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Argopecten Purpuratus) in an Environmental Context Limiting Oxygen Arturo Aguirre-Velarde

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Argopecten Purpuratus) in an Environmental Context Limiting Oxygen Arturo Aguirre-Velarde Bioenergetics of the Peruvian scallops (Argopecten purpuratus) in an environmental context limiting oxygen Arturo Aguirre-Velarde To cite this version: Arturo Aguirre-Velarde. Bioenergetics of the Peruvian scallops (Argopecten purpuratus) in an envi- ronmental context limiting oxygen. Earth Sciences. Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2016. English. NNT : 2016BRES0123. tel-01542077 HAL Id: tel-01542077 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01542077 Submitted on 19 Jun 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THÈSE / UNIVERSITÉ DE BRETAGNE OCCIDENTALE présentée par sous le sceau de l’Université Bretagne Loire Arturo Aguirre-Velarde pour obtenir le titre de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DE BRETAGNE OCCIDENTALE Préparée à l'Institut Universitaire Mention : Biologie Marine Européen de la Mer, Laboratoire de École Doctorale des Sciences de la Mer Sciences de l'environnement – Thèse soutenue le 15 décembre 2016 La bioénergétique du pétoncle devant le jury composé de : péruvien (Argopecten Miguel Avendaño Professeur, Université d’Antofagasta (Chili) / Rapporteur purpuratus) dans un contexte Laurent BARILLÉ environnemental limitant Professeur, Université de Nantes / Rapporteur en oxygène. Jocelyne FERRARYS Directrice de recherche, IRD UMR ENTROPIE / Examinatrice Frédéric JEAN Professeur, UBO, CNRS, LEMAR - IUEM / Directeur de thèse Gérard THOUZEAU Directeur de recherche, CNRS, LEMAR - IUEM / Directeur de thèse Jonathan FLY SAINTE MARIE Maître de Conférences, UBO, LEMAR - IUEM / Directeur de thèse UNIVERSITÉ DE BRETAGNE OCCIDENTALE -BREST École doctorale des Science de la Mer - IUEM Thèse de Doctorat de l’UNIVERSITÉ DE BRETAGNE OCCIDENTALE Spécialité : Océanologie biologique La bioénergétique du pétoncle péruvien (Argopecten purpuratus) dans un contexte environnemental limitant en oxygène par Arturo Aguirre Velarde Composition du Jury Miguel AVENDAÑO Professeur, Université d’Antofagasta (Chili) Rapporteur Laurent BARILLÉ Professeur, Université de Nantes, MMS Rapporteur Jocelyne FERRARIS Directrice de recherche, IRD, UMR ENTROPIE Examinatrice Frédéric JEAN Maitre de Conférences, UBO, CNRS, LEMAR-IUEM Directeur de thèse Gérard THOUZEAU Directeur de recherche, CNRS, LEMAR-IUEM Directeur de thèse Jonathan FLYE-SAINTE-MARIE Maitre de Conférences, UBO, LEMAR-IUEM Directeur scientifique Remerciements Les travaux de recherche présentés dans ce manuscrit ont été réalisés avec le sou- tien de l’IRD (LMI-DISCOH), le LabexMer, l’ANR comanche et le IFS (International Foundation For Science). J’adresse également mes remerciements à l’entreprise aqua- cole ACUICULTORES PISCO pour son aide prêté dans les travaux sur le terrain. RÉSUMÉ Au cours des deux dernières décennies, la culture du pétoncle (Argopecten purpu- ratus) s’est développée dans les baies côtières péruviennes. La disponibilité trophique liée au système d’upwelling est favorable à la production du pétoncle. Cependant, les côtes péruviennes sont également connues pour présenter une forte variabilité environ- nementale sur tout en domaine océanique. Bien que les élevages du pétoncle soient vulnérables aux aléas de production (mortalité, croissance faible), la variabilité environ- nementale dans les baies côtières du Pérou et ses effets sur la croissance, la reproduction et survie de cette ressource socialement sensible ont été peu étudiés. La baie de Paracas au Pisco-Pérou est une zone traditionnelle de culture du pétoncle où des hauts et des bas productifs liées aux conditions environnementales ont été enregistrées au long de son histoire. Dans le but d’approfondir nos connaissances sur cette problématique, cette étude se pose sous trois approches : (1) l’observation in situ, (2) l’expérimentation en physiologie et (3) la modélisation du bilan énergétique de A. purpuratus. Un suivi environnemental mené dans la baie de Paracas montre que la variabilité océanographique peut être important, en particulier pendant l’été. Des variations de température de ±8°C et des conditions oxiques allant de la sursaturation à l’anoxie (ab- sence d’oxygène) dans le cours d’une journée ont été observés. l’enregistrement haute fréquence a permis de révéler une exposition chronique, sévère et prolongée de la baie de Paracas aux conditions hypoxiques. Les pétoncles cultivés sur le fond, où l’exposi- tion à l’hypoxie était importante (47 % du temps observé) ont montré une croissance et les conditions de reproduction plus faibles. Cependant, au cours de l’été, les événe- ments hypoxiques prolongés et sévères ont touché les deux profondeurs de culture - les pétoncles cultivées en suspension comme sur le fond-, causant des pertes de poids de tissu somatique ainsi que l’arrêt de la reproduction. Durant les expériences en labora- toire, les pétoncles ont montré une importante capacité à réguler leur respiration face à la diminution de la saturation en oxygène jusqu’à ≈ 24%. De manière surprenante, nous avons trouvé que cette espèce est capable de maintenir une filtration, quoique diminuée, même à des saturations en oxygène basses (5%). Sur la base des réponses physiologiques du pétoncle face à l’hypoxie et le rende- ment énergétique moindre du métabolisme anaérobie par rapport au métabolisme aé- robie nous faisons l’hypothèse d’une diminution de l’ensemble du métabolisme à des saturations en oxygène en dessous de la capacité de régulation de l’espèce. Des simu- lations d’un modèle incluant cette restriction énergétique (sur les flux d’assimilation et de mobilisation de la réserve) en conditions d’hypoxie parviennent à reproduire avec succès les observations de terrain effectuées dans la baie de Paracas : une plus grande exposition à l’hypoxie a pour conséquence une croissance réduite et un arrêt de la re- production. Alors que le pétoncle possède des adaptations physiologiques/métaboliques pour faire face à des conditions limitantes en oxygène, la croissance et la reproduction peuvent être compromis, affectant ainsi la productivité des cultures de cette espèce (cela en fonc- tion de la fréquence, duré et intensité de l’hypoxie). Les résultats des observations, des expériences et des simulations réalisées lors de cette étude fournissent des informations utiles pour mieux gérer la culture de pétoncle péruvien. Sur la base de ces travaux, des estimations de capacité de charge des baies, et des évaluations de zones et profondeurs favorables pour la culture de ces pétoncles pourront être réalisées. Keywords: Argopecten purpuratus ; variabilité environnementale; bioénergétique ; physiologie; modélisation; hypoxie; aquaculture; Pérou. ABSTRACT During the past two decades, the scallop (Argopecten purpuratus) culture developed in the Peruvian coastal bays. The trophic availability linked to the upwelling system supports the production scallop. However, the Peruvian coast are also known to have a high environmental variability especially in oceanic domain. Although scallop farms are vulnerable to production hazards (mortality, low growth), environmental variability in coastal bays of Peru and its effects on growth, reproduction and survival of this socially sensitive resource have been poorly studied. Paracas Bay in Pisco Peru is a traditional farming area where scallop highs and lows in productivity related to environmental conditions were recorded throughout its history. In order increase our knowledge on this issue, this study arises from three approaches : (1) observation in situ, (2) experimental physiology and (3) modelling of the energy budget of A. purpuratus. An environmental monitoring conducted in the Paracas Bay shows that the ocea- nographic variability can be important, especially during the summer. Temperature va- riations of ±8°C celsius and oxic conditions ranging from supersaturation to anoxia (absence of oxygen) in the course of a day were observed. The high frequency monito- ring has revealed a chronic, severe and prolonged hypoxic conditions in Paracas Bay . Scallops grown on the bottom, where exposure to hypoxia was important (47% of the observed time) showed lower growth and reproductions conditions. However, during the summer, prolonged and severe hypoxic events affected both deep culture - scallops grown in suspension and on bottom - causing weight somatic tissue losses and cessation of reproduction. During the laboratory experiments, scallops showed significant ability to regulate their oxygen uptake face to decreased oxygen saturation up to ≈24%. Sur- prisingly, we found that this species is able to maintain filtration, although diminished, even at low oxygen saturations (5%). Based on the physiological responses of the Peruvian scallops face to hypoxia and the energy performance aerobic and anerobic metabolism ; it is hypothesized that there exist a restriction in the energy flow available for metabolism at oxygen saturations be- low the regulation capacity of the organism. Model simulations including this energy restriction (on assimilation and reserves mobilization fluxes) against hypoxia can repro- duce successfully field observations of Paracas Bay : greater exposure to hypoxia results in a reduced
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