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Criminology Criminal Psychology Psychology in Prison Criminology Criminal Psychology Psychology in Prison 1 Criminal Investigation & Forensic Psychology Module 14: Psychology in Prison Role Name Affiliation Principal Dr. G. S Bajpai NLU, Delhi Investigator Paper Dr. Navin Ambedkar Coordinator Kumar College (DU) Content Vanita Sondhi Vivekananda writer/Author College (DU) Content Reviewer Language Editor Description of module Subject Name Criminology Paper Criminal Psychology/ Criminal name/Unit Investigation & Forensic Psychology Module Psychology in Prison name/title Module id 14 Pre-requisites Student should have basic understanding of counselling principles Objectives The objective of this module is to understand how psychological principles can be applied in the prison. It also examines the intervention methods applied by prison psychologists to reduce recidivism. Keywords Psychology in prison, Objective classification systems, Psychological problems, Recidivism, Cognitive approaches, Reasoning and Rehabilitation, Controlling Anger and Learning to Manage it, Healthy Relationship Programme, Chromis 2 Content: 1. Introduction 2. Learning outcomes 3. Classification of inmates 4. Prison Conditions in India 5. Experiences of prisoners 6. Psychological problems of prisoners 7. Reducing Recidivism 7.1 Reasoning and Rehabilitation (R&R) 7.2 Controlling Anger and Learning to Manage it (CALM) 7.3 Healthy Relationship Programme 7.4 Chromis 8. Summary 1. Introduction Psychologists working in prisons apply psychological principles within a correctional setting to deal with a complex web of problems. The main function of sentencing an offender to prison is to protect society by removing the criminal from the streets and punishing him for his acts. This function is referred to as the function of ‘incapacitation’. This function seems to be in sync with the image of a prisoner who is seen as cold, abusive, harsh and dangerous. However, for a psychologist even prisoners need to be treated humanely, need to reformed and re-integrated with society. Prison psychologists not only help inmates adjust to prison life but also aid in their rehabilitation. Many of these inmates are released and become a part of normal society. Psychologists try to develop intervention programmes that help inmates assimilate into the normal world. These interventions offer support to inmates in dealing with a wide range of psychological disturbances including anger and impulse problems, psychopathic tendencies, social deviance etc. In doing so, they try to promote a safe and healthy environment within the prisons. 2. Learning outcomes By the end of the module students will be able to: 1. Identify issues pertinent to the psychology of prison. 2. Understand the role of psychologists working in the prison 3. Describe classification of inmates and the benefits of an objective classification system 4. Understand the effects of the prison environment 5. Discuss the problems of recidivism and ways of reducing it 3. Classification of inmates In order to improve management of prisons and reduce recidivism it is important that scientific classification systems be used. These classification systems categorize inmates based on a number of factors so that they can be assigned to an appropriate institution, housing area, work assignment and program. During the nineteenth and early part of the twentieth centuries, segregation of prisoners in the United States was based on factors such as age (adult versus juvenile), gender (male versus female), number of offenses (first versus repeat), and special needs (mentally ill). Some classifications simply 3 occurred on the basis of how much space was available. These early classification systems were based on subjective criteria that often produced unreliable results. In these earlier systems, inmates were classified with the aim of deciding the “appropriate” form of punishment. This led to a number of negative consequences including prejudice, personal favouritism, inadequate documentation etc. These ‘subjective classifications’ were subsequently discarded in much of the western world because of the many problems associated with them. Over the years marked progress has been made in these classification systems. Gradually reform and rehabilitation of prison inmates became important goals and ‘objective classification systems’ became more popular. These systems use risk scales that assess the prison inmate on a number of factors such as criminal history and current offense, and also demographic and social factors. Other factors that are also assessed in risk scales include age, gender, criminal history, prior parole, offense type, sentence length, history of drug abuse, employment history, marital status, and number of dependents (Bonta, Bogue, Crowley, and Motiuk 2001). Each factor is then given points on the basis of risk so that an aggregate score is obtained. In many cases the analyst can adjust the score if the obtained score is seen as under representing or over representing the risk posed by the prison inmate. Though this may reduce the overall objectivity but it makes the system more robust provided the analyst has been given proper training and guidelines (Buchanan, Whitlow, and Austin 1986). Such objective classification systems not only help in the management of the prisons but also help in assessing needs for intervention and rehabilitation. In India, there is hardly any emphasis on the use of the objective systems of classification of the prisoners. At present, prison inmates lodged in Indian jails are identified as convicts, undertrials and detenues. A convict is “a person found guilty of a crime and sentenced by a court” or “a person serving a sentence in prison” while an undertrial is a person who is currently on trial in a court of law. Age is another basis for categorization. ‘Adolescent prisoner’ is not less than 18 years, but not more than 21 years of age; ‘adult prisoner’ is any prisoner who is more than 21 years of age, juvenile delinquents are all juveniles below the age group of 18 years and are prosecuted and punished according to the Juvenile Justice Act, 2000. Other parameters include gender, nationality, mental health; nature of offence; number of times offence committed; length of imprisonment; and socio-economic status (A, B or C or I, II, or III). There are numerous instances when many of these prisoners are kept in the same prison. For e.g. the terms “prison” and “jail” are used interchangeably in India (though worldwide ‘jails’ are designed to hold inmates for a shorter duration and ‘prisons’ for a longer duration), perhaps reflecting the fact that no significant effort is made to separate ‘undertrials’ from ‘convicts even though as per a decision of the Supreme Court of India, it is mandatory to keep them separate (Asia Watch,1991). 4. Prison Conditions in India The horrific conditions of Indian prisons are well-known and have now even stopped making news. Many of the prison structures are old and falling apart. There is overcrowding in the small prison cells. According to the National Crime Records Bureau’s (NCRB) ‘Prison Statistics India’, 2015 (Available online at Prison Statistics India 2015, NCRB. http://ncrb.nic.in/StatPublications/PSI/Prison2015/PrisonStat2015.htm; retrieved 15th August, 2017), many of India’s prisons are overcrowded. Maximum overcrowding was reported in district jails (131.1%) followed by central jails (116.4%) in 2015. Besides the problem of overcrowding, a very large percentage of prisoners are undertrials. According to the same report, sixty-seven percent of the people in Indian jails are undertrials – those awaiting trials but not convicted of crime. There is criminal activity inside the prisons and quite a few of the prison staff are corrupt. For the economically disadvantaged, even basic human amenities like clean toilets, and fans in the extreme summers are not available. For those having money to bribe the police staff; mobile phones, liquor and drugs are easily available. Torture in lockups and prisons is common. For women who are detained by the police, rape is another danger. 4 5. Experiences of prisoners The experiences of prisoners may vary depending upon the type of prison, the kind of punishment, personality types and expectations. However, life in a prison for most offenders is very difficult and can lead to depression, anxiety and a host of other negative emotions. As soon as the offender is sent to the prison, his or her property is listed by the officer and kept into safe keeping. A few items can be kept in his cell. He is then given a prison number and may often be identified by it. This is just the beginning of a life where his personal identity will be taken away and just a number will identify him. Adapting to prison life can be a very difficult process. As stated above, there is overcrowding, lack of basic amenities such as clean toilets, loud noises and little privacy. Even the food is bland and tasteless. Time perception may get distorted as hours may feel like days and nothing positive occupies the mind. Daily routines are fixed by the prison regime and days may be the same. Harassment and abuse are not so uncommon in many prisons. There are differences in the social environments of prisons and this may also affect the experiences of prisoners. According to Moos (1973), environments too like individuals have ‘personalities’. He has also tried to measure these environments and developed a number of scales to assess them. The Correctional Institutions Environment Scale (CIES) developed by Moos measures social climates of correctional environments (Moos, 1987). According to Moos (1987), the social climate of a prison can be described in terms of three broad dimensions: ‘Relationship-Oriented’ (‘involvement’, ‘support’, and ‘expressiveness’), ‘Personal Development’ (‘autonomy’, ‘practical orientation’, and ‘personal problem orientation’), and ‘System Maintenance and System Change’ (‘order and organization’, ‘program clarity’, and ‘staff control’). A profile can also be obtained on the 9 scales and this profile reflects the orientation of the setting. Hence some settings may be higher on one dimension while others may be lower on the same dimension.
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