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Where—Am I?”: H.D.’S Search for Identity

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Where—Am I?”: H.D.’S Search for Identity Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University English Dissertations Department of English 8-10-2021 “Where—Am I?”: H.D.’s Search for Identity Dianne D. Berger Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/english_diss Recommended Citation Berger, Dianne D., "“Where—Am I?”: H.D.’s Search for Identity." Dissertation, Georgia State University, 2021. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/english_diss/248 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of English at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in English Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. “Where—Am I?”: H.D.’s Search for Identity by Dianne Berger Under the Direction of Randy Malamud, PhD A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the College of Arts and Sciences Georgia State University 2021 ABSTRACT Hilda Doolittle is best known as the imagist poet H.D. In a career lasting a half-century, H.D. also penned essays, memoirs, fiction, and translations of classical Greek works. Regardless of the genre, H.D. reveals much of her self in her work. Immediately following World War 1, she confronted her traumatic experiences during the war years. During World War II, she concentrated on the relationships—primarily with males—that had formed her identity. In the last work published in her lifetime, she conveyed what she had learned in her lifelong quest for identity. I explore selections from H.D.’s work in these three categories. Due to the traumatic responses exhibited in World War I, trauma theory captivated physicians of the body and the mind. A much-debated aspect was the value of the narrative in overcoming trauma. H.D. seemed intuitively to grasp the importance of the narrative but, like many trauma theorists, first hoped to uncover the “truth.” She began this search in 1921 by writing two autobiografictional accounts of her war years; by 1940, she wrote her final volume recounting these events. She had learned that the “truth”—if it exists—is less important than remembering, repeating, and working through one’s experiences. In the 1940s and 1950s, H.D. turned to memoirs to pay tribute to her family, Sigmund Freud (with whom she underwent analysis), and fellow poet Ezra Pound. Each acts as a modern elegy acknowledging the importance of her lost loved ones yet freeing herself from their power over her. Finally is Helen in Egypt, a poem with prose captions in which H.D. imparts the lessons she has learned. She now grasps the illusiveness of “truth” and instead emphasizes the lifelong quest for identity ahead of us all. INDEX WORDS: H.D. H.D. (Hilda Doolittle), identity, trauma, elegy, autobiografiction, mourning, memory, Modernism (literature) Copyright by Dianne Berger 2021 “Where—Am I?”: H.D.’s Search for Identity by Dianne Berger Committee Chair: Randy Malamud Committee: Tanya Caldwell LeeAnne Richardson Electronic Version Approved: Office of Graduate Services College of Arts and Sciences Georgia State University August 2021 iv DEDICATION In Memory of H.D. Imagine there's no countries It isn't hard to do Nothing to kill or die for And no religion too Imagine all the people Living life in peace... You may say I'm a dreamer But I'm not the only one I hope someday you'll join us And the world will be as one John Lennon (1971) v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Randy Malamud, Tanya Caldwell, and LeeAnne Richardson each played an indispensable role in creating this dissertation. I will never forget their willingness to help and the insight they provided. Randy strongly encouraged me to reach out to Lara Vetter, the 21st century’s reigning expert on H.D. When I finally overcame my unease in contacting Lara, she provided enormous guidance and encouragement as well. As I began exploring H.D.’s life and career, I did not fully appreciate the community of support on which H.D. depended as she wrote. Randy, Tanya, LeeAnne, and Lara have provided me with a real-world example of its importance. While, as Randy suggested, the completion of this dissertation leaves me feeling relieved (happy, pleased, excited), I also have a sense of loss. I enjoyed the journey far too much. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................ V INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................... 1 “Where—am I?”: H.D.’s Search for Identity ........................................................................ 1 Chart 1: Chronology ............................................................................................................ 3 Chart 2: Publication ............................................................................................................. 4 Pertinent Literary Criticism ................................................................................................... 5 Overview of Chapters .............................................................................................................. 9 Chapter 1: H.D.’s Autobiografiction: Paint It Today, Asphodel, and Bid Me to Live ...... 9 Chapter 2: H.D.’s Elegies: The Gift, Tribute to Freud, and End to Torment ................. 11 Chapter 3: H.D.’s Quest: Helen in Egypt .......................................................................... 12 1 CHAPTER 1 .................................................................................................................... 14 1.1 Remembering, Repeating, and Working Through ................................................. 14 1.2 H.D.’s Autobiografiction: Paint It Today, Asphodel, and Bid Me to Live .............. 25 1.2.1 Art as a Means to an End ....................................................................................... 25 1.2.2 Paint It Today (written 1921) ................................................................................. 32 1.2.3 Asphodel (written 1921-1922) ................................................................................ 43 1.2.4 Bid Me to Live (written 1939-1950) ....................................................................... 59 1.2.5 Transition: From Trauma Narrative to Elegy ...................................................... 77 2 CHAPTER 2 .................................................................................................................... 78 vii 2.1 H.D.’s Elegies: The Gift, Tribute to Freud, and End to Torment ............................ 78 2.1.1 Gods, Goods, and Gifts ........................................................................................... 78 2.1.1 The Gift (written 1941-1944) ................................................................................. 89 2.1.2 Tribute to Freud (“Advent” written 1933 & “Writing on the Wall” written 1944) ............................................................................................................................... 105 2.1.3 End to Torment (written 1958) ............................................................................ 119 2.1.4 Transition: From Elegy to Quest ......................................................................... 135 3 CHAPTER 3 .................................................................................................................. 136 3.1 H.D.’s Quest: Helen in Egypt ................................................................................... 136 3.1.1 Helen? Who is She? ............................................................................................. 136 3.1.2 Helen in Egypt (written 1952-1955) .................................................................... 143 4 CODA ............................................................................................................................. 156 6 WORKS CITED............................................................................................................ 159 7 ADDITIONAL WORKS CONSULTED .................................................................... 168 1 INTRODUCTION In Asphodel, an early work of autobiographical fiction, H.D. asks, “Where—am I?” The context of her question leaves no doubt that she searches for her lost sense of selfhood rather than her corporeal self. In Bid Me to Live, a later work exploring the same life events, she has not triumphed in her search for self; she is not yet confident in her I. However, she has developed a strategy for self-discovery and self-healing: “When I try to explain, I write the story. The story must write me, the story must create me” (Bid 110). H.D.’s journey toward selfhood lasted a lifetime, complicated by the trauma she suffered during World War I. I explore three crucial periods in her quest. First is the autobiografiction— Paint It Today, Asphodel, and Bid Me to Live—that she began as early as 1921 and went unpublished until either shortly before her death or long after. Next are her three tributes—The Gift to her family, Tribute to Freud, and End to Torment about her relationship with Ezra Pound—written in the 1940s and 1950s. Finally, I examine Helen in Egypt, H.D.’s personal magnum opus, written in the mid-to-late 1950s and published coincident with her death. My purpose is to trace H.D.’s struggle—and her success— as she develops the importance of the narrative as a means of overcoming trauma. “Where—am
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