Sex Reassignment Surgery Is Defined As a Surgery Performed for the Treatment of a Confirmed Gender Dysphoria Diagnosis

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Sex Reassignment Surgery Is Defined As a Surgery Performed for the Treatment of a Confirmed Gender Dysphoria Diagnosis Coverage of any medical intervention discussed in a Dean Health Plan medical policy is subject to the limitations and exclusions outlined in the member's benefit certificate or policy and to applicable state and/or federal laws. Sex Reassignment (Sex Transformation) Surgery MP9465 Covered Service: Yes Services described in this policy are not restricted to those Certificates which contain the Sex Transformation Surgery Rider Prior Authorization Required: Yes Additional The medical policy criteria herein govern coverage Information: determinations for Sex Reassignment (Sex Transformation) Surgeries. Authorization may only be granted if the member is an active participant in a recognized gender identity treatment program. Sex Reassignment Surgery is defined as a surgery performed for the treatment of a confirmed gender dysphoria diagnosis. Medicare Policy: Prior authorization is dependent on the member’s Medicare coverage. Prior authorization is not required for Medicare Cost (Dean Care Gold) and Medicare Supplement (Select) when this service is provided by participating providers. Prior authorization is required if a member has Medicare primary and Dean Health Plan secondary coverage. This policy is not applicable to Dean Health Plan Medicare Replacement products. BadgerCare Plus Dean Health Plan covers when BadgerCare Plus also covers Policy: the benefit. Dean Health Plan Medical Policy: 1.0 All Sex Reassignment Surgeries require prior authorization through the Health Services Division and are considered medically appropriate when ALL of the following are met: 1.1 Letter(s) of referral for surgery from the individual’s qualified mental health professional competent in the assessment and treatment of gender dysphoria, which includes: 1.1.1 Letter of referral should include ALL the following information: Sex Reassignment Surgery 1 of 4 Coverage of any medical intervention discussed in a Dean Health Plan medical policy is subject to the limitations and exclusions outlined in the member's benefit certificate or policy and to applicable state and/or federal laws. 1.1.1.1 Member’s general identifying characteristics; AND 1.1.1.2 Results of the client’s psychological assessment, including any diagnoses; AND 1.1.1.3 The duration of the mental health professional’s relationship with the client, including the type of evaluation and therapy or counseling to date; AND 1.1.1.4 An explanation that the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) criteria for surgery have been met, and a brief description of the clinical rationale for supporting the member’s request for surgery; AND 1.1.1.5 A statement that informed consent has been obtained from the member; AND 1.1.1.6 A statement that the mental health professional is available for coordination of care and welcomes a phone call to establish this 1.1.2 One letter of referral from a qualified mental health professional (see 1.1) is required for breast/chest surgery (e.g. mastectomy, chest reconstruction, or augmentation mammoplasty); AND 1.1.3 Two independent letters of referral from qualified mental health professionals are required for genital surgery. 1.1.3.1 The first letter must meet the criteria in section 1.1. 1.1.3.2 The second letter is intended to be an evaluative consultation, not a representation of an ongoing long-term therapeutic relationship, and can be written by a qualified mental health provider of sufficient experience with gender dysphoria which has independently assessed the member. This second letter must also meet the criteria of 1.1. 1.1.3.3 Genital reconstructive surgery requires documentation that the member has lived for 12 continuous months in a gender role that is congruent with their gender identity. 1.2 Persistent, well-documented gender dysphoria; AND 1.3 Capacity to make a fully informed decision and to consent to treatment; AND 1.4 Age of majority (18 years of age or older); AND 1.5 If significant medical or mental health concerns are present, conditions must be reasonably well-controlled; AND Sex Reassignment Surgery 2 of 4 Coverage of any medical intervention discussed in a Dean Health Plan medical policy is subject to the limitations and exclusions outlined in the member's benefit certificate or policy and to applicable state and/or federal laws. 1.6 The member may be required to complete twelve months of continuous and compliant hormone therapy as appropriate to the member’s gender goals (unless the member has a medical contraindication); AND 1.6.1 If required documentation of at least 12 months of continuous hormonal sex reassignment therapy; AND 1.6.2 The physician responsible for endocrine transition therapy must medically clear the individual for sex reassignment surgery and collaborate with the surgeon regarding hormone use during and after surgery. 1.7 The surgeon performing the procedures is part of an interdisciplinary team that treats patients with gender dysphoria OR has a close association with the mental health and other health professional(s) involved in the treatment of the member’s gender dysphoria; AND has expertise in performing the gender reassignment surgery being requested. Documentation from the surgical provider must include the following: 1.7.1 Surgical history related to previous gender reassignment treatment; AND 1.7.2 History of previous hormone treatment; AND 1.7.3 A statement regarding the patient’s gender-related goals for surgery. 1.8 The treatment plan must conform to identifiable external sources including the World Professional Association for Transgender Health Association (WPATH), and/or professional society guidance. 2.0 The following procedures require prior authorization through the Health Services Division and are considered medically appropriate if the criteria in 1.0 are met: 2.1 Male to Female transition: 2.1.1 Breast augmentation mammoplasty and implants 2.1.2 Repair of introitus 2.1.3 Coloproctostomy 2.1.4 Orchiectomy 2.1.5 Penectomy 2.1.6 Vaginoplasty 2.1.7 Colovaginoplasty 2.1.8 Clitoroplasty 2.1.9 Labiaplasty 2.2 Female to Male transition: 2.2.1 Breast reduction/mastectomy Sex Reassignment Surgery 3 of 4 Coverage of any medical intervention discussed in a Dean Health Plan medical policy is subject to the limitations and exclusions outlined in the member's benefit certificate or policy and to applicable state and/or federal laws. 2.2.2 Nipple – areola reconstruction (related to mastectomy or post mastectomy reconstruction) 2.2.3 Hysterectomy 2.2.4 Salpingo-oophrectomy 2.2.5 Colpectomy / vaginectomy 2.2.6 Metoidioplasty 2.2.7 Phalloplasty 2.2.8 Urethroplasty/urethromeatoplasty 2.2.9 Scrotoplasty 2.2.10 Placement of testicular and penile (erectile) prosthesis 2.2.11 Vulvectomy 2.3 Laser hair removal of the tissue intended for use in vaginoplasty, labiaplasty, vulvoplasty, clitoroplasty, or penectomy is covered if ALL the criteria in 1.0 to 1.8 are met. 3.0 Surgical Procedures accompanying a diagnosis of gender dysphoria that have not been listed above must be reviewed by a Medical Director for medical necessity. Committee/Source Date(s) Document Medical Policy Committee/Quality and Care Created: Management Division October 31, 2016 Revised: Medical Policy Committee/Quality and Care Management Division December 20, 2017 Medical Policy Committee/Quality and Care Management Division January 17, 2018 Medical Policy Committee/Health Services Division June 19, 2019 Medical Policy Committee/Health Services Division February 19, 2020 Medical Policy Committee/Health Services Division June 16, 2021 Reviewed: Medical Policy Committee/Quality and Care Management Division December 20, 2017 Medical Policy Committee/Quality and Care Management Division January 17, 2018 Medical Policy Committee/Health Services Division June 19, 2019 Medical Policy Committee/Health Services Division Februrary 19, 2020 Medical Policy Committee/Health Services Division June 17, 2020 Medical Policy Committee/Health Services Division June 16, 2021 Published/Effective: 07/01/2021 Sex Reassignment Surgery 4 of 4 .
Recommended publications
  • Why Allowing Sex-Reassignment Surgery for Transgender Life Prisoners Facilitates Rehabilitation and Reconciliation
    THE CAGED BIRD SINGS OF FREEDOM: WHY ALLOWING SEX-REASSIGNMENT SURGERY FOR TRANSGENDER LIFE PRISONERS FACILITATES REHABILITATION AND RECONCILIATION BY: ALEXANDER KIRKPATRICK* ABSTRACT In October 2015, California became the first state in U.S. history to implement guidelines for transgender state prisoners to petition for gender- affirming and sex-reassignment surgeries. These guidelines raise the question why California would authorize gender-affirming surgeries for prisoners serving life-sentences, yet struggle to implement laws to make the same surgeries more accessible to law-abiding citizens. While the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation ("CDCR") likely implemented the radical SRS policy to abide by Eighth Amendment protections for transgender inmates suffering from severe gender dysphoria-inmates to whom SRS coverage is medically necessary and constitutionally required-this Note outlines four alternative justifications * Class of 2017, University of Southern California Gould School of Law, B.A. Political Science, University of Colorado at Boulder. This Note is dedicated to my client, Amelia, who shared her vulnerable and inspiring story of incarceration, transition, and hope. Amelia is fighting for freedom every day in a California male institution. Thank you to my mentor and Note supervisor, Heidi Rummel, whom champions juvenile justice at the Post-Conviction Justice Project. She has exemplified the values of a lawyer I hope to become. Dear thanks to my partner, Mifa, who continues to challenge me to approach the world with empathy and fight for social justice. Thank you to my parents, brother, and aunt who have supported me every step of the way and showed me the value of storytelling.
    [Show full text]
  • Trans People, Transitioning, Mental Health, Life and Job Satisfaction
    DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES IZA DP No. 12695 Trans People, Transitioning, Mental Health, Life and Job Satisfaction Nick Drydakis OCTOBER 2019 DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES IZA DP No. 12695 Trans People, Transitioning, Mental Health, Life and Job Satisfaction Nick Drydakis Anglia Ruskin University, University of Cambridge and IZA OCTOBER 2019 Any opinions expressed in this paper are those of the author(s) and not those of IZA. Research published in this series may include views on policy, but IZA takes no institutional policy positions. The IZA research network is committed to the IZA Guiding Principles of Research Integrity. The IZA Institute of Labor Economics is an independent economic research institute that conducts research in labor economics and offers evidence-based policy advice on labor market issues. Supported by the Deutsche Post Foundation, IZA runs the world’s largest network of economists, whose research aims to provide answers to the global labor market challenges of our time. Our key objective is to build bridges between academic research, policymakers and society. IZA Discussion Papers often represent preliminary work and are circulated to encourage discussion. Citation of such a paper should account for its provisional character. A revised version may be available directly from the author. ISSN: 2365-9793 IZA – Institute of Labor Economics Schaumburg-Lippe-Straße 5–9 Phone: +49-228-3894-0 53113 Bonn, Germany Email: [email protected] www.iza.org IZA DP No. 12695 OCTOBER 2019 ABSTRACT Trans People, Transitioning, Mental Health, Life and Job Satisfaction For trans people (i.e. people whose gender is not the same as the sex they were assigned at birth) evidence suggests that transitioning (i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • Sex Reassignment Surgery Page 1 of 14
    Sex Reassignment Surgery Page 1 of 14 Medical Policy An Independent licensee of the Blue Cross Blue Shield Association Title: Sex Reassignment Surgery PRE-DETERMINATION of services is not required, but is highly recommended. http://www.bcbsks.com/CustomerService/Forms/pdf/15-17_predeterm_request_frm.pdf Professional Institutional Original Effective Date: January 1, 2017 Original Effective Date: January 1, 2017 Revision Date(s): January 1, 2017; Revision Date(s): January 1, 2017; January 27, 2021; March 18, 2021 January 27, 2021; March 18, 2021 Current Effective Date: January 1, 2017 Current Effective Date: January 1, 2017 State and Federal mandates and health plan member contract language, including specific provisions/exclusions, take precedence over Medical Policy and must be considered first in determining eligibility for coverage. To verify a member's benefits, contact Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Kansas Customer Service. The BCBSKS Medical Policies contained herein are for informational purposes and apply only to members who have health insurance through BCBSKS or who are covered by a self-insured group plan administered by BCBSKS. Medical Policy for FEP members is subject to FEP medical policy which may differ from BCBSKS Medical Policy. The medical policies do not constitute medical advice or medical care. Treating health care providers are independent contractors and are neither employees nor agents of Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Kansas and are solely responsible for diagnosis, treatment and medical advice. If your patient is covered under a different Blue Cross and Blue Shield plan, please refer to the Medical Policies of that plan. DESCRIPTION Gender dysphoria involves a conflict between a person's physical or assigned gender and the gender with which he/she/they identify.
    [Show full text]
  • Transgender Youth, the Non-Medicaid Reimbursable Policy, and Why the New York City Foster Care System Needs to Change
    Transgender Youth, the Non-Medicaid Reimbursable Policy, and Why the New York City Foster Care System Needs to Change * Julie Anne Howe CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 2 II. TRANSGENDER YOUTH IN FOSTER CARE ....................................................... 4 A. TERMINOLOGY ................................................................................. 4 B. A HISTORY OF DISCRIMINatION AGAINST TRANSGENDER ...... YOUTH........................................................................................ 5 C. THE IMPORtaNCE OF MEDICAL NECESSITY .............................8 III. MARIAH L. V. ADMINISTRATION FOR CHILdren’s SERVICES ................ 12 IV. THE NON-MEDICAID REIMBURSABLE POLICY ............................................. 14 V. A FACIAL DUE PROCESS CHALLENGE TO THE POLICY’s VETO ClAUSE ................................................................................................................... 16 A. THE State’s DuTY TO YOUTH IN FOSTER CARE ................... 17 B. THE RIGHT TO PRIVACY ......................................................... 17 i. The Right’s Scope ..........................................................................18 ii. The Undue Burden Test .......................................................... 22 VI. AN AS-APPLIED EQUAL PROTECTION CHALLENGE TO THE POLICY .... 25 A. THE SEX DISCRIMINatION FRAMEWORK ............................... 25 B. DISCRIMINatORY INTENT .....................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Detransition, Retransition: What Providers Need to Know
    Detransition, Retransition: What Providers Need to Know julie graham, MS, MFT Director, Gender Health SF San Francisco Department of Public Health Continuing Medical Education Disclosure . Program Faculty: julie graham, MS, MFT . Current Positions: Director, Gender Health SF, San Francisco Department of Public Health . Disclosure: No relevant financial relationships. It is the policy of The National LGBT Health Education Center, Fenway Health that all CME planning committee/faculty/authors/editors/staff disclose relationships with commercial entities upon nomination/invitation of participation. Disclosure documents are reviewed for potential conflicts of interest and, if identified, they are resolved prior to confirmation of participation. Only participants who have no conflict of interest or who agree to an identified resolution process prior to their participation were involved in this CME activity. 2 Agenda . Introductory remarks . How I learned about this topic . Contextualizing detransition and regret . Definitions, language and frames . What people say they need . Q and A Complexity . Listen to this talk in its entirety— . Don’t cherry pick . Clinical talk . My interest is helping you do a better job than I did with my first detransitioning patient . We need to tolerate increasing complexity as people experience a new landscape—one where surgeries are paid for, where there is a little bit more openness to exploration . Lack data we will have in the future, learning as we go Harriet Controversial . It is a fact that some people will die or have a terrible quality of life if they do not access every possible medical procedure to decrease their gender dysphoria. They experience pain and suffering from lack of access and poorly educated provider care.
    [Show full text]
  • Rights of Transgender Adolescents to Sex Reassignment Treatment
    THE DOCTOR WON'T SEE YOU NOW: RIGHTS OF TRANSGENDER ADOLESCENTS TO SEX REASSIGNMENT TREATMENT SONJA SHIELD* I. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 362 H . DEFINITIO NS ........................................................................................................ 365 III. THE HARMS SUFFERED BY TRANSGENDER ADOLESCENTS CREATE A NEED FOR EARLY TRANSITION .................................................... 367 A. DISCRIMINATION AND HARASSMENT FACED BY TRANSGENDER YOUTH .............. 367 1. School-based violence and harassment............................................................. 368 2. Discriminationby parents and thefoster care system ....................................... 372 3. Homelessness, poverty, and criminalization...................................................... 375 B. PHYSICAL AND MENTAL EFFECTS OF DELAYED TRANSITION ............................... 378 1. Puberty and physical changes ........................................................................... 378 2. M ental health issues ........................................................................................... 382 IV. MEDICAL AND PSYCHIATRIC RESPONSES TO TRANSGENDER PEOPLE ........................................................................................ 385 A. GENDER IDENTITY DISORDER TREATMENT ........................................................... 386 B. FEARS OF POST-TREATMENT REGRET ...................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Gender Dysphoria Treatment – Community Plan Medical Policy
    UnitedHealthcare® Community Plan Medical Policy Gender Dysphoria Treatment Policy Number: CS145.I Effective Date: March 1, 2021 Instructions for Use Table of Contents Page Related Community Plan Policies Application ..................................................................................... 1 • Blepharoplasty, Blepharoptosis, and Brow Ptosis Coverage Rationale ....................................................................... 1 Repair Definitions ...................................................................................... 3 • Botulinum Toxins A and B Applicable Codes .......................................................................... 4 • Cosmetic and Reconstructive Procedures Description of Services ................................................................. 8 • Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Analogs Benefit Considerations .................................................................. 9 Clinical Evidence ........................................................................... 9 • Panniculectomy and Body Contouring Procedures U.S. Food and Drug Administration ........................................... 14 • Rhinoplasty and Other Nasal Surgeries References ................................................................................... 14 • Speech Language Pathology Services Policy History/Revision Information ........................................... 16 Commercial Policy Instructions for Use ..................................................................... 16 • Gender Dysphoria Treatment
    [Show full text]
  • Summary of Clinical Evidence for Gender Reassignment Surgeries
    SUMMARY OF CLINICAL EVIDENCE FOR GENDER REASSIGNMENT SURGERIES Outline Introduction, Background, and Terminology ................................................................................................ 2 Categories of Gender Reassignment Surgery ........................................................................................... 3 Summaries of Clinical Evidence for Gender Reassignment Surgeries ......................................................... 4 Surgeries for Female-to-Male (FTM) individuals..................................................................................... 4 Breast/Chest Surgery ........................................................................................................................ 4 Genital Surgeries ............................................................................................................................... 4 Surgeries for Male-to-Female (MTF) individuals..................................................................................... 5 Breast/Chest Surgery ........................................................................................................................ 5 Genital Surgeries ............................................................................................................................... 6 Other Surgeries ................................................................................................................................. 6 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • A Practitioner's Guide to California Transgender
    A Practitioner’s Guide to California Transgender Law A Reference Guide for California Lawyers and Advocates Updated March 2010 Transgender Law Center 870 MARKET STREET, SUITE 400 SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94102 (415) 865-0176 (415) 777-5565 (FAX) WWW.TRANSGENDERLAWCENTER.ORG [email protected] ADVOCATING FOR OUR COMMUNITIES PUBLICATION OF THIS GUIDE MADE POSSIBLE BECAUSE OF GENEROUS SUPPORT FROM: THE ECHOING GREEN FOUNDATION THE HORIZONS FOUNDATION THE NATIONAL CENTER FOR LESBIAN RIGHTS THE VANLOBENSELS/REMBEROCK FOUNDATION California Transgender Law 101 Introduction This reference guide is designed to provide a broad overview of California laws affecting transgender people. If you have a question about these laws or other issues your clients are facing, please feel free to contact the Transgender Law Center. I. Identity Documents A. State of the law • California Driver’s License – a court order is required to change name using a form DL 44. Gender marker may be changed without a court order provided a doctor or psychologist completes a form DMV 329. People under the age of 18 will need parental support to apply unless person is an emancipated minor. (Attachment A – DL 329 and instructions; DL 44 is only available at DMV office or by mail) • Social Security Number – a court order is required to change name on a Social Security account. Gender marker may be changed with a letter from a surgeon stating that “sex reassignment surgery” has been completed. No guidance is given as to what type of surgery constitutes sex reassignment surgery. To make these changes, complete a Form SS-5 (Attachment B – Info from SSA website about change of name and gender; Form SS-5 and instructions) • Common Law Name Change – This method of changing a person’s name remains legally possible, however many organizations and agencies will not recognize it due to concerns about identity theft and immigration fraud.
    [Show full text]
  • An Argument for Intersectionality Originally, the Feminist Movement
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy By Charles Bengtson for the University of Minnesota First-Year Writing Program under the Department of Writing Studies 1 Transfeminism: An Argument for Intersectionality Originally, the feminist movement arose in opposition of the patriarchal society that oppressed women and perpetuated the social hierarchy that granted men additional rights. As time went on, feminist views diversified, and different branches of feminism began to take form. Naturally, these separate branches arose from conflicting perspectives on a myriad of issues. Recently, the issue at the fore front of the feminist movement is the place of trans people in women’s organizations and feminist spaces. Certain feminist platforms have taken an intersectional approach by seeking to include women from a diverse set of backgrounds, including transwomen and transmen, and others have gone in the opposite direction by developing radical and cisgender feminist platforms. By looking at a handful of arguments made for intersectionality in feminist theory, legal studies, and case studies, this paper will show that the acceptance of trans people into the feminist movement, including feminist spaces and women’s organizations, will further the trans community and feminist community’s agendas of dissolving the social hierarchy that oppresses them both. Since women have begun organizing to address the common injustices they face in society, feminist spaces have arisen correspondingly. “Transgender and Feminist Alliances in Contemporary U.K. Feminist Politics”, written by Deborah M. Withers, discusses how feminist spaces work to serve the feminist agenda, and outlines the debate on the trans community’s place in these spaces.
    [Show full text]
  • Gender Reassignment Surgery Purpose
    Medica Policy No. III-SUR.20 UTILIZATION MANAGEMENT POLICY TITLE: GENDER REASSIGNMENT SURGERY EFFECTIVE DATE: August 19, 2019 This policy was developed with input from specialists in psychiatry, urology, plastic surgery, and general surgery, and endorsed by the Medical Policy Committee. IMPORTANT INFORMATION – PLEASE READ BEFORE USING THIS POLICY These services may or may not be covered by all Medica plans. Please refer to the member’s plan document for specific coverage information. If there is a difference between this general information and the member’s plan document, the member’s plan document will be used to determine coverage. With respect to Medicare and Minnesota Health Care Programs, this policy will apply unless these programs require different coverage. Members may contact Medica Customer Service at the phone number listed on their member identification card to discuss their benefits more specifically. Providers with questions about this Medica utilization management policy may call the Medica Provider Service Center toll-free at 1-800-458-5512. Medica utilization management policies are not medical advice. Members should consult with appropriate health care providers to obtain needed medical advice, care and treatment. PURPOSE To promote consistency between reviewers in utilization management decision-making by providing the criteria that generally determine the medical necessity of gender reassignment surgery. The Benefit Considerations box below outlines the process for addressing the needs of individuals who do not meet these criteria. BACKGROUND I. Definitions A. Gender Dysphoria in Adolescents and Adults is a term defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) as: 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Gender Reassignment Surgery Model Ncd
    GENDER REASSIGNMENT SURGERY MODEL NCD I. Indications, Limitations of Coverage and/or Medical Necessity 1 II. Documentation Requirements 4 III. Providers of Gender Reassignment Surgery 5 IV. Common CPT Codes 5 V. ICD-9 and ICD-10 Codes 8 VI. References 9 Written by Transgender Medicine Model NCD Working Group. Contact: Anand Kalra, Transgender Law Center ([email protected]). Gender Reassignment Surgery Model NCD | 1 I. Indications, Limitations of Coverage and/or Medical Necessity The purpose of this National Coverage Determination is to implement the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Departmental Appeals Board’s 2014 decision overturning NCD 140.3 (Transsexual Surgery). The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Departmental Appeals Board (“DAB”) considered categories of evidence as outlined in the Medicare Integrity Program Manual § 13.7.1 when it determined that the previously extant prohibition on “transsexual surgery” in NCD 140.3 was unreasonable.1 Implementing a policy to provide access to Gender Reassignment Surgery is centered in improving population health outcomes among transgender Medicare beneficiaries. The Medicare Integrity Program Manual § 13.7.1 provides that NCDs should be based on published authoritative evidence and general acceptance by the medical community. Summarized, this means treatments should follow: Evidence-based best practice derived from definitive studies such as meta-analyses, randomized clinical trials, or clinical evidence Best practice as accepted by the medical community, as supported by sound medical evidence based on: o Scientific data or research studies published in peer-reviewed medical journals; o Consensus of expert medical opinion (i.e., recognized authorities in the field); or o Medical opinion derived from consultations with medical associations or other health care experts.
    [Show full text]