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In partialIn fulfilment of Difference in media representation of representation media in Difference Departmentof International Relations and European Studies immigrants and immigration and immigration immigrants in France and Russia and in France Supervisor:Prof. Marina Central European University the requirementsthe for the degree Masterof Artsof Evgeniia Kholmanskikh Word Count: Budapest, Hungary Submitted to 2015 By
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side throughon themedia. influence indirect rmine whether the media in different countries portray immigrants
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James Sahadeo, Sahadeo, James MnenijeObshchestvennoe Zaurbekov,S MnenijeObshchestvennoe - Soviet Urban Worlds, Urban Soviet A possible explanation of the ethnic problems in Russia could be in be could Russia in problems ethnic the of explanation possible A
The Russians usually do not distinguish immigrants according to their exact ethnical ethnical exact their to according immigrants distinguish not do usually Russians The t rather use general insulting terms, such as blacks, narrow blacks, as such terms, insulting general use rather t “ Nekotorje Osobennosti TadzhikskoiNekotorje Osobennosti Trudovoi v Rossiiu, Migratsii
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Central Eurasian Studies Review – –
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who attracted attention to and tried to explain the place of Muslims among French. As time time As French. among Muslims of place the explain to tried and to attention attracted who Francis Lamand, Lamand, Francis Gilles Kepel, Bruno Etienne, Ibid. Roman, Jeffrey Brooks,
In France, the first researc first the France, In onFrenchLiterature immigration ex the for support Soviet the of lack that opinion popular a existed There
(Princeton, NJ: University Press. Princeton “ non Making CaucasiansMaking Black:of Fall and the Communism the Moscow Since - Les Musulmans Dans La Soci Slavic nations in Russia by turning them into enemies, humiliating them in the Thank You, ComradeSoviet You, Stalin!: Thank Revolution Public Culture from to La France L et L - ’
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Rodney Benson, Erik Bleich Bleich, Dunaway, BrantonandRegina Johanna Ransford A. McDonald, Dansoand David Rodney Benson Rodney in Bleich Erik to useful is might which countries other in xenophobia on literature of lot a is There more positive manner.
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Social Quarter Science
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Alexey Kedriavchev, e n t sed t n hi hm country home their in it spend to and pe – , the po the , ed hs wo aae t ecp cetd eaiey lsd omnte i France, in communities closed relatively created escape to managed who Those 1962, in signed Accords Évian migration: supported that means legal were There
e mtooia country metropolitan mer based on different estimations, between 400 000 and 600 000. Significant group of group Significant 000. 600 and 000 400 between estimations, different on based
o e “al be to 42
000 of Algerians, who were cooperating with French forces and escaped from from escaped and forces French with cooperating were who Algerians, of 000 pulation of newly independent African countries realized that that realized countries African independent newly of pulation iens” for both French and Algerian communities, living in France, who who France, in living communities, Algerian and French both for iens” their their
s pring “ Islamskaya 1500 I Veryushih. strana...Francia: Mechetey 5 Mln. - motherland. The representatives of intellectual elites were leaving leaving were elites intellectual of representatives The motherland. 1962). After France agreed to grant independence to this North North this to independence grant to agreed France After 1962). y political and ideological migration in 1960s, it was stipulated by ” -
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12 by their mass killings. by their . This conclusion defined labor migration of of migration labor defined conclusion This .
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Ibid.
Concluding, immigration from the African countries to France led to the formation of a output. industrial in decline steep to lead 1973 in France stroke that crisis, Economic
fully legitimate and can exercise its constitutional rights for religious and ethnic ethnic and religious for rights constitutional its exercise can and legitimate fully s Te fia imgat sgiiaty nlecd h cuty eorpis by demographics country the influenced significantly immigrants African The es. im migration flow led to the opposite result: the number of African migrants in France 32
Being concerned about emergence of ethnical clashes, French government
Muslim community with members originating from different countries countries different from originating members with community Muslim
nificantly starting from 1960. from starting nificantly
ly from descendants Senegal. migration from African countries that were the main 13
In 1962 there were 10 000 of African African of 000 10 were there 1962 In ion of entry to France. However, it it However, France. to entry of ion
ch government’s intention intention government’s ch had
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19
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registered immigrants have to find illegal means of l of means illegal find to have immigrants registered First we must speak about about speak must we First Russian The Media ofimmigrants Russia portrait in 3.1 For better understanding and analysis of the curre
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ell At the same time, we need to have access to all the publication — , and
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CEU eTD Collection Komsomolets”, “Moskovsky and “Kommersant” in word “Moskov in 16% respectively. 25% and 18% used most second The 2015), April till 2014 April word “гастарбайтер” ( France as affective meaning in both languages, since the word have the same semantic meaning in both Russian ca that conclusion The (4). negative most the ( “immigré (1), “sans follows: as ranking was the «нелегал»( and ( “гастарбайтер” (2), positive “ undergrounder 17% and 18% that was used to refer to Analyzing word count distribution among Russian language publications in in publications language Russian among distribution count word Analyzing “Mosko in publications the all Among results: Russian Results 5.2 The con “ the most negative the most The The next most used ” tent analysis was conducted newspaperstent analysisintwoFrench and was two
f ulctos of publications of “illegal”) was ranked as ranked was “illegal”) ” ( of publications of of publications sky Komsomolets” and “Kommersant” respectively. “Kommersant” and Komsomolets” sky ) “ the one who immigrated who one the was ranked between negative and positive (3), and(3), positive and negativebetween ranked was
“ word in Russian publications was publications Russian in word guest worker
in ”
. immigrant was «приезжий» (“someone not local” “ 42% and 41% and 42% guest worker guest
word in Russian publications was - papiers” ( papiers”
“MK” and “Kommersant” respec“MK” and “Kommersant” M” Msosy Komsomolets”) (Moskovsky “MK” ” ) ) was the most commonly used within the last year (from the m the “ ” ” with no papers no with ws ranke was ) 41 ) was ranked between negative and positive (3), (3), positive and negative between ranked was ) n be derived from this survey is that words that words that is survey this from derived be n of publications in each newspaper each in publications of ost negative (4). As for for As negative(4). ost v
sky Komsomolets” and “Kommersant”, the the “Kommersant”, and Komsomolets” sky language
I conclude that the words were words the that conclude I “ illegal d as less positive (2), positive less as d
and French «нелегал» (“illegal”), (“illegal”), «нелегал» ” ”
) was ranked as the most positive most the as ranked was ) was ranked equally in Russia and
«гость» tively. tively. “illegal” the language language And the least common common least the And
French respondentsFrench n “Kommersant” and (“guest”), 23% and
Russian ones. Russian was marked as as markedwas ), have have the same , “clandestine” “clandestine”
respective it it was found it is used in in used is it distributed ly. ly.
,
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RHOADES, Stephen A., RHOADES, can ,
, respectively. The conclusion that might be derived based on this index is that both media
Analyzing word Among all the publications in “Paris Match” and “Le Monde” the set expression “sans French Resul and 39% “Le Monde” publications. The word “clandestin” was used in 5% of 5% in used was “clandestin” word The publications. Monde” “Le 39% and
the publications and 9% of “Le Monde” publications. The least used wo show whether words were distributed equally or not. Herfindahl index is a sum of sum a is index Herfindahl not. or equally distributed were words whether show equally Herfindahl index Herfindahl shares far from far the , n h sm wy s I as way same the In
in both media outlets. media both in
, the lower it is cnld ta te od were words the that conclude I efnal index Herfindahl ts:
uniform and that “Paris Match” used some words more often than the the than often more words some used Match” “Paris that and uniform count distribution among French
” “ ) was the most common during the last year; 78% and 51% percent percent 51% and year;78% last the duringcommon most the was ) undergrounder “ Herfindahl
is skewed toward 1 toward skewed is
,
– the more equally distributed the shares are. ol b cnimd y h Hridh index Herfindahl the by confirmed be could
1, meaning that one word is used 100% of the times and and times the of 100% used is word onemeaning that 1,
ihn hsn eid a ams te ae 0 same, the almost was period chosen within i wt Rsin agae ulctos te unequal the publications, language Russian with did - Hirschman Index This could be confirmed by confirmed be could This ” , t a ue i 1% f ulctos of publications of 15% in used was it ), 42
o bt “okvk Kmooes and Komsomolets” “Moskovsky both For ;
it is 0 is it distributed
. language publications
64. This mean This 64. ” with
(The. Fed. Res. Bull., Res. (The. 1993). Fed. that that all the words are used with relativelyequal
relatively relatively the Herfindahl index Herfindahl the s that word word that s rd rd in French printed un equally
in “Le Monde” For the case of
frequency d most used most d Fr Paris For . frequency
. n both in 9 and 29 “Paris “Paris “Paris
. 108
-
CEU eTD Collection French publications referring the isskewedthat it using towardat particularwords the expense ofothers. French media outlets would be “illégal”. rejection of Hypothesis 1 could be also confirmed like by the used, not almost are expressions some while used, commonly most is t outlets, media French observed of Incase others). than often more used are words (some uniform not is words the of usage that fact the by confirmed be epithetsdifferent of spectrum wide provide not do outlets media “sansexpression hand, other the On negative. to closer positive, was that worker”) (“guest word the often: more publications their in words negative more use to tend immigrants, t papiers”) till signifi a is there that is Herfindahl index — more uniform as compared “sans observed Russian media outlets use Based on the research results, I confirmI results, research the on Based Based on c The 5.3 - air” ee sd n 8 o “ai Mat “Paris of 78% in used were papiers”
to Interpretation im
1% (for “ill he relative difference in percentage was small. hosen hosen migrants, comparing to comparing migrants, - the
papier” the most, whichthe most, waspapier” (1) marked is , smaller; Russian printed media is more more is media printed Russian
research results, I reject Hypothesis the most the most commonly used expression is “sans cant span in word’s in span cant egal”). most commonly used is marked as marked is used commonly most
of results it is0 it
to
0.53
the
. 41. This means thatis words distribution not uniform,it but
in com “Paris Match” results. However, in detailed results I found
less tolerant (
the
distribution; parison to 0.29 for the Russian outlets presented publications in French. In French. in publications presented 43 Hypothesis the the
chosen French printed media used the set set the used media printed French chosen less ch’s” publications. For “Le Monde” the the Monde” “Le For publications. ch’s” homogenous
they are ranging from 51% (for “sans (for 51% from ranging are they
1 positive) positive) words and expression Herfindahl index . It is evident that —
2. The c
the most positive. the most he set expression “sans expression set he From the results, i results, the From
(3) describing immigrants, it can can it immigrants, describing - hosen Russian printed media
papiers”, papiers”, which is ranked as n sn wrs t words using in —
between negative and and negative between
, the average for two the
observed “гастарбайтер” “гастарбайтер”
, which means
t the follows o describe describe o
- observed observed papiers” papiers”
French French s
when
The The that - CEU eTD Collection word is “illegal”,was which countries. ranked as negativeinboth themost the most posi tive, while in Russian publications that were researched the most commonly used 44
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he was Muslim, died fighting with Radical Islamic terrorists. Islamic Radical with fighting died Muslim, was he http ign in support and mourning “JeSuisCharlie”, of insupportign and Charlie ofmurdered Hedbo illustrators
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was especially evident after the Charlie Hebdo attack, when when attack, Hebdo Charlie the after evident especially was
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ta, which will allow tracing the the tracing allow will which ta, CEU eTD Collection “Constructi Larisa. Kosygina, Kepel, Gilles. strana.. “Islamskaya Alexey.Kedriavchev, of Economies Moral New andRemittances Remain: to Others Enable to “Leaving Isabaeva,Eliza. Patrick. Eveno, Etienne, Bruno. Einaudi, Jean Danso, Ransford, and David A. McDonald. “Writing Xenophobia: Immigration and the Print Me in Pollutant’ as ‘Immigrant of Metaphor The Communities: “Contaminated David. J. Cisneros, Presses Français, Cinéma Le Dans Ouvriers Des Représentation La Bleu, “L’Ecran Michel. Cadé, Brooks,Jeffrey. “English Dunaway. Johanna and Regina, Branton, C History? of Legacies “The Bleich. Erik Bleich, B in Continuity and Change Journalism: French of Model Political/literary “The Rodney. Benson, ALVARO, GIL ibler Coutina, Susan, and Phyllis Pease Chock. “Your Friend, the Illegal:” Definition and Paradox in Post Immigration.”Media Representations of Universitaires de Perpignan” Perpignan, (2004). PrincetonPrinceton, NJ: University n.d. Press., Immigration.” and France.” and Power in Newspaper Accounts of U.S. Immigration Reform.” Immigration Coverage, News 1973 FEDERATION.” RUSSIAN Europe. forHumanRights Commissioner THE TO VISITS HIS ON RIGHTS, HUMAN Soviet Era In Novosibirsk.” Statusa.” http://www.centrasia.ru/newsA.php?st=1032405420. Novogo Migration inSouthernKyrgyzstan.” 2001. Jacob, - Luc. “LaBataille de Paris: 17Octobre1961,” 1991. - Les Musulmans Dans La Soci Dans La Les Musulmans Apartheid Africa.” South - La France et France La L’islam ROBLES. “REPORTBY MRALVAROROBLES. GIL Le Journal « Le Monde » : Une Histoire Histoire Une Monde » : « Le Journal Le Thank You, Co You, Thank , edited Gdanieck. by C Naw
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