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Intimate Communities Honorific Statues and the Political Culture of the Cities of Africa Proconsularis in the First Three Centuries Ce

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Intimate Communities Honorific Statues and the Political Culture of the Cities of Africa Proconsularis in the First Three Centuries Ce INTIMATE COMMUNITIES HONORIFIC STATUES AND THE POLITICAL CULTURE OF THE CITIES OF AFRICA PROCONSULARIS IN THE FIRST THREE CENTURIES CE CHRISTOPHER DAVID DAWSON A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Graduate Program in History York University Toronto, Ontario 5 May 2016 © Christopher David Dawson, 2016 ii Abstract This dissertation argues that the inscriptions of honorific statues reveal a dynamic political culture in the cities of the Roman province of Africa Proconsularis in the first three centuries CE. Although the known regulations governing the public life of Roman municipia and coloniae formally restricted decision making on public matters (outside of the election of magistrates) to the ordo decurionum, the inscriptions show that the flexibility existed for the non-decurional members of the community, that is the populus, to express their opinion collectively and even, on occasion, to initiate actions. It is observed that previous studies tend to downplay or even ignore the participation of the populus in civic politics, and that they tend to present the picture of an ossified public life dominated by the decurions and leading families in the community. It is suggested that these previous studies focus too narrowly on a single dataset. In contrast, this dissertation employs a two-stage analysis. First, it studies the two political institutions of Roman cities: the ordo decurionum and the voting groups into which all adult male local citizens were distributed, the curiae. Moreover, it establishes as far as possible the formal procedures for erecting honorific statues. Second, both quantitative analyses and discourse analyses are applied to a catalogue of the 1080 published inscriptions of honorific statues from Africa Proconsularis. This second stage permits the comparison of the practices surrounding one important aspect of public life to the rules governing public life. iii The dissertation concludes by proposing that one important contributing factor to the dynamism of civic political culture in Africa Proconsularis was the intimacy of the communities. It is asserted that, despite the participation of the communities in the Roman Empire, people's most important political relationships remained within their community. The face-to-face nature of these small communities made it necessary for the magistrates and decurions to be responsive to the demands of the populus and to permit the populus the ability to initiate actions in the public realm, as long as those actions conformed to Roman standards of behaviour. iv To my mother v Acknowledgments Numerous debts have built up over the course of this dissertation, all of them doubtlessly uncounted and long forgotten by all but me. It takes a wide network of institutions, relatives, colleagues, and friends to support a graduate student. They are all deeply appreciated, but a few I particularly want to mention. First I would like to thank the generous financial support of Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (Joseph-Armand Bombardier Canada Graduate Scholarship – Doctoral) during the first three years of my doctoral studies. Further thanks is owed to Manfred Schmidt and the other employees of the office of the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum at the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften in Berlin, Germany. Their warm welcome, friendship, and patience with my German over two summers are much appreciated. Furthermore, I cannot be more grateful for the financial support of the Crake Doctoral Fellowship over the 2014-2015 academic year, the teaching experience it allowed me to gain, and the introduction to the fabulous professors and students in the Department of Classics at Mount Allison University in Sackville, New Brunswick. I would also like to thank the Elise und Annemarie Jacobi Stiftung für Alte Geschichte und Epigraphik. Without its Stipendium, I would not have been able to profit in the final months of the dissertation from the fine library and minds at the Kommission fCr Alte Geschichte und Epigraphik des Deutschen ArchDologischen Instituts in Munich, Germany. vi Two individuals I would like to thank most of all. First is my dissertation supervisor, Jonathan Edmondson. His extraordinary patience with early drafts, vast stores of information, and frequent encouragement have opened many doors and pushed me to reconsider and consider again just about every translation, assertion, and argument put forward in this dissertation. His beneficial influence is evident throughout what follows, even though any error or misjudgment remains my own. Second is my mother, Sally Dawson. My love for history – both ancient and modern – started with her and continues to grow through our countless discussions. This dissertation has its origin with her. vii Table of Contents Abstract ii Dedication iv Acknowledgments v Table of Contents vii List of Tables iX List of Charts x List of Illustration x Abbreviations xi Introduction 1 • 0.1 Previous Scholarship • 0.2 The Epigraphic Catalogue of Honorific Statues • 0.3 Literature and Imperial Culture in Africa Proconsularis • 0.4 Key Terms 1 The Path to Honour: Institutions, Procedures, and Payment Options 38 1.1 Civic Status • 1.2 The Ordo Decurionum • 1.3 Procedures for Authorising Public Honours • 1.4 The Curator Rei Publicae • 1.5 Financing Public Honours: A) Prices, B) Pecunia Publica, C) Aes Conlatum, D) Sua Pecunia • Conclusion 2 The Social and the Political: The North African Curiae Revisited 98 2.1 Defining the North African Curiae • 2.2 The Internal Structure of the Curiae • 2.3 The Social Life of the Curiae • 2.4 The Curiae as Civic Institutions • 2.5 Public Votes • 2.6 The Curiae as Independent Civic Actors • 2.7 Curial and Civic Life • 2.8 Conclusion 3 Performing Public Honours 179 3.1 The Decree • 3.2 The Dedication • 3.3 'Extras' at Dedication Ceremonies • 3.4 'Contentus' Inscriptions • 3.5 Remittances and Political Messages • 3.6 Plautius Lupus' Award of a Biga (IRT 601) • 3.7 Conclusion 4 Dedicators and Honorees: The Intimacy of Civic Life in Africa Proconsularis 265 4.1 Preliminary Findings • 4.2 Civic Terms: A) Introduction, B) Analysis and Discussion of Civic Terms as Dedicators, C) Res Publica, D) Populus, E) Conclusion • 4.3 Sentiment: A) 'Succinct' Inscriptions, B) Effort and Emotional Investment • 4.4 'Praise' and 'Family' • 4.5 'Praise' and 'Family' Results viii 5 Virtues and Civic Political Rhetoric in Africa Proconsularis 335 5.1 Virtues • 5.2 Euergetism • 5.3 Honourableness and Euergetism • 5.4 The Language of Civic Love: A) Civic Love and Euergetism, B) The Sentiments of Civic Love • 5.5 The Politics of Integrity and Blamelessness: A) The Blameless Administrator, B) Ramifications and Meaning: Innocentia and Integritas • 5.6 Conclusion Conclusion 435 Appendices A: IRT 601: Award of a Statue in a Two-horse Chariot (biga) to (Ti.) Plautius 446 Lupus (Rufinus) B: Terms of Praise Found on the Inscriptions of Honorific Statues in Africa 449 Proconsularis, from the First Century BCE to the Third Century CE C: The Usages of Merita and Cognates 454 D: Quorums, Majorities, and Numbers of Decurions Present 463 E: References to the Civic Curiae in the Roman Empire 466 F: CIL VIII 14683=ILS 6824: The Regulations Adopted by the Curia Iovis of 471 Simitthus, 27 November 185 CE G: The Curia Iovis and Voluntary Associations: Member Conduct towards the 473 Deceased H: Inscriptions of Honorific Statues in Africa Proconsularis Containing 476 Words of Praise, from the First Century BCE to the Third Century CE Bibliography 534 ix List of Tables 1.1 Temporal Distribution of Inscriptions in the Epigraphic Catalogue of Honorific 39 Statues 1.2 Postulationes for Public Honours in Africa Proconsularis 68 3.1 'Extras' at the Dedication of Honorific Statues in Africa Proconsularis 195 3.2 'Contentus' Inscriptions of Africa Proconsularis 208 3.3 Inscriptions Similar to 'Contentus' Inscriptions 219 4.1 Temporal Distribution of Inscriptions in the Epigraphic Catalogue of Honorific 268 Statues 5.1 Honestas and Honestus 354 5.2 Amor, Adfectio, Adfectus, Benevolentia, and Studium by Honoree 367 5.3 Dedicators' Amor or Adfectio for the Honoree 370 5.4 Other Instances of Amator in the Western Half of the Empire 378 5.5 Integritas and Integre by Honoree 399 5.6 Innocentia, Innocens, and Innocuus by Honoree 400 5.7 Innocens and Innocuus in Electoral Programmata at Pompeii 429 5.8 Integer in Electoral Programmata at Pompeii 430 X List of Charts 1.1 Stated Payment Methods for Honorific Statues 81 4.1 Percentage of Honoree Types 266 4.2 Decurions as Sole Dedicator 273 4.3 Dedicators Described by the Juridical Status of their City 276 4.4 Dedicators Described by a Juridical Denominative 278 4.5 Dedicators Described by an Institutional or Constituency Term 280 4.6 Dedicators Described by a Demonym 281 4.7 Dedicators Described as Res Publica 284 4.8 Dedicators Described as the Curiae or Populus 296 4.9 Comparison of Averages 308 4.10 Inscriptions Indicating Effort and Emotional Investment 317 4.11 Inscriptions Noting Benefactions, Qualities, or Family of Honoree 318 4.12 The Connection of Dedicatory Terms to the Inclusion of 'Praise' and 'Family' 325 Details in Inscriptions 5.1 Direct Praise of Acts of Euergetism 347 List of Illustration 3.1 Family Tree of Ti. Plautius Lupus Rufinus 257 xi Abbreviations AE L'Année Épigraphique. Paris, 1888– Afr.Rom. L'Africa Romana. Sassari or (later volumes) Rome, 1984– Ant.Afr. Antiquités Africaines. Aix-en-Provence, 1967– Bardo Zeϊneb Benzina Ben Abdallah, Catalogue des Inscriptions latines paϊnnes du Musée du Bardo. Collection de l'École Française de Rome 92. Rome: École française de Rome, 1986. BCTH Bulletin archéologique du Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques. Paris, 1883– CIL Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. Berlin, 1863– CILim. Zeϊneb Benzina Ben Abdallah, “Catalogue des inscriptions latines inédites de Limisa (Ksar Lemsa),” Ant.Afr.
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