a general minimum target accuracy of ±150 mm (more accurate where possible) with perfect ‘hindsight’ rainfall inputs are expected at all forecast locations Activities Project management Preparation of outline proposal Fortnightly updates on progress, monthly updates on project progress and spend profile Feed in to survey requirements (survey will be procured and delivered by the Environment Agency) Preparation of suitable inputs for model Review and improvements of existing hydraulic model – due to the urban nature of the catchment a hydrodynamic (HD) rather than flow routing approach is expected for the Pendle Water and Upper Calder models at least. Routing may be considered for the Lower Calder model, however the HD models for this reach are quick to run anyway Agreement of a sensible and consistent naming convention for model nodes Calibration of hydrological and hydraulic models and analysis of data against available information Sensitivity analysis and discussion Production of draft report Quality assurance of all deliverables Assessment of supplier performance measures (SPMs) Production of final report following review of draft report and deliverables by the EA Production of model outputs defined in Appendix B Presentation of final outputs to client audience (tbc) Post project appraisal Data Data available General data available from the Environment Agency (with licence) including topographic survey, LIDAR (from geomatics group website), OS Mastermap and tiles, HiFlows UK, FEH CD- ROM data, etc Page 2 of 9 Last updated 31-Mar-11 Hydraulic Modelling and Risk Mapping Statement of Requirements and Outline Brief Template Technical Group www.sfrm.co.uk Hydrometric data and rating curve reviews – see attached table Rainfall forecasts may be made available by the Environment Agency (with licence) – the consultant should clearly state in their response what access they have to forecast rainfall data for use in this project Data management plan For this project the EA PM will produce the data management plan. Intellectual property There are clauses in the Contract Data Template (Option X9 and Option Clause Z4) related to IPR which help us ensure we manage Intellectual Property properly. Data security The usual data security requirements apply for the project in respect of the handling, storage and transmission of personally or commercially sensitive data. Licensing Any data supplied to the consultant as part of this study will be done so in accordance with Environment Agency policy, and appropriate data licences. Any other data requested by the consultant will be provided and licensed for the duration of the study. Metadata Any new data or information that is created as part of a commission must be submitted to the Environment Agency with associated metadata. 4. Project management Outline budget n/a Outline programme There are a number of key milestones that must be agreed and met, namely: draft PDM parameters and supporting files, draft rating models and reporting, draft river models, draft performance results, draft guidance, draft final report, final report – these should be clearly identified as such in your programme Ideally the project will commence during late April or early May 2011, the estimated duration of commission of the commission is around six months so final delivery is expected during December 2011 Good communication will be key to successfully completing the project. As a minimum, short (less than 10 minutes or a few bullet-points) fortnightly updates by email and/or telephone are expected, along with monthly updates on project progress and spend profile At least 10 working days should be allowed in the programme for the EA to review any draft material Pricing Option - NEC3 Professional Services Contract (PSC) Option A: Priced contract with activity schedule This is the preferred option, alternatives may be considered where there is justification i.e large potential cost savings. Contract strategy Response time for return of initial proposal: two weeks (extra days added as EA PM on leave) Allocation approach: mini-competition Quality: price basis: 50:50 quality : price Consultants being approached: Halcrow, JBA Tender return information All bid information to be returned as password protected electronic submissions via e-mail to mark.franklin@environment–agency.gov.uk and copied in to carol.caddick@environment- agency.gov.uk For technical questions please contact Mark Franklin 01925 542958 (Mark will be on annual leave 1 st -8th April inclusive) Page 3 of 9 Last updated 31-Mar-11 Hydraulic Modelling and Risk Mapping Statement of Requirements and Outline Brief Template Technical Group www.sfrm.co.uk For procurement questions only contact Carol Caddick from the regional procurement team Submissions to be returned by 12 midday on Tuesday 19th April Late or non-compliant submissions may not be considered 5. Consultant’s response The consultant must provide a technical / quality / price proposal (including programme / costs / risks) of a maximum of 3 sides of A4
Recommended publications
  • Ramblers Gems a Spring Vale Rambling Class Publication

    Ramblers Gems a Spring Vale Rambling Class Publication

    Ramblers Gems A Spring Vale Rambling Class Publication Volume 1, Issue 13 31st July 2020 For further information or to submit a contribution email: [email protected] rule has the potential to make matters worse. The I N S I D E T H I S I SSUE increase in numbers is great for the economy but a real issue for the volunteer rescue teams. A recent 1 Be Prepared not a Risk rescue on Scafell Pike involving a family group of three and was carried out in the correctly forecast 2 Early History of the Class atrocious conditions lasting 12 hours and involved five rescue teams. 3 Around Trawden Forest 4 Tea in Witch Country / A Storm on the Moor What can you personally do as a new or even regular visitor to help the volunteer teams? 5 Watch Your Step Exercise within your limits and avoid taking risks. Be Prepared Not a Risk Know your level of skill, competence and experience and those of your group. Make sure you The Cumbria Police and the Lake District’s Mountain have the right equipment for your trip to the hills and Rescue Teams have over the last few weeks seen an valleys noting that many callouts are carried out low unprecedented amount of avoidable rescues that are down in the valley bottoms. Learn how to navigate, putting a real strain on their volunteer team members take a waterproof map and a compass, don’t rely on and this is unsustainable. The overall majority of smart phone technology, it can let you down.
  • Ribble Life Together Key Facts Ribble Life Together Is an Ambitious Project That Brings Together All Area Ribble Catchment with Specific Focus Areas

    Ribble Life Together Key Facts Ribble Life Together Is an Ambitious Project That Brings Together All Area Ribble Catchment with Specific Focus Areas

    Ribble Life Together Key facts Ribble Life Together is an ambitious project that brings together all Area Ribble Catchment with specific focus areas. members of the Ribble’s Catchment Based Approach partnership. The project seeks to initially develop (from May 2015 to November 2016), and Outcomes Improved water quality: reduced diffuse then deliver (from April 2017 to November 2020) a range of activities that pollution sources including faecal matter to will significantly improve the Ribble Catchment for people and wildlife. improve coastal bathing waters. Improved biodiversity: increased riverine & It uses “ecosystem services” principles to identify where in the catchment other habitats, connectivity and re- improvements are required that can be delivered through natural process naturalisation. providing a service to both the public and the environment, such as Reduced flood risk: using natural processes woodland creation to reduce flood risk or improved water quality at aid in reducing flood risk. designated bathing waters. In addition to natural processes, the principle Recreation: improved access and can be used to identify where improving access will provide the most information for people to access rivers and benefit and opportunities for people to access and enjoy their riverine streams. environment. Education: increase awareness, engagement and understanding of riverine heritage. To identify where these services are needed, the partnership has shared a Social: provide training, volunteering and huge amount of data and evidence to allow a study to be completed to other opportunities for all to become highlight specific target locations and areas. This study has also included involved in improving and celebrating their what information is currently available about the condition of these places river heritage.
  • Burnley Nelson and Colne Flood Risk Management Strategy

    Burnley Nelson and Colne Flood Risk Management Strategy

    Burnley Nelson and Colne Flood Risk Management Strategy Flood Risk Reach 1 Trawden Flood Risk Reach 2 Cotton Tree Flood Risk Reach 3 Colne Flood Risk Reach 4 Lower Colne Flood Risk Reach 5 North Valley Stream Flood Risk Reach 6 Swindon Clough Flood Risk Reach 7 Barrowford Flood Risk Reach 8 Nelson College, Barrowford Flood Risk Reach 9 Lomeshaye Flood Risk Reach 10 Nelson Central Flood Risk Reach 11 Fulledge, Burnley Flood Risk Reach 12 Plumbe Street, Burnley Flood Risk Reach 13 Burnley Central Flood Risk Reach 14 Padiham Flood Risk Reach 15 Burnley East Flood Risk Reach 16 Green Brook Upper Flood Risk Reach 17 Green Brook Lower Burnley Nelson and Colne Flood Risk Management Strategy Flood Risk Reach 1: Trawden Throughout the last ten years, flooding to properties has occurred twice in Trawden village, in 2000 and in 2001. This flooding occurred as a result of high flows and blockages in the brook. Today, 79 properties are at risk of flooding in the village with a 1% (1 in 100) chance of occurrence in any one year. 64 of these properties are at risk from more frequent events. Flooding in Trawden is caused by water coming out of the channel when river levels are too high. This is made worse when the channel becomes blocked by debris at bridge crossings. Rainfall can flow very quickly through the catchment, which means there is a limited amount of time in which to warn people of flooding. Whilst there is currently no flood warning service in place for Trawden we are looking at the possibility of providing this service.
  • North West River Basin District Flood Risk Management Plan 2015 to 2021 PART B – Sub Areas in the North West River Basin District

    North West River Basin District Flood Risk Management Plan 2015 to 2021 PART B – Sub Areas in the North West River Basin District

    North West river basin district Flood Risk Management Plan 2015 to 2021 PART B – Sub Areas in the North West river basin district March 2016 1 of 139 Published by: Environment Agency Further copies of this report are available Horizon house, Deanery Road, from our publications catalogue: Bristol BS1 5AH www.gov.uk/government/publications Email: [email protected] or our National Customer Contact Centre: www.gov.uk/environment-agency T: 03708 506506 Email: [email protected]. © Environment Agency 2016 All rights reserved. This document may be reproduced with prior permission of the Environment Agency. 2 of 139 Contents Glossary and abbreviations ......................................................................................................... 5 The layout of this document ........................................................................................................ 8 1 Sub-areas in the North West River Basin District ......................................................... 10 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 10 Management Catchments ...................................................................................................... 11 Flood Risk Areas ................................................................................................................... 11 2 Conclusions and measures to manage risk for the Flood Risk Areas in the North West River Basin District ...............................................................................................
  • Hyndburn Borough Council Strategic Flood Risk Assessment (Level 1)

    Hyndburn Borough Council Strategic Flood Risk Assessment (Level 1)

    Hyndburn Borough Council Strategic Flood Risk Assessment (Level 1) February 2010 Contents Executive Summary 4 1. Introduction 5 Scope & Objectives 6 2. Methodology 7 Level 1 of the Strategic Flood Risk Assessment 7 Level 2 of the Strategic Flood Risk Assessment 8 3. Data Collection 9 Catchment Flood Management Plans 9 Integrated Catchment Management Plan for the Ribble 10 Flood Risk Zones within Hyndburn Borough Council 10 The Sequential Test 15 Delineation of High Risk Zone 3 17 Assessment of Actual Risk within Zone 3a 17 Delineation of Medium Risk Zone 2 18 Appropriate Uses for Zone 2 19 Delineation of Low Risk Zone 1 19 Requirement of development within Flood Risk Zone 3 19 Requirement of development within Flood Risk Zone 2 20 Requirement of development within Flood Risk Zone 1 20 The Exception Test 23 Non-Fluvial Flooding within Hyndburn 24 Identification of Localised Drainage Issues 25 Requirement of Development in COW catchments and 26 Reservoirs and other artificial water retaining structures 27 Development Pressure 27 Project Phoenix 28 Platt’s Lodge SPD 30 Accrington Area Action Plan 31 Emergency Planning 32 SFRA (Level 1) 2 February 2010 4. The Next Steps 33 Appendices 34 Appendix 1: Management Plans 34 Appendix 2: The Planning Framework 35 Appendix 3: The Environment Agency’s Indicative Floodplain Map (IFM) 38 List of Figures & Tables Figure 1: Flood Risk Zone Classification 12 Figure 2: Application of the Sequential Test 16 Figure 3: Flood Risk Vulnerability and Flood Zone Compatibility 21 Figure 4: Flood Risk Vulnerability Classification 22 Figure 5: Project Phoenix 29 Figure 6: Platt’s Lodge 31 Figure 7: Accrington Town Centre Masterplan 32 SFRA (Level 1) 3 February 2010 Executive Summary Situated in the East of Lancashire, the Borough of Hyndburn is composed of a number of townships and settlements within the rural area, some of which are susceptible to flood risk.
  • Fisheries Monitoring of the Ribble Catchment

    Fisheries Monitoring of the Ribble Catchment

    Fisheries Monitoring of the Ribble Catchment The Ribble Rivers Trust Paul Peters, Fisheries Scientist The Ribble Rivers Trust C/o Hanson Cement Ribblesdale Works Clitheroe Lancashire BB7 4QF Email: [email protected] Tel: 01200444452 Contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................. 2 Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................. 2 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 2 Methodology ....................................................................................................................................... 3 Results ................................................................................................................................................. 5 Brown Trout ........................................................................................................................................ 5 Salmon ................................................................................................................................................. 9 Analysis .............................................................................................................................................. 14 Weather series .................................................................................................................................
  • Local Flood Risk Management Strategy 2021 to 2027 Accessible

    Local Flood Risk Management Strategy 2021 to 2027 Accessible

    Consultaton Draf Local Flood Risk Management Strategy for Lancashire 2021 - 2027 Executve Summary In 2010 the Government introduced the Flood and Water Management Act to give new powers and responsibilites to local authorites to beter manage the risk of local fooding in their areas. Under this, County and Unitary Councils became ‘Lead Local Flood Authorites’ (LLFA). One of the new dutes of a LLFA is to produce a Local Flood Risk Management Strategy (LFRMS). This Strategy sets out how we intend to work with partners and our businesses and communites to manage the risk of fooding in the Lancashire up to 2027. It is of interest to all who live and work in Lancashire, as managing the risk of fooding requires acton by everyone, as well as to organisatons that have specifc responsibilites for managing food risk in the area such as the Environment Agency, Local Authorites and the Water and Sewerage Company. Since the devastatng fooding witnessed across Lancashire in December 2015 and other events since, it has been a priority to improve resilience to fooding as part of business planning. Considerable progress has already been made working with partners to secure funding for several large food alleviaton and coastal defence schemes, reducing risk to thousands of propertes. This Strategy sets the course for contnuing this momentum, identfying where resources and eforts are to be concentrated so we can confdently say as we are contnuing to improve our understanding of risk whilst delivering schemes and supportng our businesses and communites to beter protect and improve food resilience for the people of Lancashire.
  • Hyndburn Borough Council Local Plan Development Management

    Hyndburn Borough Council Local Plan Development Management

    Hyndburn Borough Council Local Plan Development Management DPD Proposed Adoption version (text only) – incorporating all modifications from the Inspector’s Report January 2018 Development Management DPD – proposed adoption version – January 2018 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................ 5 2. General Considerations ..................................................................................... 8 Policy GC1: Presumption in favour of sustainable development .................................................... 8 Policy GC2: Infrastructure, Planning Obligations & CIL ................................................................. 10 Policy GC3: Planning Enforcement ................................................................................................ 13 3. The Economy & Town Centres ....................................................................... 16 Policy DM1: Employment Development ....................................................................................... 17 Policy DM2: Employment Strategies ............................................................................................. 21 Policy DM3: Development of main town centre uses ................................................................... 22 Policy DM4: Retail Frontages ........................................................................................................ 27 Policy DM5: Hot Food Takeaways ................................................................................................
  • Fisheries Monitoring of the Ribble Catchment 2017 Ribble Rivers Trust

    Fisheries Monitoring of the Ribble Catchment 2017 Ribble Rivers Trust

    Fisheries Monitoring of the Ribble Catchment 2017 Ribble Rivers Trust Adam Wheeler: Fisheries Monitoring Officer Fisheries Monitoring of the Ribble Catchment 2017 Ribble Rivers Trust c/o Hanson Cement Ribblesdale Works Clitheroe BB7 4QF Phone: 01200 444452 E-mail: [email protected] Report title: Fisheries Monitoring of The Ribble Catchment 2017 Report reference: RRT_Electrofishing_2017_Report Report version: 1.0 Date: 01/11/2017 Prepared for: The Ribble Rivers Trust Authored by: Adam Wheeler: Fisheries Monitoring Officer Checked by: Mike Forty: Catchment Science Co-Ordinator Copyright Ribble Rivers Trust, 2017. This report has been prepared using due skill, care and diligence for the exclusive use of the commissioning party by Ribble Rivers Trust. No liability is accepted by Ribble Rivers Trust for the use and or application of the contents of the report. i | P a g e Fisheries Monitoring of the Ribble Catchment 2017 Table of Contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................................ ii Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................................... iii Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................... 1 Methodology.........................................................................................................................................................
  • N Orth W Est W Ater Dawson House, Great Sankey Warrington WA5 3LW

    N Orth W Est W Ater Dawson House, Great Sankey Warrington WA5 3LW

    Central Area Fisheries Advisory Committee 8th January, 1981 Item Type monograph Publisher North West Water Authority Download date 24/09/2021 15:59:29 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/1834/27068 N o r t h W e s t W a t e r Dawson House, Great Sankey Warrington WA5 3LW Telephone Penketh 4321 F1/A26 30th December, 1980 To: Members of the Central Area Fisheries Advisory Committees (Messrs. W. Bailey; R. Barratt; J.M. Croft; R.A. Challenor; J.H. Fell; R. Harper; A.L. Harris; R.D. Houghton; J. Johnson; G. Jones; J.P. Lord; H.B. Whittam; G. Wilson; Dr. R.B. Broughton; Professor W.E. Kershaw; and the Chairman of the Authority (G. Mann); the Vice Chairman of the Authority (A. Richardson); and the Chairman of the Regional Fisheries Advisory Committee (T. A. F. Barnes) (ex officio)).. Dear S i r , A M eeting o f th e CENTRAL AREA FISHERIES ADVISORY COMMITTEE y ill be held cit 2.30 p.m. on THURSDAY, 8TH JANUARY, 1981, at th e LANCASHIRE AREA OFFICE o f th e RIVERS DIVISION, 48 WEST CLIFF, PRESTON, for consideration of the following business. Yours faithfully, G. W. SHAW, Director of Administration. AGENDA 1. Appointment of Chairman. 2. Apologies for absence. 3. Minutes of the meeting of the Regional Fisheries Advisory Committee held on 10th November, 1980. 4. Review of Fishery Byelaws. 5. Fish M ortality in Rivers Calder and Ribble. 6. Net Limitation Orders. 7. Worthington Lakes, Rivington group Reservoirs and River Wyre - Restocking. - 2- 8. Pishing Permits on Authority - owned River Fisheries.
  • Brontës in Pendle Is Internationally Recognised by Its Status As a Special Take Waterproof Clothing Protection Area

    Brontës in Pendle Is Internationally Recognised by Its Status As a Special Take Waterproof Clothing Protection Area

    of a nearby café and a bungalow are still clearly visible. Wycoller Country Park The buildings had their electricity supply produced by a The settlement of Wycoller can be traced back beyond waterwheel. 1000 BC. In keeping with Anglo-Saxon tradition, the site Brontës was named after the prominent tree in the area and so they chose ‘Wic-alr’ meaning the dairy farm among the alders. Wycoller was an agricultural settlement until the 18th century when the manufacture of woollens and worsted in Pendle on handlooms became an important industry. The site has been a popular picnic spot for family outings with a tea room, craft centre and visitor information centre to enjoy. Circular Walk Seven bridges span the stream beside which Wycoller is built, ranging from an ancient packhorse bridge to one single slab of stone believed to be over 1,000 years old. Wycoller Hall Wycoller Hall is the best known feature of the hamlet, built in 1550 but crumbling since the death of its last squire in 1818. It was thought to have been used as a model for Ferndean Manor in ‘Jane Eyre’. In the novel, Jane was reunited here with her blind, maimed Rochester. Boulsworth Pulpit Stiles This circular walk follows public rights of way across farmland and other privately owned land. Please respect Lumb Spout Waterfall These stiles have a high central area which, like a pulpit, people who live and work in the countryside. is large enough for a preacher to address an open air Be prepared for muddy stretches, uneven path surfaces Boulsworth Hill congregation.
  • Accrington Masterplan Final Report

    Accrington Masterplan Final Report

    TRANSPORT ANALYSIS Our baseline assessment of transportation in the now been addressed by the extension of parking • The rail station. Current levels of rail use are well study area reveals a town centre with many positive times to 2 and 3 hours. A shortage of off-street below the regional and national averages, which transport attributes, in particular: long stay car parking has also been identified. is very disappointing for a town centre location • The bus station. Despite its accessible location with a rail station. The proposed refurbishment • Relatively low levels of town centre congestion in the heart of the town centre, the bus station is of the rail station should assist in developing rail compared with other Lancashire towns. seen as out of date, and a source of significant patronage and improving the accessibility of the • The town centre environment is, in many places, pedestrian severance. Relocation of the bus town centre. favourable for walking. In particular, traffic station should be a major factor in the creation of levels are relatively low, there are a number of the town centre masterplan. pedestrianised streets, and the historic buildings • Significant clusters of road accidents occur in within the town centre create a pleasant a number of locations, particularly on Eastgate, environment for the pedestrian in many areas Blackburn Road and the viaduct roundabout. • Good levels of walking demonstrated by census In each of these three cases, it is also notable data, particularly amongst those who work in the that pedestrians have frequently been involved in town centre. accidents. • Good local bus connections.