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\J z :c V\ 0 u V\ w z :::> The city of Alexandria and surrounding area as seen from the NASA Space Shuttle in March 1 990. The Eastern and Wes tern Harbours are clearly visible in the centre of the image, as well as the dark surface of Lake Mariout immediately to the south. With respect to the pollution of coastal waters, a plume of suspended matter from the Mex pump station is clearly visible arcing eastward from El Mex Bay towards the Qait Bey area. Also worthy of note is the impact of the El Tabya pump station on the waters of Abu Qir Bay on the right side of the image (see the article in this volume by Y. Halim and F. Abou Shouk). Photo: NASA Coastal management sourcebooks 2 Underwater archaeology and coastal management In this. s.eries: 1.. Coping with bea~h erosion, i ! \ I, '•' { Coastal management sourcebooks 2 UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGY AND COASTAL MANAGEMENT !Focus on Alexandria Edited by Mostafa Hassan Mostafa Nicolas Grimal Douglas Nakashima UNESCO PUBLISHING The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the UNESCO Secretariat concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of their authorities, or concerning the delimitation of their frontiers or boundaries. The ideas and opinions expressed are those of the contributors to this report and do not necessarily represent the views of the Organization. Cover photos: Stephane Compoint/CORBIS SYGMA Cover design: Jean-Francis Cheriez Layout: Claude Vacheret ISBN 92-3-103730-7 Published in 2000 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization 7, place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP Printed by Corlet, Imprimeur, S.A., 14110 Conde-sur-Noireau N° d'Imprimeur: 44292 - Depot legal: avril 2000 © UNESCO 2000 Printed in France Acknowledgements he Alexandria project brings together We are grateful to the Library of the Ta number of cooperating institutions Municipality of Rouen, the Regenstein in Egypt. Figuring among the key partners Library of the University of Chicago and the are the University of Alexandria, the Supreme Ecole des Ponts in Paris, for providing photos Council of Antiquities (SCA) and the of the Jondet maps included in Plates 1-3. Governorate of Alexandria. Within UNESCO, J. Becton contributed to the scanning and it involves colleagues in the Cairo Office, editing of these images under the guidance and in the Divisions of Cultural Heritage, of N. Tongring. The Supreme Council of Water Sciences and Earth Sciences, who Antiquities and the Marine Policy Center collaborate on the Coastal Regions and Small of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Islands platform. supported these specific contributions. With respect to the international workshop Thanks are also due to: the Institut Fran9ais of which this publication is an outcome, d' Archeologie Orientate and the Centre particular recognition is due to the University d'Etudes Alexandrines for their professional for its lead role in the organization and advice and assistance; S. Compoint/Corbis hosting of the event, and special thanks are Sygma, for providing the underwater images expressed to the workshop's Steering appearing on the cover and in Part 2; Committee, the University's Department and L. Menanteau, CNRS researcher at the of Oceanography of the Faculty of Sciences, University of Nantes, France, for locating the and SCA's Department of Submarine NASA satellite image appearing on the inside Archaeology. The contribution and assistance front cover. of the following entities in Egypt are acknowledged: the Ministry of Tourism, the Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency, the Italian Embassy in Cairo and Consulate in Alexandria, the French Consulate in Alexandria, the Institut Europeen d' Archeologie Sous-marine of the Hilti Foundation, and the Association of Businessmen in Alexandria. Appreciation is also expressed to the Egyptian Permanent Delegation for their steady support. This volume could not have been produced without the dedicated efforts of many individuals. Special acknowledgement is given to: S. Morcos, for the initial proposal to launch this endeavour, as well as for the constructive ideas and key illustrations that he contributed, and H. Awad, for his major role in preparing the workshop and forging links among people and institutions. Preface mn recent decades, calls for interdisciplinary known experts from various disciplines who Mapproaches to contemporary problems have were asked to bring their knowledge and been salient - and often central - in the expertise to bear on the wide-ranging conclusions of an ever-increasing number of considerations at hand. As such, it provides conventions, agreements and workshops. much useful food for thought for coastal Multi-sectoral from its birth a half-century managers who are confronted with the task of ago, the United Nations Educational, finding an equitable balance between the Scientific and Cultural Organization preservation of underwater archaeological launched, in l 996, an endeavour entitled heritage and the pursuit of sustainable coastal Environment and Development in Coastal development. Regions and in Small Islands (CSI) to serve As the second contribution to the UNESCO as a platform for developing intersectoral series entitled Coastal Management solutions to the dilemma facing coastal Sourcebooks, this volume offers further countries. insights into managing and developing coastal A poignant problem for societies, of late, is regions and small islands in environmentally how to go about protecting one of humanity's sound, socially equitable and culturally most valued resources: the world's appropriate ways. archaeological patrimony. One reservoir of such treasures - the coastal sea - has been increasingly explored in recent years. The DIRK G. TROOST submarine nature of this long-inaccessible Chief, UNESCO-CSI reservoir, distinguishing it from the more easily surveyed and exploitable terrestrial heritage, presents unique problems necessitating special approaches. This need is all the more urgent in view of the impacts, on the coasts, of advanced development technology and in particular, the advent and easy availability of modem diving equipment. The coastal waters of the Mediterranean constitute some of the planet's richest areas in terms of abundance in archaeological relics. In recent years, the city of Alexandria, Egypt, has captured public attention owing to the underwater discoveries of what are believed to be the remains of the Alexandria lighthouse and Cleopatra's palace. To further explore and develop techniques and strategies in pursuit of integrated approaches to coastal management, the University of Alexandria, the Supreme Council of Antiquities and UNESCO co-sponsored an intersectoral workshop in Alexandria (April l 997). The present volume contains the edited papers from this workshop. It conveys the information, views and analyses of well- Table of Contents Foreword 11 Introduction - Alexandria in an evolving context 13 ALEXANDRIA IN EARLY TIMES: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES The greatest emporium in the inhabited world (Mostafa El-Abbadi) 17 The two ports of Alexandria: plans and maps from the 14th century to the time of Mohamed Ali (Harry E. Tzalas) 22 2 UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGY ALONG THE ALEXANDRIAN COAST Early discoveries of submarine archaeological sites in Alexandria (Selim A. Morcos) 33 Kamel Abul-Saadat: a pioneer in Alexandrian underwater archaeology (Hala Halim) 46 Underwater archaeological investigations of the ancient Pharos (Jean-Yves Empereur) 54 Underwater archaeological survey of Alexandria's Eastern Harbour (Franck Goddio) 60 3 SUBMERGED HERITAGE SITES AROUND THE MEDITERRANEAN BASIN From Byblos to Pharos: some archaeological considerations (Honor Frost) 64 The Port of Sabratha, Libya (Nicola Bonacasa) 69 The ancient port of war, Thasos, Greece (Angeliki Simossi) 74 Underwater archaeology in Greece (Dimitris Kazianis) 78 Modem development and ancient maritime sites along the Tyrrhenian coast (Enrico Felici) 81 4 REMOTE-SENSING AND ARCHAEOLOGY Remote-sensing tools for archaeology (Farouk El-Baz) 89 Remote imaging of submerged man-made structures (H. Arnold Carr) 96 Proposed survey of Alexandria harbours by a sonar sub-bottom profiler (Nils Tongring and Neal W. Driscoll) 102 5 CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES FOR UNDERWATER ARTEFACTS Conservation of marine artefacts: examples from INA-Egypt projects (Howard Wellman) 106 Protection of shipwrecks: the experience of the Spanish National Maritime Archaeological Museum (Ivan Negueruela) 111 Data management in underwater archaeology (Vincenzo Sommella) 117 6 LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR SUBMARINE HER ITAGE SITES Conventions and Jaws related to submarine archaeological sites in the Mediterranean (Vincent Negri) 122 Legal principles for protecting underwater cultural heritage (Lynde! V. Prott) 130 7 POLLUTION AND EROSION IMPACTS ON COASTAL HERITAGE Human impacts on Alexandria's marine environment (Youssef Halim and Fatma Abou Shouk) 137 Environmental concerns in Alexandrian underwater archaeology (Ossama M. T. Aboul Dahab) 140 Currents and their variability in Eastern Harbour and Qait Bey areas (Ahmed Abdel Hamid EJ-Gindy) 144 Wave propagation and sedimentation at the Pharos site (Denis Aelbrecht, J.-M. Menon and Eric Peltier) 147 Coastal processes and proposed protection works along the Alexandrian coastline (Alfy Morcos Fanos and Omran El Sayed Frihy) 159 8 INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF COASTAL HERITAGE Need for a coastal management plan: