Harrnonic Flow Analysis in Power Distribution Networks
by Nima Bayan
A Thesis Submitted to the College of Graduate Studies and Research through the Electrical Engineering Program in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Applied Science at the University of Windsor
Windsor, Ontario 1999 National Library Bibliothèque nationale 1*1 of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. me Wellirigtori OttawaON KlAON4 OttawaON KlAON4 Canada Canada
The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence aliowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sel1 reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/tilm, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique.
The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in Uiis thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or othenvise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. ONima Bayan 1999 Conventional AC electric power systems are designed to operate with sinusoidal voltages and currents. However, nonlinear and electronically switched loads will distort steady state AC voltage and current waveforrns. Periodically distorted waveforms can be studied by examining the hamonic components of the waveforms. Power system harmonic analysis investigates the generation and propagation of these components throughout the system.
A short cause and effect survey on sources of harmonies and their effects on power distn bution systems is conducted.
As a basis for a power flow program different system components are modeled and the current spectnim of more common (harmonic producing) loads are not only simulated but also investigated through measurements.
In these studies after a brief review of the theoretical bais for hannonics power flow analysis, a software is developed applying Object-Oriented Analysis and Design Techniques and it has been utilized in the case studies.
Two cases are studied here fiom two different perspectives:
1. Case Study No. 1 (End User Perspective):
The Kautex-Textron case in harmonic analysis was conducted to identiG the problematic
harmonic orders in order to design appropriate power factor correction means in a
hannonicaHy rich indtistrial environment. 2. Case Study No. 2 (Power Utilities Perspective):
The Temporary Windsor Casino and the Casino Windsor case in which harmonics measurements were conducted to identim if there are any excessive harmonic injections into the local power utilities (Windsor Utilities Commission) network. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
1 would like to extend my appreciation to my thesis supervisor Dr. G. R. Govinda Raju who has directed me through my studies and has made valuable suggestions in the approach and direction of these studies. 1 would also like to thank my supervision committee members Dr. Ahmadi and Dr. Lashkari.
1 would like to thank Mr. T. Kosnik and Ms. M. Douglas from W.U.C. and al1 the maintenance crews who always helped me in measurements and made the casino related measurements possible, they were always open to provide the related information.
1 would also wish to thank Mr. H. Kogel from Kautex-Textron who authorized the release of plant related information pertinent to these studies.
1 want to extend my gratitude to my manager at Wilson, Dario & Associates Mr. B. DiLoreto for his understanding and instructions in the process of preparation of the first case study.
1 would also like to thank my family specially my wife Kathy for their support and understanding. TABLE OF CONTENTS
.. Abstract ...... ir
Achowledgment ...... iv
Table of Contents ...... v ... List of Tables ...... VIII
List of Figures ...... xi
List of Abbreviations ...... xiv
Chapter 1 An Introduction to Power Quality ...... 1 1 .1 Power Quatity Definition ...... 1 1 -2 Power Quatity Probiems ...... -7 1.3 Classification of Power Quality ProbIems ...... -7 1.4 Power Quality Indices ...... -5
C hapter 2 Harmonics in Power Systems ...... 7 2.1 Concept of Power Systern Harmonies ...... 8 2.2 Ongin of Harmonies ...... 1 0 2.3 Distortion Indices ...... 1 0 2.4 Power Definitions ...... 1 1 2.5 Characteristics of Harmonies in Power Systems ...... 13 2.6 Sequence of Different Harmonies ...... 1 3 2.7 Effect of Harmonics on Power Systems ...... 15 2.8 Harmonies Analysis Methods ...... 16 2.8. I Identification of Harmonic Sources Using Kalman Filters ...... -16 2.8 -2 Wavelet Transform Analysis ...... 1 7 2.8.3 Statistical Approaches to Harmonic Analysis ...... 18 2.9 Harmonies Damage Prevention and Assessment ...... 18 2.1 0 Power Quality Limits and Acceptable Thresholds ...... 19
C hapter 3 Harmonic Propagation in Power Systems ...... -2 1 3.1 Power Flow (Problem Definition) ...... 2 1 3 -2 Newton-Raphson Method Basics ...... 24 3.3 Cornparison of Various Power Flow Solution Methods ...... 28 3.4 Techniques for Harmonic Analysis ...... 29 3.5 Nature and Modeling of Harmonic Sources ...... 33 3 .5 .1 Nonlinear Voltage-Current Sources ...... 33 3.5.2 Line-Comrnutated Solid State Converters ...... 34 3.5.3 High Frequency Sources ...... 36 3.5 -4Non-Harmonic Sources ...... -37 3 -6 Models for Network components ...... -38 3.6.1 Overhead Lines ...... -38 3 .6.2 Underground Cables ...... 1 3 .6.3 Transfomers ...... -41 3 .6.4 Rotating Machines ...... -42 3.6.5 Passive Loads ...... 439
C hapter 4 Spectnim Analysis Through Simulation ...... 45 4.1 Simulation of Loads ...... 45 4.2 Fluorescent Larnp ...... 46 4.3 Arc Furnace ...... 48 4.4 Semiconductor Based Circuits ...... 50 4.5 Spectrum Analysis of a Typical Commercial Load ...... -34 4.6 Spectnim of a Typical Distribution Transformer ...... 57
Chapter 5 Spectrum Analysis Through Measurement ...... -39 5.1 Measurement of Voltage and Current Spectrums ...... 59 5.2 Measurement of V-1 Spectrums of a Pure Resistive Load ...... 60 5.3 Measurement of V-I Spectrurns of Electronic Devices ...... 61 5.4 Measurernent of V-1 Spectrurns of Television Set ...... 62 5.5 Measurement of V-1 Spectnuns of VCR ...... 63 5.6 Measurement of V-I Spectrums of a Personal Cornputer ...... 65
Chapter 6 Application of Object-Oriented Technology ...... 68 6.1 Overview of the Object Modeling Technology ...... 70 6.2 Development of Distribution System Using OMT ...... 74 6.2.1 A Distnbuted System Architecture ...... 74 6.2.2 00 Modeling of Distribution Circuits ...... 75 6.2.3 Implementation of Designed DCOM Using OOP ...... 77
C hapter 7 Case Studies ...... 82 7.1 Case Study No . 1 ...... 82 7.1 .1 Plant Electrical Supplies ...... -233 7.1.2 Blow Molding Machines Measurements Summary ...... 84 7.1 -3 Proposed Aitemat ives ...... -84 7.2 Case Study No . 2 ...... 95 7.2.1 Old (Temporary) Windsor Casino ...... 96 7.2.2 New (Permanent) Windsor Casino ...... 106 7.3 Conclusion and Suggested Further Studies...... 125
Appendices Appendix A Case Shidy No . 1 ...... AI -A77 Appendix B IEEE 14 Bus System Results ...... Bl Appendix C One Line Diagrams and Network Data ...... C 1 -C20 Appendix D Design Template For Harmonic Filters ...... D 1-03 Re ferences ...... ,...... *...... R 1-R8
Vita Auctoris LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1.1 Common Power Quality Indices 6 2.1 Sequences of different harmonic orders 14 2.2 Selected guidelines for THD, TIF, VT and IT products 20 3.1 Power flow problem number of equations and quantities at 23 each bus Harmonic power flow solutions cornparison table Summary of the rneasurernent results of a resistive load Summary of the measurement results of a portable audio set Surnmary of the measurement results of a TV set Summary of the measurement results of VCR off Summary of the measurement results of VCR play Summary of the measurement results of a VCR rewind Summary of the measurement results of a persona1 cornputer Details of the measurement results of a PC BMM # 1 Measurements Surnrnary BMM #3 Measurements Summary BMM #5 Measurements Summary BMM #6 Measurements Surnmary BMM #7 Measurements Surnmary BMM #9 Measurements Surnmary Surnmary of proposed alternatives Surnmary of measurements of Transformer P709 phase A, 2000 kVA on July 7, 1998 Summary of measurements of Transformer P709 phase B, 2000 kVA on July 7, 1998 Summary of measurements of Transformer P709 phase C, 2000 kVA on July 7,1998 Summary of measurements of Transformer P3307 phase A, 750 kVA on July 7, 1998 Summary of measurements of Transformer P3307 phase B, 750 kVA on July 7, 1998 Table Paee Summary of measurernents of Transformer P3307 phase C, 750 kVA on July 7, 1998 Summary of measurements of Transformer P746 phase C, 2000 kVA on July 7,1998 Surnmary of measurernents of Transformer P746 phase B, 2000 kVA on July 7,1998 Summary of measurements of Casino Windsor Transformer A, 6 MVA, phase A, on July 6, 1998, before inauguration. Summary of measurements of Casino Windsor Transformer A, 6 MVA, phase C, on July 6, 1998, before inauguration. Summaxy of measurements of Casino Windsor Transformer A, 6 MVA, phase B, on July 6, 1998, before inauguration. Summary of measurements of Casino Windsor Transformer B, 6 MVA, phase A, on July 6, 1998, before inauguration. Summary of measurements of Casino Windsor Transformer B, 6 MVA, phase C, on July 6, 1998. before inauguration. Summary of measurements of Casino Windsor Transformer B, 6 MVA, phase B, on July 6. 1998, before inauguration. S ummary of measurements of Casino Windsor Transforrner C, 6 MVA, phase A, on July 6, 1998, before inauguration. Summary of measurements of Casino Windsor Transformer C, 6 MVA, phase C, on July 6, 1998, before inauguration. Surnmary of measurements of Casino Windsor Transformer C, 6 MVA, phase B, on July 6, 1998, before inauguration. Swnmary of measurements of Casino Windsor Transformer A, 6 MVA, phase A, on August 17, 1998, after inauguration. Summary of rneasurernents of Casino Windsor Transformer A, 6 MVA, phase B, on August 17, 1998, after inauguration. Summary of measurements of Casino Windsor Transforrner A, 6 MVA, phase C, on August 17, 1998, after inauguration. Sumary of rneasurements of Casino Windsor Transformer B, 6 MVA, phase A, on August 17, 1998, after inauguration. Summaty of measurements of Casino Windsor Transformer B, 6 MVA, phase B, on August 17, 1998, after inauguration. Sumrnary of measurements of Casino Windsor Transformer B, 6 MVA, phase C, on August 17, 1998, afier inauguration. Table Page 7.3 1 Summary of measurements of Casino Windsor Transformer 123 C, 6 MVA, phase A, on August 17, 1998, afier inauguration. 7.32 Summary of measurements of Casino Windsor Transformer 124 C,6 MVA, phase C, on August 17,1998, after inauguration. LIST OF FIGURES
1.1 A sample waveform of some power quality problems 1 3.1 1 Typical current waveforrns of 6-pulse HVDC links, dc dives 1 and adjustable speed drives. L 32 1 Overhead line mode1 1 3.3 1 Transformer Mode1 1 3.4 1 Measured impedance of a synchronous rnotor 1 3.5 1 Basic Load Mode1 4.1 Harmonic content of a typical fluorescent light 4.2 Harmonic content of a typical Arc Furnace 4.3 Harmonic content of a typical 6-Pulse Thyristor Converter 1 4.4 1 Harmonic content of a typical 12-Pulse Thyristor Converter 4.5 Harmonic content of a typical Average Commercial Load 4.6 Harmonic content of a typical Transformer 5.1 The results of measurement of an iron (resistive load) 5 -2 The results of measurement of an portable audio set 5.3 The results of measurement of a 17" GE TV set 1 5.4 1 The results of measurement of a VCR set off state 1 5.5 The results of measurement of a VCR set playing 5.6 The results of measurement of VCR set rewinding 5.7 The results of measurement of a persona1 computer 6.1 CIass with Attributes and Operations 1 6.2 1 Generalization (inheritance) 1 6.3 Association 73 6.4 Multiplicity 73 6.5 Aggregation 73 6.6 The Proposed Distribution Analysis System Architecture 74 6.7 Class Diagram of the Designed Distribution Circuit Object 76 Model 1 1 6.8 1 Example of Class Definition 1 78 1 1 6.9 1 Example of Inheritance Implementation 1 80 1 1 6.1 1 1 Example of Association Implementation 1 81 Figure Page 6.12 Example of Aggregation implementation 8 1 7.1 The results of measurement of Transformer P709 phase A, 98 2000 kVA on July 7, 1998 7.2 The results of measurement of Transformer P709 phase B, 2000 99 kVA on July 7, 1998 7.3 The results of measurement of Transformer P709 phase C, 2000 100 kVA on July 7, 1998 7.4 The results of rneasurement of Transformer P3307 phase A, 101 750 kVA on July 7, 1998 7.5 The results of measurement of Transformer P3307 phase B, 750 102 kVA on July 7, 1998 7.6 The results of measurement of Transformer P3307 phase C, 750 103 kVA on July 7, 1998 7.7 The results of rneasurement of Transformer P746 phase Ct 2000 104 kVA on July 7, 1998 7.8 The results of measurement of Transformer P746 phase B, 2000 105 kVA on July 7, 1998 7.9 The resutts of measurement of Casino Windsor Transformer A, 108 6 MVA, phase A, on July 6, 1998, before inauguration. 7.10 The results of measurement of Casino Windsor Transformer A, 109 6 MVA, phase C, on July 6, 1998, before inauguration. 7.1 1 Not available due to memory limits of measurement instrument 1 10 7.12 The results of rneasurement of Casino Windsor Transformer B, 111 6 MVA, phase A, on July 6, 1998, before inauguration. 7.13 The results of measurement of Casino Windsor Transformer B, 112 6 MVA, phase C, on July 6, 1998, before inauguration. 7.14 The results of measurement of Casino Windsor Transformer B, 113 6 MVA, phase B, on July 6,1998, before inauguration. 7.15 The results of measurement of Casino Windsor Transformer (3, 114 6 MVA, phase A, on July 6, 1998, before inauguration. 7.16 The results of measurement of Casino Windsor Transformer C, 115 6 MVA, phase C, on July 6, 1998, before inauguration. The results of measurement of Casino Windsor Transformer C, 6 MVA, phase B, on July 6, 1998, before inauguration. 1 1 Fipu re Page 7.18 The results of measwement of Casino Windsor Transformer A, 117 6 MVA, phase A, on August 17, 1998, afier inauguration. 7-19 The results of measurement of Casino Windsor Transformer A, 118 6 MVA, phase B, on August 17, 1998, afier inauguration. 7.20 The results of measurement of Casino Windsor Transformer A, 119 6 MVA, phase C, on August 17, 1998, afier inauguration. 7.2 1 The results of measwement of Casino Windsor Transformer B, 120 6 MVA, phase A, on August 17, 1998, afier inauguration. 7.22 The results of measurernent of Casino Windsor Transformer B, 121 6 MVA, phase B, on August 17, 1998, afier inauguration. 7.23 The results of measurement of Casino Windsor Transformer B, 122 6 MVA, phase C, on August 17, 1998, afier inauguration. 7.24 The results of measurement of Casino Windsor Transformer C, 123 6 MVA, phase A, on August 17, 1998, afier inauguration. 7.25 The results of measurement of Casino Windsor Transformer C, 124 6 MVA, phase C, on August 17, 1998, afier inauguration. l LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
1 AC I1 Alternative Current 1 API Application Programming Interface
ASD 1 Adiustablea S~eeda (motor) Drive 1 CBEMA ( Cornputer Busine Equipment- - Manufacturers Association 1 1 CIM 1 Common Information Mode1 CPS Custom Power System CS1 Current Source Inverters 1 CT 1 Current Transformer I1 1 DC 1 Direct Current DCOM 1 Distribution Circuit Object Model
FM1 1 Electromagnetic- EMF Electro-Magnetic Field EMS Energv Management Svstem 1 FACTS 1 Flexible AC Transmission Systems 1 1 GUI 1 Graohicai User Interface 1 HVDC 1 High Voltage Direct Current i,h, n as index is used for harmonic component of [email protected] order ITIC Information Technology Industry Council LF Load-Flow 1 1 NR 1 Newton-Raphson OMT Object Modeling Technique PCC Point of Cornmon Coupling -- PF Power Factor PS Power System PWM Pulse Width Modulation rrns Root Mean Square or Effective value of a periodic quanti ty SCADA Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition SMES Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage SMPS Switched Mode Power SuppIy . - SVC Static var Compensation TDD Total Demand Distortion THD Totai Hannonic Distortion - - TIF Te!ephone Influence Factor VAR Reactive Volt- Ampere VSI Voltane Source Inverters 1 XFRM 1 Transformer Chapter 1 Introduction
The main purpose of most of the active fields in power engineering is to supply the end- users (customers) with a reliable, high quality, continuous and economic source of electrical power.
In this chapter the definition of the power quaiity, its problems and the different categories of electromagnetic phenomena in power systems will be introduced in brief. The indices that are currently used for comparison and decision making are also introduced.
1.1 Power Quality Definition
The term "power quality" is a very inclusive term and encompasses a lot of phenomena in power systems. There is no global agreement on this term amongst the power system engineers.
One can Say that maintaining a certain sufficiently high grade of electric service provided cm be considered as the power quality. This is a philosophical answer but it does not include the definitiveness and precision of an answer.
But generally speaking: "Power quality wiil refer to the measure, analysis, and irnprovement of bus voltage (usually a load bus voltage), to maintain that voltage to be a sinusoid at rated voltage and frequency" [l 1.
There are five major reasons for the growing concern regarding the power quality issues:
Load equipment such as microprocessor based devices, and power electronics are more sensitive to power quality variations than products utilized previously for the same function. The increasing emphasis on overall high efficiency in power systems has introduced high efficiency devices (adjustable speed drives and shunt capacitor banks) and they in turn are major sources of increasing harmonies in the power systems.
Increased awareness of the end users.
As the power networks grow and get more interconnected, the failure of one cornponent has much more important consequences than before.
One of the most important reasons is the economical aspects of the power quality. A poor quality of power provided may cause the unwanted shut down of a system (factory, plant) which may be very expensive, on the other hand the customer billing rnay be affected by quaiity of the supply. For private utilities the quality of power supplied can be considered as a selling technique, especially with growing privatization in the power industry.
1.2 Power Quality Problems
Because of the nature of the power industry (being custorner-oriented and customer- driven) the following definition seems to be widely accepted amongst power system engineers: "Any power problem manifested in voltage, current, or frequency deviations that results in failure or misoperation of customer equipment is called a power quality problem" [2].
1.3 Classification of Power Quality Problems
The classification of power quality problems can be performed according to:
the source of the problem (e.g. converters, magnetic circuit nonlinearities,. ..)
wave-shape of problematic signal (e.g. harmonic , flicker, .. . )
frequency spectmm (e.g. radio frequency interference) Some examples of power quality problems are depicted in figure ( 1.1 ).
c = ringing froquency g - Cime d - irnpuise energy h - hipuise ampliludo
The following are a categorization of electromagnetic phenornena used for the power quality community.
Transients Impulsive Oscillating
Short Duration Variations Ins tan taneo us Momentary Temporary
Long Duration Variations Sustained Interruptions Undervol tages Overvoltages
Voltage Unbalance
Wave form Distortions DC offset Hannonics 1nterharmonics Notching Noise (wide band)
Voltage Fluctuations Flicker
Power Frequency Variations
ANS1 C84.1- 1982 and other standards more specifically depict duration and other characteristics of different categories listed above. These phenomena listed above can be described merby listing appropriate attributes. For steady-state phenomena, the foIIowing attri butes can be used:
Amplitude
Frequency
Spectrum
Modulation
Source impedance
Notch depth
Notch area
For non-steady-state phenomena, other attributes rnay be required:
Rate ofnse
Amplitude
Duration
Spectrum
Frequency
Rate of occurrence
Energy potential Source impedance
Reference [l] provides information regarding typical spectral content. duration, and magnitude where appropriate for each category of electromagnetic phenomena. The combination of these categories and their attributes provide a means to clearly describe an electromagnetic disturbance. They are also irnp~~ïtantin order to be able to classify measurcment resuits and to describe electromagnetic phenomena which can cause power qua1ity problems.
1.4 Power Quality Indices
Table (1.1) shows in bief the recommended indices in harmonic anaiysis of power systems and in conjunction with the interaction of power systern and other systems such as telephone, .. . . It is worth mentioning that some of these indices are not as critical and important as they used to be; for example, the Telephone Influence (Interference) Factor (TIF) is nowadays ignored due to digital and optical communication progresses. On the other hand, factors such as K-factor for transfomers are being more addressed both by the manufacturers and designers.
In table (1.1) the following notations are used: i as index is used for harmonic component of ith order h as index is used for harrnonic component of hth order
Wi weight of the ith harrnonic order ci weight of the ith harrnonic order
+/- as index positive or negative sequencc (respectively) In the following chapters some of these indices will be described in detail and used as scales and measures in our measurements.
Index ~Orrrmon -AOpl-
Total hamtonic ditortion (THD)' tanemi PurposS; standam, most
Power factor (Pf) P pfJt-'i~*~-fn-f%
Telephone influence fadof - / [JN)ICI A*6ms"U<1-
C message index
I Audio circuit interference; shunt capacitor stress
K factor
Crest factor Y- IV- tics stress
Unbalance factor Ir-VIK I ~hme-phamamit ~anœ
* These indices cmbe decomposed in three phase cases to zero, positive and negative components. In some cases a breakdown of the even and odd harmonic components of these indices is useful.
Table 1.1 Common power quality indices Chapter 2 Harmonics in Power Systems
Conventional AC electric power systems are designed to operate with sinusoidd voltages and currents. However, nonlinear and electronically switched loads will distort steady state AC voltage and current wavefonns. Periodically distorted wave forms can be studied by exarnining the harmonic components of the waveforms. Power system harmonic analysis investigates the generation and propagation of these cornponents throughout the system.
Marrnonic studies have becorne an important component of power system analysis and design [24-261. They are used to quanti@ the distortion in voltage and current waveforms at various points in a power system and to determine whether dangerous resonant conditions exist and how they might be mitigated. Such studies are important because the presence of harmonic producing equiprnent is increasing. As harmonics propagate through the system they result in increased losses and possible equipment loss-of-Iife. Equipment cm be damaged by overcurrents or overvoltages resulting from resonances. Additionaliy, harmonics can interfere with control, communication, and protective equipment [27]. The ctment emphasis on power quality [28] has reinforced the need for harmonic studies as a standard component of power system analysis and design activities.
Interest in the analysis of harmonics and their effects dates back to the early 1900s. Subsequent harmonic modeling and analysis techniques were specialized to meet the requirements of High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) systems and Static Var Compensators (SVC). Since the early seventies, the subject of power system harmonics has gained increasing attention due to the widespread use of static power converters 1291. Research in this area began to focus on the assessrnent of network-wide harmonic power flow. This led to the availability of fairly general techniques and software for the formulations and solutions of harmonic propagation problerns. An exarnple is the work of reference 1441. The work also spurred advances in the modeling of network components and in the collection of field experience. This chapter concentrates on the theoretical aspects of harmonies, section 2.1 provides a bnef review of some fundamental concepts.
2.1 Concept of Power System Harrnonics
Nonlinear and switched toads and sources can cause distortion of the normal sinusoidal current and voltage waveform in an AC power system. In this section, basic definitions and concepts associated with the analysis of periodic steady state wavefom distortion are discussed.
2.1.1 Fourier Scries and Harmonics
Under periodic steady sbte conditions, distorted voltage and current waveforms can be espressed in the fom of a Fourier Series. The Fourier series for a periodic fûnction f(t) with fundamental frequency o can be presented as:
The coefficients Cnand phase angles 0, for n-th harmonic are given by:
where T=2n/o and Co is the dc component of the function. The rms value of f(t) is defined as: (2-7)
In generaI, one can think of devices that produce distortion as exhibiting a nonlinear relationship between voltage and current. Such nonlinear relationships can lead to several forms of distortion as summarized below:
A periodic steady state exists and the distorted waveform cm be expressed as a Fourier series with a fundamental frequency equal to the power frequency.
A periodic steady state exists and the distorted wavefom cm be expressed as a Fourier series with a fundamental frequency that is a submultiple of power frequency.
The waveform is aperiodic but perhaps almost periodic. A trigonometric series expansion may still exist (as an exact representation or as an approximation) [45].
The first case is comrnonly encountered in harmonic studies. There are several advantages to decomposing waveforms in tems of harmonics. Hannonics have a physical interpretation and an intuitive appeal. As discussed later, the transmission network is usually modeled as a linear system. Thus the propagation of each harmonic can be studied independent of other harmonic components in the fiequency domain. Generally. the number of harmonics to be considered is smatl which simplifies the computations. Consequerices such as losses can be related to harmonic components and mesures of wavefom quality can be developed in tems of harmonic amplitudes. Certain types of pulsed or modulated loads and integral cycle controllers can create waveforms corresponding to the second category. The Fourier representation, when applicabk, cm be advantageous for the rasons cited above and measures if waveform quality can be adapted to such systems, although standards do not yet exist.
Some practical situations correspond to the third case. For example, dc arc fimaces consist of a conventionai rectifier input but the underlying process of melting is not a pex-iodic process. When reference is made to harmonics in this instance it corresponds to the periodic waveform that would be obtained if funiace conditions were to be maintained constant over a penod if time. Whiie such rnodeling obviously does not
predict the exact response, it cm, CO a certain extent, lend insight into some of the potential problems caused by the distortion producing devices.
2.2 Origin of Harmonics
There are two main sources of harmonics in conventional power systems:
1. Devices involving electronic switching: Static power converters are a typical example of such devices. The switching process is generally synchronized to 60 Hz and causes distortion on the switched waveforrns. The distortion can be studied by the Fourier Series method.
2. Devices with nonlinear voltage and current relationships: Iron core reactors are a typical example of such devices. When excited with a periodic voltage input, the nonlinear v-i relationship leads to the production of harmonic currents. Devices such as arc-fiirnaces also fa11 into this category.
2.3 Distortion Indices
The most commoniy used measure of deviation of a periodic waveform from a sinewave is called total harmonic distortion (THD) or distortion factor. THD = M,
Where Mh and Ml are the hth order and the fundamental harmonic orders respectively.
The terni distortion factor is more appropriate when the surnrnation in the equation above is triken over a selected number of hannonics. IEEE Std. 519 [24] specifies limits on voltage and current (THD) for "Low Voltage, General Distribution, General Subtransmission, and High Voltage systems and Dispersed Generation and Cogeneration".
Several other distortion indices are defined [24], each intended to capture a specific impact of harmonics. Telephone Influence Factor (TIF), the C-message weighted indices, and the VT and IT products are used to measure telephone interference. These indices have been revised by sorne utilities to reflect modem telephone cable design, changes in the coupling mechanism, and the response of modern receiving sets. The K-factor index is used to describe the impact of harmonics on losses and is usefbl in derating equipment such as transforrners [46]. Most harmonic analysis prograrns calculate and report these indices.
2.4 Power Definitions [47] Consider a two terminal device with voltage v(t) and current i(t), both of which are assumeci periodic and given by the Fourier series
The dc terrns have been omitted for convenience. The instantaneous power p(t) delivered to the device is then given by:
and contains oscillatory components at frequencies that are the surn and differences of the harmonic frequencies in v(t) and i(t). The real or active power represents the average power delivered to the device in the steady state and can be show to be:
In analogy with linear circuits with purely sinusoidal excitation it is comrnon to define the reactive power as:
The volt-amperes in the device can be defined as: Furthemore, we have an additional term, D, distortion volt-amperes, in the power triangle:
D accounts for the cross-fkequency tems inherent in S.
These definitions are used in power calculations and also in the formulation of some Iiarmonic analysis methods. Various alternative definitions and interpretations have been fonvarded and the reader is referred to 1481 for more detailed discussions.
2.5 Characteristics of Harmonics in Power Systems:
Most devices operate in an identical manner in the positive and negative half cycle, thus diminatins even order harmonics.
In balanced three-phase systems, under balanced operating conditions, harmonics in each phase have specific phase relationships. For exarnple. in the case of the third harmonic. phase b currcnts would lag those in phase a by 3x130" or 360°, and those in phase c would iead by the sarne arnount nius, the third harmonics are in phase and appear as zero-sequence components. As such, in a grounded wye system these hamonics flow in the Iines and neutraVground circuits, while in delta or ungrounded systems they cannot exist in Iine current at all. Similar analysis shows that fifüi harmonics appear to be of negative sequence, seventh are of positive sequence, etc. Therefore, the impedances and manner of connection of rotating machines, transmission lines, and transfomers must be modeled carefully for each harmonic. The harmonics produced by many devices, pariicularly solid-state power converters are well-defined 'characteristic harmonics'. An ideal, p-pulse, line-cornrnutated, converter, for exarnple, produces AC side harmonic currents of order npf: 1, n= I,2,3 .... 2.6 Sequence of Different Harmonics
Table (2.1) simply shows the tabulation of sequences for different harmonic orders. As can be seen triplen harmonics (odd multiples of the third harmonic) are of zero sequence and therefore are additive and may cause over load of the transformer neutrals in grounded wye side of the distribution transfonners.
Harmonic Order Frequency Example Sequence (f, = 60 Hz) 3n-1 fi (3n-1) 120 - , 3n (Triplen) fi (3n) 180 O 3n-f-1 f, (3n+l) 60 +
Table 2.1 Sequences of differcnt harmonic orders
The proliferation of the triplen harmonics generated by nonlinear, single-phase loads cause special concerns for multi-grounded wye distribution systems. The triplen portion of the harmonic current will add in the neutral for loads connected phase to neutral. This is widely recognized in building wiring systems where neutral ampacity is of concem. Unfortunately, there are two more concerns particular to multi-grounded wye systems. Further, these concerns are not generally recognized.
The triplen harmonic neutral current increases the risk for stray voltage complaints especially near substations. The harrnonic neutral current also increases EMF levels near three phase distribution feeders.
Electronic loads (cornputers, televisions, stereos, compact fluorescent light bulbs, adjustable speed drive heat pumps, and electric vehicle battery chargers etc.) exhibit nonlinear characteristics. individually, these loads are too small to cause any noticeable current distortion on a distribution system. If these loads increase coIlectively, however, harmonic current levels will gradually increase and may become a signifiant problem for utiIities[49]. The interpretations discussed above do not apply to the unbalanced cases. when supplied with unbalanced voltage, most three-phase power electronic converters can generate non- characteristic harrnonics. In many cases, the three-phase hannonics do not follow the sequence order of the balanced cases. Furthemore, the nature of some harmonic problems requires the assessrnent of unbalanced harmonics. For example. zero sequence harrnonic currents generally cause much more interference with telephone circuits han positive or negative sequence harmonics. Systems with unbalanced loads and components need to be studied using a the-phase mode1 with proper representation of neutral and ground circuits.
2.7 Effect of Harmonies on Power Systems
Once the harmonic sources and their magnitudes are defined, they must be interpreted in terrns of their effect on system and equipment operation. Individual elements of power system must be exarnined for their sensitivity to harmonics on the basis of recommendations and standards such as IEEE 1 8 (shunt power capacitors)
The main effects of voltage and current harrnonics within the power system are :
Amplification of harrnonic levels resulting from series and parallel resonance
Reduction of efficiency in power generation, transmission and utilization due to
Increase in losses (Iron and copper losses)
Harmonic torque in induction motors
Aging of the insulation of electrical components and reducing their useful life
Mal-operation of devices such as:
Frequency or wave-shape sensitive devices (Adjustable Speed Drives, .. .)
Relays and protection devices (impedance due to the third harmonic) Metering devices
Interference with control devices (PF control, electronic circuits.)
Triplen harrnonic currents create special problems for multi-grounded wye distribution systems with loads comected line to neutral. Triplen harmonics, especially the third, add in the neutral with very little cancellation. The increased neutral current raises neutral to earth voltage (NEV) to levels that cm increase electric shock stray voltage complaints. Magnetic fields near these lines will be higher when tnpien hannonics are present. These two particular concems are new issues that have not been previously addressed. It is dificult to estirnate the full impact of this phenornena. Further, solutions will be needed. Five wire systems seem expensive. Strict harmonic limits are unpopular with equipment manufacturers. Local supply of harrnonic current may be needed [49].
Interference with communication systems
2.8 Harmonics Analysis Methods
Techniques used for analysis of harmonics are discussed in more detail in chapter 3. Here we want to bnefly mention other non-main-stream techniques that have been used on case by case basis.
2.8.1 Identification of Harmonic Sources Using Kalman Filter
Due to cost, the number of harmonic rneters in power systems is very limited as compared to fundamental fiequency measurements. The requirement for redundant harrnonic measurements in harmonic state estimation can not be met in most power systems. The limitation in the number of harmonic meters makes the harmonic statc estimation an underdetermined estimation problem [Il]. The quality of estimations is a function of the number and locations of the harmonic measurements. So, for a given few harrnonic meters, one of the problems needed to be solved in the harmonic state estimation is how to arrange the Iimited hamionic meters in power systems to obtain optimal harmonic state estimation. Furthemore, in a power distribution system, nonlinear load devices may be three-phase unbalanced to some extent and they may even exist in just one phase or two phases of the system. As a result, the unbatance of harmonic sources further complicates the harmonic sources identification problems.
Electric utility companies are becoming more concerned about power system harmonics and voltage distortion in recent years. Usually, the nonlinear loads or harmonic sources occur possibly everywhere in power systems and they operate at a continuously variable power levei. The locations and magnitudes of harmonic source injections depend on placements of nonlinear Ioad devices in the systems and their ratings. For these reasons, it is beneficial to estimate the locations and time-varying magnitudes of harmonic injections, eliminate them and provide high-quality electricity. Girgis and Ma show a method of identification of these harmonics using Kalman filters [l Il.
2.8.2 Wavelet Transform Analysis
This approach is based on wavelet transform analysis, particularly the dyadic- orthonormal wavelet transform. The key idea underlying the approach is to decompose a given disturbance signal into other signals which represent a smoothed version and a detailed version of the original signal. The decomposition is performed using multi- resolution signal de- composition techniques. It is shown [15] that this technique is suitable for detection and localizing disturbances with actual power line disturbances. In order to enhance the detection outcomes, the squared wavelet transform coefficients of the analyzed power line signal are utilized. The investigation is based on characterizing the uniqueness of the squared wavelet transform coefficients for each power quality disturbance [15]. 2.8.3 Statistical Approaches to Harmonie Analysis
Simulation is presentiy the most curent tool to analyze harmonic propagation conditions in large systems. Indeed, the large size of transmission networks (similar to the wavelengths of the harmonics which propagate) can be at the root of resonance phenomena and their meshed structure, multiplies the equations needed for their description. The two specific factors prevent the use of any other deterministic calculation method insofar as they entangle cumbersome and rapidly excessive mathematical expansion. However, the condition for proper operation of a simulator is an accurate description of al1 system components (lines, loads, transformers, generators, ...). Consequently "boundary-equivalent load models" must be used. They have to be computed as a function of active and reactive power transfers at the bdarnental frequency [16]. For case by case studies, a simplified approach of the phenomena appears to be a useful alternative to the lengthy irnplernentation of traditional simulation process.
The principle of this method is the transformation of a portion of the meshed transmission network into a standard ladder circuit which is easier to analyze. Insofar as it preserves the electrical properties of the selected nodes (harmonic voltages, currents and impedances), this transformation dlows al1 the magnitudes relating to harmonic propagation to be calculated without the difficulties of writing and solving complex equations linked to the system meshing. Equivalent impedances are introduced, characterizing the attenuation induced by the network.
2.9 Harmonics Damage Prevention
Different methods are suggested to prevent fiom propagation of harmonics in the power systems and fiom the sources to the other locations and customers. Several methods are suggested to evaluate the economical damage due to harmonic losses[l8, 191.
Filtering the harmonics to the ground, separation of customer and supply side harmonic contributions [17], a combination of fitters and power factor correction capacitor banks and prevents ffom unnecessary penalties, but also filters out the most significant harmonic order which is discussed in detail in chapter 7.
2.10 Power Quality Limits and Acceptable Thresholds
Table 2.2 summarizes the selected guidelines and recommended practices applicable to total hannonic distortion (THD), TeIephone influence factor (TIF) and VT and IT products as defined in table 1.1. Application Type of limit Applicable Limit Ëiecuicai (sourcc) quipmcnt quantity ratines - - Rccommcnded practicc Bus Voltagc IEEE 5 19-1964 THD 5 1.5% Distribution 1 Rccommended THD s 5% practicc Bus VoItage IEEE 5 19- 1964 Distribution Standard systcrn ANS1 368
Possible tclephonc intcrfcrcncc Linc currcni
Probable tclcphone intcrfcrcncc
Subtransmission Typical values Balanccd Rcsidual qstcms IT= 1400 60< IT<800 Linc current
Bus voltagc t BaIanccd Rcsidual systcms maximum KIT=G 0.1< ITCI Linc currcnt valucs 60 - 69 kV W=3500 50< VTc300 Bus voltagc Synchronous Standard 5-19.999 MVA Balanccd Rcsidual macliines ANS1 C50.12- Load (source) >20 MVA currcn t TIF <70 TiF<50 Synchronous Standard Propcrly dcsigncd Sa-IF Table 2.2 Sclected guidelincs for THD, TIF, VT and IT products Chapter 3 Harrnonics Propagation in Power Systems In this chapter we present a review of the modeling and analysis of harmonic propagation in electric power systems, two cases are studied in chapter 7. We concentrate on the theoretical aspects of harmonics modeling and simulation. Concepts and characteristics of power system harmonics. modeling of harmonic sources and network components, and techniques for network-wide harmonic analysis are discussed. Section 3.4 presents peneral goals, formulation and solution of the harmonic propagation problem. The modeting of harmonic sources and network components are discussed in sections 3.5 and 3.6, respectively. 3.1 Power Flow (Problem Definition) The voltage current relation of an N bus power system can be presented in nodal form of: The computer can determine the elements of the N by N bus admittance matrix of which the typical element Y, is Other essential information includes transformer ratings and impedances, shunt capacitor ratings, and transformer tap settings. In advance of each power-flow study certain bus voltages power injections must be given known values, as discussed below. The voltage at a typical bus i of the system is given in polar form by and the voltage at another bus j is similarly written by changing the subscript fiom i to j. The net current injected into the network at bus i in terms of the elements Y,,of Y, is given by the summation Let Pi and Qi denote the net real and reactive power entering the network at the bus i. Then, the complex conjugate of the power injected at bus i is in which we substitue from the definitions of Y, and V, above Expanding this equation and equating real and imaginary parts, wre obtain Equations (3.1) and (3.2) constitute the polar form of the power-flow equations; they provide calculated values for the net real power Pi and reactive power Qientering the network at typical bus i . Let Pi denote the scheduled power demand of the load at that bus. Then. Pi,, = Pgi - Pdi is the net scheduled power being injected into the network at bus i. Denoting the calculated value of Pi by Pi,a,, leads to the definition of mismatch APi as the scheduled value Pi,, minus the calculated value Pi,,,, . Li kewise, for reactive power at bus i we have Mismatches occur in the course of solving a power-flow problem when calculated values of Pi and Q, do not coincide with the scheduled values. If the calculated values P,,, and QI.,,, match the scheduled values Pish and QI,, perfectly, then we Say that the mismatches APi and AQi are zero at bus i, and we wite the power balance equations As we shall see these two functions are cost fùnctions (targets) to be minimized in the course of a power-flow problem. In general in power systems 3 types of buses are identified. At each bus 2 of the four quantities are specified and the other 2 are calculated Bus Type Known Unknown Number of Defined Quantities Quantities Buses Expressions Load BUS Pi Qi IViI 7 si NL Mismatch for 0'-QBus) AP, and AQi Voltage Controlled Pi IViI Qi, 6i NG Mismatch for (P-V Bus) AP, and state equations SIack BUS [Vil 9 6i - 1 - (Swing Bus) N = Number of buses Table 3.1 Power flow probtern number of equations and quantities at each bus Considering the above table the total Number of real unknowns and equations will be 4N. 3.2 Newton-Raphson Method Basics This is a one dimensional approach to solving an equation. f 0)= b g(x)= f(x)-b=O b-f(xd =f,;&)& (3.19) 6 - f (xk 1 = 4;)(1, )(xk+,- xk (3.20) xk+,= xi +~;,-'(xm-f(x~)~ (3.21) NIthe above mentioned equations in their rnatrix from are fomulated as follows: [b- Rdr 11 = [J(~~(*)I[~~I (3-22) Where [J(x(")] is a square matrix of partial derivatives and is called the jacobian, and [AX'~'] is the mismatch vector. These mismatch equations are solved using triangular factorization of the jacobian together with near optimal ordered factorization (OOF) [22] method. The description of the following matrices and partitioning submatrices are thoroughly discussed in reference [3,20]. In terms of power systems, these matrices and submatrices are defined as follows: n= l nti .v 2 g, = -IV,[ B,., - I~,~,~,lsin(~,,+ 6, - 6,) The submatrices definitions are given in equations (3.27) to (3.30) and their elernents are defined in equations (3.3 1) and (3.32) respectively: The resultant system of equations to be solved and its submatrices are given in equations (3 33) to (3.3 7) respectively: The state equations are as follows: The following are syrnmetrical parameters used in de-coupling the equations. 3.3 Cornparison of Various Power Flow Solution Methods Table (3.2) sümmarizes the results of comparison of different methods applied to solve the hmonic power flow problem. For a detaited discussion references [IO] and [l] are recommended. ~orn~aiison curient iniection Gauss-Seidel Newton-Raohson 1 iI 1 1 1 I 1 I I S~eedr- - 1 Verv fast 1 Slow 1 Slow/Moderate 1 4 - 1 1 Iterations (typical) Non-iterative 50-500 7-30 Memory requirements Moderate (using Moderate (using Moderate (using sparsity techniques) sparsity techniques) sparsity techniques) Initialization Critical (depends on Convergence depends Convergence depends initialization) on initialkation on initialization Input data Moderate 1 Moderate Moderate requirements I I I I 1 Ease in data 1 Moderate Moderate 1 Moderate 1 I preparation I Volume of output Moderate Moderate Moderate Possible output THD, TIF, C-message THD, TIF, C-message THD,TIF, C-message features index, standards index, standards index, standards checking checking, converter checking, converter solution, resonant solution, resonant conditions conditions Accuracy Accurate only under Accurate Accurate cases of low THD I I1 I I J Table 3.2 Harmonic flow solutions comparison table 3.4 Techniques for Harmonic Analysis This section reviews the techniques presently being used for power system harmonic analysis. These techniques vary in terrns of data requirements, modeling complexity, problem formulation and solution algorithms. New methods are being developed and published. Frequency scan is the simplest and most cornmonly used technique for harmonic anaiysis [l O]. The input data requirements are minimized. It calculates the frequency response of a network seen at a particular bus or node. Typically, a 1 per unit sinusoid current (or voltage) is injected into the bus of interest and the voltage (or current) response is calculated. This calculation repeated using discrete frequency steps throughout the range of interest. Mathematically, the process is to solve the following network equation at frequency n.f,: where [I .]is the known current vector (for current injection scan) and [V ,,] is the nodal voltage vector to be solved. In a typical frequency scan analysis, only one entry of [I ,] is nonzero. In other analysis, a set of positive or zero sequence currents may be injected into three phases of a bus respectively. The results are the positive or zero sequence driving- point impedance of the network. Frequency scan analysis is the most effective tool to detect harmonic resonance conditions in a systern. It has also been widely used for filter design. If more data are available on the harmonic source characteristics, the frequency scan analysis cm be expanded to determine additional harmonic distortion information. For example, the 1 per unit injection current can be replaced by a specific harmonic current. The current has a magnitude determined from the typical harmonic spectnim and rated load current of the harmonie-producing equipment under study: where n is the harmonic order and the subscript 'spectnun' indicates the typicai harmonic spectrum of the element, Typical spectnims of some harmonic sources can be found in a number references such as reference [24]. The system of equations is then solved only at harrnonic frequencies. The results are the hannonic voltages created by the hamionic- producing equipment. To compute the distortion indices such as THD, the nominai bus voltage at fundamental fiequency is used. ïhis approach has been extended to cases with multiple harmonic sources in sorne harmonic analysis programs. The extension, however, is approximate if the phase angles of the injection currents are set arbitrarily. Depending on the phase angles used, the effects of two harmonic sources seen at a particular bus can either add or cancel. The results can be either pessimistic or optimistic. A fundamental frequency load flow solution is needed to extend the above approach to accurately mode1 multiple harmonic sources. Typical phase relationships between the fundamental fiequency current and the harmonic currents of the nonlinear element must be available as welL The load flow, modeling the hannonic-producing devices as constant power Ioads, calculates the fùndamental frequency current injected from the load to the system. Assuming that the current has a phase angle of O,, the phase angle of hannonic current 8, corresponding to that nonlinear element can be determined by: where 0,-,,,, is the typical phase angle of the harmonic source current spectnim. This approach is very effective for analyzing power systems with power electronic devices. The fundamental fiequency load flow solution is also beneficial for providing more accurate information such as base voltages that can be used for distortion index calculations. The magnitudes of harmonic current sources tend to be more accurate as well since the load flow dependent base current, not the rated current, is used to determine the harmonic current magnitudes. Data requirements for this type of analysis can normdly be met. The main disadvantage of these methods is the use of typical hannonic spectra to represent harmonie-producing devices. This prevents an adequate assessrnent of cases involving non-typical operating conditions. Such conditions include, for example, partial loading of harmonie-producing devices, excessive harmonic voltage distortions and unbaianced network conditions. Even under ty pical conditions, the voltage-dependent harmonic-producing nature of nonlinear devices may make the accuracy of typical spectrum based methods unacceptable. For some devices with nonlinear v-i reiationships, the voltage-dependency is so strong that no typical spectra exist. These considerations prornoted the development of a nurnber of advanced harrnonic analysis methods. One of the well-known methods is the so-called 'harmonic iteration' method [50-52!. In this method, a harmonic-producing device is modeled as a supply voltage-de.~endent current source: where (V, ... VJ are the harmonic phasors of the supply voltage, and c is a set of control variables such as converter firing angle or output power. This equation is first solved using an estimated supply voltage. The results are used as the current sources in voltage based system of equations from which bus harmonic voltages are then solved (for the fundamental fiequency, load flow equations can be used). The voltages are in tum used to calculate more accurate harmonic current sources fiom The above mentioned equation. This iterative process is repeated until convergence is achieved. One of the main advantages of this 'decoupled' approach is that the device mode1 cm be in a closed fom, a time-domain simulation process, or any other form. Reliable convergence has been reported in many case studies. although difficulties occur near sharply tuned resonances. Convergence can be improved by including the equivalent admittance of nonfinear devices into the admittance matrix [5 il. Another method that takes into account the voltage-dependent nature of nonlinear devices is to solve system of equation and device equation simultaneously using Newton type algorithms [44, 53, 541. This method generally requires that the device models be available in a closed form or in a form wherein derivatives can be efficiently computed. In tiieory. convergence of this method is better than that of the harmonic iteration scheme if the iteration starting point is close to the solution point. A variation of this method is the formulation of the systern equation. In reference [44], system equation is formulated as a power flow equation and the control variables (firing angles) are solved based on the converter power specifications. The various methods above have been extended to the case of unbalanced three-phase systems by recasting the system equation and the device equations in the rnulti-phase domain [51,55,56]. A multiphase (or three-phase) approach to harmonic analysis has some advantages. First is the modeling of zero-sequence harmonic flows. Even under balanced conditions, some harmonie-producing equipment such as three-phase transformers can generate zero sequence harmonics. Second is the capability of assessing the generation of non-characteristic harmonics. These harmonics, generated under unbalanced conditions, can be harmfùl since mitigation measures are normally not designed for them. Furthemore, three-phase modeling can easily represent the phase- shifiing effects of transformers on harmonics. Besides the frequency-domain methods described above, techniques have also been deveIoped for harmonic analysis in the time domain [57]. The simplest approach is to run a time simulation until a steady state is reached. Electromagnetic transient prograrns such as EMTP have been used as such a tool. Complex techniques, such as the shooting rnethod [58] have been proposed to accelerate the convergence to steady state. One of the main disadvantages of time-domain based methods is the lack of load flow constraints (such as constant power specification at load buses) at the fundamental fiequency. In summary, the problem of harmonic analysis can be cast mathematically as the solution of a network equation and a set of device equations at fiindamental and harmonic frequencies. The network equation can be forrnulated in an admittance matrix form or in a power flow equation form. The device equations can be as simple as known current sources or as complex as control-variable dependent circuits. Which technique to use for a particular hannonic problem is, to a large extent, determined by the available data. An important consideration in harmonic analysis is to use a method cornmensurate with input data accuracy. It is appropriate to note that a large nurnber of harmonies related problems encountered in practice need to be analyzed by a combination of the various methods. Measurements may also be an essential component in the analysis. For example, a fiequency scan is ofien used to determine the resonance fiequencies and desirable filter responses, while harmonic power flow solutions are applied to detennine distortion levels and to check cornpliance witfi hannonic limits. For cases with only one hannonic source. inclusion of phase angle information is not cntical. On the other hand, for the studies of HVDC/SVC systems or saturation of large power transformers with direct current offset, three-phase harmonic power flow analysis may be used. 3.5 Nature and Modeling of Harmonic Sources 3.5.1 Nonlinear Voltage-Current Sources The most cornrnon sources in this category are transfonners (due to their nonlinear rnagnetization charactenstics), fluorescent and other gas discharge lighting, and devices such as arc-furnaces. In al1 cases there exists a nonlinear reiationship between the voltage and current. For devices such as core-and-coi1 ballasted fluorescent lights, the relationship can be relatively constant over a reasonabte range of excitation. In the case of transformers, on the other hand, it can be very complex if hysteresis characteristics of the magnetic materials are considered. In the case of arc-fumaces the voltage-current relationship has both a time-dependent variation depending on the stage of rnelt as well as a random variation. The harmonic currents generated by these devices are more aifected by the waveforms and peak values of supply voitages than electronic switching devices. It is desirable to represent the devices with their actual nonlinear v-i characteristics in harmonic studies, instead of as voltage independent hamonic current sources. Both harmonic iteration and Newton methods have been proposed to more accurately mode1 these devices [593. 3.5.2. Line-Commutated Solid State Converters By line-commutated solid-state converters we mean electronic power converters supplied from the ac system in which the switching of devices is synchronized to zero-crossings of the ac voltage or its fundamental component. Generally a periodic steady state exists. Under ideai conditions devices switch in an identical manner in the positive and negative halfcycles and thus only odd-harmonic components exist. Compared to the nonlinear v-i devices, harmonic currents generated fiom converters are less sensitive to supply voltage distortion. Harmonic current source models are therefore commonly used to represent these devices. As discussed before, the phase angles of the current sources are functions of the supply voltage phase angle. They must be modeled adequately for harmonic analysis involving more than one source. Typical devices utilizing line-commutated solid state converters include static var compensator, HVDC link and dc dives. Static Var Compensators (SVC): These devices normaily have large MVar ratings and are connected to high voltage transmission systems. Harmonic currents generated from SVCs may therefore affect a large nurnber of customers and equipment [60].Common SVC-related harmonic studies tend to represent the device in detail. Factors such as firingangle dependent harmonic çeneration and supply voltage unbalance are taken into account. These studies normally scan through various possibte SVC operating conditions and filter performance under each condition is evaluated. Three-Phase Static Power Converters: The most common form of static power converters is the six-pulse bt-idge rectifier type. It is widely used as the front end for HVDC terminals, dc drives and adjustable speed drives. The nature of the bridge cormection precludes the generation of zero sequence harmonics from the converter, even when the supply voltage is unbalanced or distorted. Several six-pulse converters may be comected in a multipulse form which allows el imination of several harmonics. The harmonic current spectmm is moderatel y sensitive to the converter firing angle. Although equipped with a similar bridge converter front-end, harmonic currents generated by HVDC terminals, dc drives and adjustable speed drives differ significantly. This is due to the different dc link designs. ln the case of HVDC [6 11, sufficient dc link filters are available to filter out the dc link current ripples. Therefore, the waveforms of HVDC ac side current are very close to the well-known rectangular shape. In the case of dc drives, however, dc link filters are normally not present and the dc motor inductance is used for current smoothing [62]. Thus the dc drive current contains higher harmonic components. Most adjustable speed drives (the voltage-source inverter and puls-width modulated types in particular) have a large capacitor in the dc link [63]. This capacitor amplifies the dc link (converter side) current ripple. As a result, the ac side current has higher harrnonic levels (See Figure 3.1 ). Figure 3.1: Typical ccrrent waveforms of 6-pulse HVDC links, dc drives and adjustable speed drives. Sinde-Phase Staiic Power Converters: These converters are commonly found in electronic equipment (computers and Ws), small adjustable speed drives and others. The most common single phase power supply consists of a capacitively filtered rectifier followed by different types of regulating stages. Such a supply draws pulses of current corresponding to periods of time in each half-cycle where the line voltage exceeds the capacitor voltage. The spectnim consists of al1 odd harmonics with magnitudes depending on the shape of the pulse 1241. Theoretically speaking, these devices can be represented Individually in network-wide harmonic studies as harmonic current sources. The problem is that there exist a number of such devices in a typical system and detailed studies using harmonic power flow programs becomes impracticai. What really is of concem in distribution system harmonic analysis is the collective effects of such devices [64]. 3.5.3 High Frequency Sources Advances in power electronic devices have created the potential for a wide range of new power conversion techniques. nie electronic ballast for Fluorescent lighting is included in this category [65]. Other possibilities include techniques for improving current waveshape and power factor, minimizing filter requirements, and minimizing switching losses. In gened. these systems employ high fiequency switching to achieve greater flexibility in the power conversion. With proper design, these techniques can be used to reduce the low frequency harmonies. Distortion is created at the switching fiequency which is generally above 20 kHz. Due to its high fiequency, the distortion generally cmotpenetrate far into the system. 3.5.4 Non-Harmonic Sources There exist several power electronic systems which produce distortion at fiequencies that are not integer multiples of the fundamental frequency. There are dso devices whose (aperiodic) waveforms do not have a Fourier series representation. Lachg standard terminology, we will cal1 these non-harmonic sources. These sources are discussed here for completeness. Cvcloconveners Cycloconverters use static switches to convert a constant frequency fixed voltage source of ac power to a variable, lower frequency, controlled voltage output. Typical current drawn by the devices consists of a few periodic components whose fiequencies are lower than the source frequency. Reference [66] describes a three-phase 60 Hz to single-phase 25 Hz cycloconverter for a traction system. The distortion fiequencies for this converter include: where f, is the input frequency, f, is the output frequency, and f, is the distortion frequency. This converter, having a fixed output fiequency, produces distortion at fixed frequencies. Doublv Fed Machine Drives Doubly fed machines are a class of wound rotor induction machines in which, typically, the stator is fed from the utility supply, while the rotor is fed by a variable voltage, lower power, variable fiequency electronic source. In these machines, the rotor currents will be of the slip frequency. With electronic converters supplying the rotor windings, the winding currents will carry harmonics of the slip frequency. These will be coupied through the air gap to the stator, causing currents in the stator winding at fiequencies which are not harmonics of the stator fiequency. This application is more diffficult to study due to the fact that the fiequency of these currents resulting fkom slip fiequency harrnonics will Vary with the rotor speed. Therefore a system resonance at any fiequency will be excited for some particular operating speed [67]. Adius f able S~eedDrives Adjustable speed drives may also inject non-harmonic currents back into the power system. The magnitude of these currents will depend on the design of the ASD. Reference [68] reports harmonic currents of low magnitude at the fiequencies f = 6f; 4 f,, where is the inverter fiequency and f, is the AC system frequency. This reference cites a case study where an ASD excited a resonance at a non-harmonic fiequency. 3.6 Models for Network Components This section summarizes the typical representations of comrnon network components for harmonic analysis. 3.6.1 Overhead Lines The modeling of transmission lines and transfomers over a wide range of fiequencies is relatively well docurnented in the literature [29]. Typical overhead lines can be modeled by a multiphase coupled equivalent-pi circuit as shown in Figure 3.2. For balanced harmonic analysis, the mode1 can be fiuther simplified into a single-phase pi-circuit determined fiom the positive sequence impedance data of the line. The main concems for modeling overhead iines are: O The frequency-dependency of the unit-length series impedance. Major causes of the frequency-dependency are the earth retum effect and the conductor skin effect. The distributed-parameter nature (long-line effects) of the unit-length series impedance and shunt capacitance. Figure 3.2: Overhead line model. To construct a line model as shown in Figure 3.2, the unit-length series impedance and shunt admittance parameters are first computed according to the physical arrangement of the line conductors. The series impedance is composed of external and interna1 impedance. The external impedance is a function of earth return condition and the frequency of interest. This impedance is determined fiom Carson's formula 1691. The conductor skin effect is important in the calculation of the interna1 resistance because its increase with fiequency can be considerable. Sophisticated skin effects equations [70]are based on Bessel fimctions and a separate formula [69] rnust be used for stranded (compared to tubular) conductors for improved accuracy at higher frequencies. Approximate expressions are applied in several programs [70,711: where p, is the relative permeability of the cyiindrical wire, f is the fiequency in Hz and Rd, is the dc resistance in n/km. After obtaining the unit-length parameters. matrices [Z] and [YI can be calculated by including or not including the long-line effects. If long-line effects are ignored, which is only applicable to short lines or low order harmonics cases, the [Z] and [Y] matrices are the unit-length parameters multiplied by the line length. If long-line effects are to be included, the [Z] and [Yj, the matrices should be cornputed using the well-known hyperbolic Iong-line equations [72]. For multiphase lines, the equations are in matrix form and are solved using nodal transformation [72,73]. Some guidelines cm be given as to the use of the line models discussed. Inclusion of the frequency-dependent effects requires the calculation of unit-length line constants for each harmonic fiequency. This requires much input data for harmonic analysis prograrns. The earth return effects mainly affect the zero-sequence harmonic cornponents. The conductor skin effects mainly affect the line resistance which in turn affects the damping level at resonance frequencies. Therefore, if zero sequence harmonic penetration and damping at resonance frequencies are not of significant concern, the fiequency-dependency effects may be neglected. In this case, a single unit-length [Z] matrix computed at the dominant resonance frequency is adequate. Whether or not to include the long-line effects depends on the length of the line being modeled and the harrnonics of interest. An estimate of critical line lengths where the long-line effects should be represented is 150h miles. where n is the harmonic number. Finally. reference [73] suggests that for line lengths of 250 km for the third harmonic and 150 h for the fifth, transpositions are ineffective and can aggravate unbalance. Thus three-phase line mode1 should be considered. 3.6.2 Underground Cables Underground cable models are very similar to overhead line models. The long-line effects of underground cables cm be represented in the same way as that used for overhead iines. The difficulty for cable modeling is the determination of unit-length parameters for a cabIe. Reference [72] provides detailed descriptions on the calculation of cable parameters. Cables have more shunt capacitance than overhead lines. Therefore. long-line effects are more significant. An estimate of critical cable lengths where the long-line effects should be represented is 90/n miles. 3.6.3 Transformcrs Figure 3.3 shows one relatively general mode1 for a multi-winding transformer that is adequate for harmonic analysis. The resistance R, is a constant resistance that accounts for cors loss. R, and Li represent the winding resistance and leakage inductance, respectively. of winding i. Resistance qi is used to represent the fiequency dependent characteristics of short-circuit resistance and inductance. Figure 3.3: Transformer Model. The characteristics of a transformer that affect hannonic flows are the short circuit impedance, magnetizing characteristics and winding connections. Although the resistance and inductance components of the transformer short circuit impedance are fiequency dependent, modeling them as constant R and L is generally acceptable for typical liarmonic studies. This is because the fkquency dependent effects are not significant for the harmonic fiequencies of comrnon interest. The current source in Figure 3.3 is used to represent the harmonie-generating effects of the magnetizing branch. The value of the current source should be determined fiom the flw-current curve and the supply voltage. Indusion of the saturation characteristics are important oniy when the harmonics generated by the transformer are of primary concem. Exact replication of saturation is virtuaily impossible due to the complexities of local phenomena in the magnetic core and minor Ioop hysteresis. If a transformer is subject to a dc current injection, hannonics generated from the magnetizing branch cmbe signi ficant Transfomers can give a +30 degree phase shifi to harmonic voltages and currents, depending on the harmonic order, the sequence, and transformer connections. Modeling phase shifiing effects is essentid if there is more than one harmonic source in the system. Three-phase representations automaticdly include phase-shifting effects. Single-phase approaches should use a phase-shifter mode1 to represent the effects. Other factors such as the nonlinear resistance characteristics of the magnetizing branch and winding stray capacitance may also affect the harmo~cperformance of a transformer. For most trans fonners, however, the e ffects of stray capacitance become noticeable only for fiequencies higher than 4 kHz. Harmonies due to nonlinear resistance is small compared to the nonlinear inductance. Therefore, these effects may need to be considered only for extreme conditions or specially-designed transformers. 3.6.4 Rotating Machines In synchronous and induction machines the rotating magnetic field created by stator harmonics rotates at a speed significantly higher than that of the rotor. Therefore at harmonic frequencies the impedance approaches the negative sequence impedance. In the case of synchronous machines the inductance is usually taken to be either the negative sequence impedance or the average of direct and quadrature subtransient impedances. For induction machines the inductance is taken to be the locked rotor inductance. In each case the frequency-dependency of the resistance can be significant due to skin effects and eddy current losses. The resistance normally increases with fiequency in the form of ha, where h is the harmonic order and a is in the range of 0.5 to 1 S. Figure 3.4 shows the negative sequence impedance of a 1100 hp synchronous motor as a hction of fiequency. Most rnotors are connected in delta or ungrounded star form. These motors do not provide a path for zero sequence harmonic currents. Figure 3.4: Measured impedance of a synchronous motor. For salient pole synchronous machines, a negative sequence fundamenta! fiequency current in the stator winding induces a second harmonic current in the field winding. The hamonic current can in huri induce a third harmonic current in the stator. A similar situation arises for the unbalanced harmonic currents in the stator winding. This harmonic conversion mechanism causes a salient pole synchronous machine to generate harmonic currents. A more accurate machine mode1 has been proposed to take such effects into account [543. 3.6.5 Passive Loads Linear passive loads that do not produce harmonies have a significant effect on system frequency response primarily near resonant frequencies. As in other power system studies it is only practical to model an aggregate load for which reasonably good estimates (MW and MVAR) are usually readily available. Such an aggregate must include the distribution or service transformer. At fundamentd frequency the effect of distribution transformer impedance is not of concern in the analysis of the high voltage network. At harrnonic fiequencies the impedance of the transformer can be comparable to that of motor Ioads, since induction rnotors appear as locked-rotor impedances. A general model for passive loads is given in Figure 3.5. To properly characterize this model it is necessary to know the typical composition of the load. Such data are usually not easily available. The followi~gmodels have been suggested in literature [IO] (n represents the harmonic order): Model B: Paraiicl RL with R =v/(k.f); L=Vf/(k2nfOQ), k= O.ln+0.9. Mode1 C: ParalEEI R,L in series with transformer inductance L, where R=V2/P: L=nR/(6.7*2%fe(Q/P)-0.74); L,=O.o73nRR*. Mode1 A assumes that the total reactive load is assigned to an inductor t. Since a majority of reactive power cornes fiom induction motors, this model is not recomrnended. Model C is derived fkom measwements on medium voltage loads using audio frequency ripple generators. The coefficients cited above correspond to one set of studies [28], and rnay not be appropriate for al1 loads. Figure 3.5: Basic Load Model. Chapter 4 Spectrum Analysis Through Simulation A successfUl hmonic power flow anaiysis on a network depends on the appropriate modeling of network components. In chapter 3 modeling of distribution network components were introduced and descnbed. One of the most important components are the loads which introduce current distortions into the system and the passage of these distorted currents through the distribution network impedances imposes voltage wave forrn harrnonics on the power system. In this chapter the loads and their modeling are being analyzed as a bais for every hamonic analysis. Here we first focus on simulation of typical industrial or harmonically rich single phase loads, and in chapter 5 with the aid of measurement we back up the results of our simulation and extend them to the real industrial and combined loads measurements. 4.1 Simulation of Loads The voltage - current characteristics of diEerent loads in conjunction with the application of a sinusoidal voltage wave form have been used to find the resultant current wave form of different load types, varying from an ordinary fluorescent lamp to a highly excited transformer. Application of point by point method to the aforementioned wave forms resuIts in the current wave forms which is then analyzed in order to find the current harmonic spectrums. MATLAB 5.0 has been used for the purposes of point findinç and analysis. Voltage - current characteristics have been gathered form a variety of different sources 13 0-431. The results of these anaiysis are added to the library of non-linear loads, which is used for modeling of general loads in different cases. As a consequence application of current injection method would be facilitated. 4.2 Fluorescent Lamp The principle of operation of a fluorescent light is based on conduction in a gaseous medium. This phenornena is intrinsically an arc which involves the passing of electrons through the gas 1381 and has a non-linear v-i characteristic as shown in figures 4.1 and 4.2. City Street liçhting is another area where assessinç the impact of the harmonic distortion phenornenon is becoming a very important issue to distribution utiiities. In fact, over the last years significant technoloçical advances and a massive use of a wide variety of efficient lamps have started to occur. Gas discharge and fluorescent lamps polynomial models have been developed in the past [32], 1331, and included in harmonic analysis algorithrns [34]. These models use experimental measurements to determine the polynomial coefficients. The experimental data reported in previous works, and used to build these models [34] have been based on Iaboratory measurements of a very small sample of gas discharge and fluorescent lamps (not collected from the distribution network). Reference [30] presents new experimental measurements, perforrned on a representative number (approximately 360) real-life gas discharge Iamps including different lamp and ballast manufacturers and having several years of operat ion (in average). The results obtained contribute to a better understanding of the harmonic distortion caused by gas discharge lamps. Also, they allow to add these lamps to the list of other non-iinear loads, for the purpose of harmonic analysis in distribution networks. 0) FLC Lqht Currem 1 Harrnonics 1 3 5 7 9 Harrnonic Contents of a Typical FLC Lamp ( c) Figure 4.1 Harmonic content of a typical fluorescent light a)Voltagc and Currcnt Charactcristics b) Table of results of analysis c) Bar chart of rcsults of analysis 4.3 Arc Furnace The same principles goveming the operation of a fluorescent light are applied to the arc fumaces as they involve the same phenornena. The only difference will be in the operating dernands which may cause the arc fùmace to work in more adverse conditions causing more distortion in current wave fonn [35]. Fiçure 4.2 (b) shows the condition in which an arc fùmace is working at maximum allowable currents. Sinusoid Voltage viCharaderistic Nt) Arc Furnacc Cunent (a) Harmonic content of a typical Arc Furnacc a) Vottagc and Currcnt C haractcristics Sinusoid Voltage 0) Arc Fumace Cunent Mar Harmonies Typical Maximum (% of 1,) (Oh of 1,) 1 100.00 100.00 3 18.00 29.00 5 5.00 7.90 7 2.00 3.10 9 1.20 2.00 Figure 4.2(Cont'd) b) Voltage and Currcnt Characteristics for maximum currcnts c) Table of rcsults of analysis Hannonic Content of Arc Fumaces 1001 O0 Figure 4.2(Cont9d) d) Bar chan of rcsults of analysis 4.4 Semiconductor Based Circuits As a consequence of the advances in power electronics technologies over the last two decades, power electronics applications have quickly spread to al1 voltage Ievels, €rom EHV transmission to Iow voltage circuits in end user facilities [39]. ComrnonIy observed power electronics applications include HVDC terminais, various static VAR compensation (SVC) systems, hiçh power AC to DC converter for DC arc fùrnaces, static phase shifter, isolation switch, load transfer switch, converter-inverter based drive technologies, active line conditioning, energy storage and instantaneous backup power systems, renewable energy integration, and numerous others covered under subjects of Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) and Custom Power Systems (CPS). The need for power electronics modeling and simulation is driven by both existing and new applications. Power electronics modeling can be divided into two basic categories, depending on study objectives.. The first category covers al1 steady state evaluations. The focus is on the power system response to the harmonies injected from a power electronics sub-system. 50 Examples of this type include a study of the steady-state harmonic propagation in a transmission and distribution system, harmonic fiequency resonance, system voltage and current distortion, filtering design calculation and performance evaluation, telephone interference analysis and system losses associated with harmonics. In this type of study, the harmonie-current injection can often be assumed independent of the voltage variations at a point of common coupling (PCC), an electncally dividing point between the utility system and the customer circuit. Therefore, the power electronics subsystem can be ereatly reduced to a shunt circuit equivalent. C The second type of power electronics modeling covers a much more extensive and cornplex range of practical problems. In rnany applications, operation of a power electronics sub-system depends closely upon the operation state of the connected system. To evaluate the dynamic and transient performance of a system with power electronics interfaces, the monitoring and control loops of the system, includinç detailed signal processing and power electronics device firing need to be modeled. Examples of this type of applications can be an SVC system, a superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES), active power conditioning system and various adjustable speed drives applications. When rnodeling these applications, variations of systern parameters need to be used to derive the power electronic controls so that the output of the power electronics sub-systern changes accordingly as demanded. Because in these cases, the power electronics sub-system directly affects overall system operation, a separate treatment of the supply system and the power electronics sub-system is unacceptable. Here Our focus will be on the first type or steady state modeling of the semiconductors modelinç with an emphasis on fiequency domain simulation. (For time domain based simulation rnethods and dynamic simulation of these circuits IEEE Task Forces publications are recommended [41-431). Here techniques suggested in [39]are used to simulate typical 6-pulse and 12-pulse 3-phase thyristor converter circuits. The results perfectly match the analytical method followed in [IO]. Sinusoid Voltage ~(tl 6-Pulse Canverter Cunent Figure 4.3 Harmonic content of a typical6-Pulse Thyristor Convcrtcr a)Voltagc and Cuncnt Characteristics b) Tablc of rcsults of analysis Hannoninc Content of a Typical6-Pulse Thyn'stor Converter 100 ( c) Figure 43(Cont'd) C) Bar chart of rcsults of analysis Figure 4.4 Harmonic contcnt of a typical 12-Pulx Thyristor Convertcr a)Voltagc and Cunent Charactcristics Harmonic Content of a Typical 12IPulse Thyristor Converter 100 Figure 4.I(Cont'd) b) Table of rcsulis of anaiysis c) Bar chart of rcsults of analysis 4.5 Spectrum Analysis of a Typical Commercial Load In order to be able to conduct a harmonic power flow study in municipal areas the effect of typical single phase loads speciaily in load centers are to be rnodeled effectively. Many studies have been conducted 130-34, 401.We have used those studies and a weighted averaçinç technique in order to corne up with the following summary. The average is weighted according to IEEE Std. 24 1- 1974 the Gray Book[40], which recomrnends the average percentage of each type of ioads in commercial buildings. Sinusoid Voltage -1 -0.5 O 0.5 1 Nt) Avcngc Commercial Load Currcnt Hannonic contcnt of a typical Avcragc Comrncrcial Load a)Voitagc and Currcnt Charactcristics Hannonic Content of a Typical Commercial Load 100 Figure J.S(Cont9d) b) Table of rcsults of analysis c) Bar chan of results of analysis 4.6 Spectrum of a Typical Distribution Transformer It has been shown [37] that the losses of single-phase transfomers wi increase or decrease when operating with harmonic voltages. The K-factor cdculation takes into ac- count the existence of ohmic and eddy current losses (neglecting iron-core losses), but does not address harmonic phase shifis which cm cause the change in losses due to harmonics to be either positive or negative. In addition, the K-factor emphasizes higher- order harmonics while in [37] it was shown that at low frequencies, lower order voltage harrnonics have the greatest effect on losses. Here the results of 1361 have been used to deduce the spectmm of current wave forrn. The B-H curves are taken from [35] and the shown results are the average of fiequently used iron core materials. Cl Transfomer Current Figure 4.6 Harmonic content of a typical Transformer (b0.5 - 1.0 % of In-) a)Voltagc and Current Charactcristics Hannonic Contents of a Typical Transfromer ( c) Figurc J.G(Cont'd) b) Table of rcsults of anaiysis c) Bar chan of rcsults ofanalysis Chapter 5 Spectrum Analysis Through Measurement In the residential areas, an increasing number of non-linear Ioads (television appliances, microwave ovens, cornputers and other electronic elements) produce harmonic distortions! at the same time they are very sensitive to harmonic distortion. In a recent study accomplished by Electricite de France (E.d.F) [30], important levels of fifth harmonic voltage in 400 kV networks were measured, and they were mainly produced by residential loads. On the other hand there is a growing trend to use energy-efficient equipment which in some cases contributes to the degradation of power quality [3 11. 5.1 Measurement of Voltage and Current Spectrums These are the results of measurements on some of the ordinary home appliances. The device used is a Fluke 4 1B with a 1000/l mV current sensing device. In order to rnagniQ the resoiution of measurements a 5 turn coi1 has been used, therefore al1 the current and power waveforms and values are multiplied by 5 and in order to get the true values they should be divided by 5. Also note that this will not affect the harmonic measurements and graphs. The device is able to masure up to 3 ln order harmonies and the voltage, current and power measurements and spectrums are simultaneous. The results are directly digitized and imported into the cornputer, using a 19200 baud serial connection, coupled via an optical senal port on the system. The surnmary tables include the information regarding the following readings: CoIumns 1 through 4: Voltage and current readings including; effective value (RMS), peak value (PK), DC offset of the wavefoms, total harmonic distortion (THD-R), total demand distortion (THD-F), crest factor (CF), K-factor (KF) and range- Colurnns 5 and 6: Power readings including; power factor (PF), demand power factor (DPF), active power (KW), apparent power (KVA), and the lagging or leading of PF. 5.2 Measurement of V-1 Spectrums of a Pure Resistive Load The Measurement Coil: 5TURNS Load: IRON voltage Va?cage Current Current Y>. 100, Harrnonic (4 Power Power IOOOO Sm. /--' \., /-\. Watts oFL-- \ 208 4 17 625 834 104212511459 -5000 : Figure 5.1: The results of rneasurement of (a)voltage waveform, (b) voltage harmonies, (c ) current wave fom, (d) current harmonics, (e) power waveform and (f) power harmonic contents of a home iron with the following ratings when working at full capacity Single Phase : Iron (Full power - Max. Heating) - V(V) V02nd [(A) I(A)2nd w 0 11 1.3 RMS 111.3 RMS 44.3 RMS 44.3 RMS 4.9 KW 154.7 PK 2.5 HM 61.3 PK 1.0 HM 4.9 KVA KVAR-A O DC 139 CF O c 1.0 KF 1.00 PF LAG 0.1 2.3 %THD-R 2.3 %THD-F 2.4 %THD-R 2.4 %THD-F 1.00 DPF 200 Range Range 1.38 CF 100 Range 10k Range I I 1 1 1 1 I Table 5.1 : Summary of the rneasurement results of a resistive load 5.3 Measurement of V-1 Spectrums of Electronic Devices The Measurement Coii: 5TURNS Load: PORTABLE AUDIO SET (MAX. Power 15W) Voltage Voltage 200. I.D . (a) Current 2 ( 4 (dl Power Power 100 watts 'O. 1- -- /-'---- 10 O- 4;-- , 2.08 4.17 6.25 ü.S[0.42 12.51 14.5c -50 ; Figure 5.2: The results of measurement of (a)voItage waveform, (b) voltage harmonics, (c ) current wave form, (d) current harmonics, (e) power waveform and (f) power harmonic contents of a portable audio set with the following ratings when only the radio was working: Single Phase : Audio Set (Cassette player, radio, CD player) V(V) V(V)2nd I(A) I(A)2nd W(W) 115.2 RMS 115.3 RMS 0.24 RMS 0.24 RMS 17 W 160 PK 2.7 HM 0.34 PK 0.07 HM 26 VA KVAR-A O DC 1.39 CF DC 4.5 KF 0.68 PF LAG 17 2.4 OATHD-R 2.4 %THD-F 29.7 %THD-R 31.4 %THD-F 0.72 DPF 200 Range Ftange 1.39 CF 2 Range 100 Range Table 5.2: Summq of the rneasurement results of a portable audio set 5.4 Measurement of V-1 Spectrums of a Television The Measurement Coil: 5 TURNS Load: TV SET GE (MAX. Power 300W) Voltage Voltage 2oa. II. /--- y 100: _/- \ (4 Current Current 20 10. 0~'i6 25 ..Y w.tz,y~14 59 -10. -20 mscc ( c) (4 Power Power rn Sec Figure 5.3: The results of measurement of (a)voltage wavefonn, (b) voltage hmonics, (c ) current wave form, (d) current hmonics, (e) power waveform and (f) power harmonic contents of a 17" GE TV set with the following ratings when working Single Phase : TV (GE 17") -- vo v m2ad I(A) I(A)Znd w (W) 115.3 RMS 115.3 RMS 4.04 RMS 4.04 RMS 0.30 KW 159.6 PK 2.9 HM 1037 PK 3.03 HM 0.47 KVA KVAR-A O DC 1.38 CF O DC 13.7 KF 0.65 PF LAG 0.01 2.5 %THD-R 2.5 %THD-F 74.9 OhTHD-R 1 12.9%THDF 1.00 DPF 200 Range Range 2.65CF 20 Range 2k Range Table 5.3: Summary of the measurement results of 17" GE TV set 5.5 Measurement of V-1 Spectrums of a VCR The Measurernent Coil: 5 TURNS Load: VCR OFF Voltage Voltage 200, '* > IOO! / v.1~ In O/" . 1 r a 208 4.17 625 b'3f 1042 1251 147 -100; '\-/.y " 2, '. r* -200 1 ,.'-?TT- mScC Huronic (4 (b) Current -2. mSec Cunent Harmonic (4 Power Figure 5.4: The results of measurement of (a)voItage waveform, (b) voltage harmonics, (c ) current wave form, (d) current harmonics, (e) power waveform and (f) power harmonic contents of a Sansui VCR set with the FoIlowing ratings when working Single Phase : VCR (Power Off) U \ / V(V) V(V)2nd 1 (A) 1 (A)2nd ww 114 RMS 114.3 RMS 0.36 RMS 0.36 RMS 19 W 1 158.2 PK 1 2.7 HM ( 1.41 PK ( 0.30 HM ( JO VA 1 VAR-A CF 1 0-02 DC l *OL' KF 0.49 PF Lead 4 %THD-F 86.1 %THD-R 169.6OATHDF 0.98 DPF ZOO Range Range 3.98 Range 500 Range TaMe 5.4: Summary of the measurement results on a VCR (Off State) VCR PLAY Voltage Voltage l "T Volu IQ -200 : mSa (a) Current Current 5.0 r -5.0 mscc ( c) (4 Power Power Io00 U. watts /'\. ,P,, 10 o. / -2.08 4.17 6.25 8.34 10.4212.51 14.59 -500 : &-A *Dr..m------a, ,. D 8, " n-3L~a-am-" Hamonic (f) Figure 5.5: The results of measurement of (a)voltage waveform, (b) vohage harmonies, (C current wave fom, (d) current karmonics, (e) power waveform and (f) power harmonic contents of a Simsui VCR set with the following ratings when playing the tape: Single Phase : VCR (On - Playing the tape) 7 V(V) V(V)2nd 1 (A) 1 (A) 2nd w 0 115 RMS 115 RMS 1.03 MS 1.03 RMS 0.06 KW 159.5 PK 2.8 HM 3.56 PK 0.86 HM 0.12 KVA KVAR-A O DC 1.37 CF O DC 29.4 KF 0.54 PF LAG 0.01 2.4 THD-R 2.4 'ATHD-F 83.1 OATHD-R 149.2Y.THDF 0.99 DPF 200 Range Range 3.44 CF 5 Ftange Ik Range Table 5.5: Summary of the measurement results of VCR play mode VCR REWTND Voltage "I (a) Current 5.0: Hmonic ( c) (dl Power Power 1000. .-. 500 1 ,4 watts O A , 2.08 4.17 6.25 6-34 10.42 12.51 14.59 Figure 5.6: The results of measurement of (a)voltage waveform, (b) voltage harmonics. (c ) current wave fom, (d) current harmonics, (e) power waveform and (f) power harmonic contents of a Sansui VCR set with the foilowing ratings when playing the tape: Single Phase : VCR (On - Rewinding the tape) V(V) 2nd 1(A) 2nd V (V) 1 (A) WOlr) a 114.5 RMS 114.5 RMS 0.99 RMS 0.99 RMS 0.06 KW 159 PK 2.7 HM 3.5 PK 0.82 HM 0.11 KVA KVAR-A O DC 1.39 CF O DC *OL* KF 0.53 PF Lead 0.01 2.4 OhTHD-R 2.4 %THD-F 83.6 %THD-R 152.6%THDF 0.99 DPF 200 Range Range 3.54 CF 5 Range lk Range Table 5.6: Summary of the measurement results of VCR rewind mode 5.6 Measurement of V-1 Spectrums of a Personal Corn puter The Measurement Coil: 5 TURNS Load: Typical PC, Pentium II These are the result of measurement of current, voltage and power of an ordinary personal cornputer. It is worth mentioning that in order to magnifl the sensitivity and accuracy of measurements of current, in the current sensing device we have used a 5 turn coil. Single Phase Readings - 07/03/98 12:01:30 Single : Personal Com~uter Y Phase * V (V) V(V) 2nd I(A) I (A) 2nd w(W) 115-24 RMS 115.24 RMS 3.58 RMS 3-58 RMS 0.26 KW 158 PK 3.46 HM 9.86 PK 2-75 HM 0.41 KVA KVAR-A -0.02 CF -0.02 DC / 15.50 KF 0.62 PF Lead 1 %THD-F 77.0fo/.THDR 120.95 THDF 1.00 DPF 200 Range CF 5 Rnnge lk Range Table 5.7: Summary of the measurement results of a Personal Computer l Phasc 1 Phasc HmonicsFrcq. V Mag %V RMS V 0' I Mag %I RMS 10' Powcr(Kt3 DC 0.00 0.02 0.02 0 0.02 0.56 I 60.04 115.17 99.94 0 2.28 63.57 2 120.08 0.1 1 0.09 -141 0.01 0.3 1 3 180.12 1.03 0.89 73 2.00 55.72 4 240.16 0.03 0.03 -70 0.01 0.38 5 300.20 2.95 2.56 -164 1.52 42.45 6 360.24 0.05 0.04 34 0.01 0.38 7 420.29 0-97 0.84 17 0.98 27.27 8 480.33 0.02 0.01 152 0.01 0.17 9 540.37 0.39 034 -160 0.47 13.13 10 600.4 1 0.02 0.02 135 0.01 0.17 I I 660.45 0.65 0.56 1 64 0.08 229 12 720.49 0.01 0.0 1 I20 0.01 0.19 13 780.53 0.40 0.35 134 0.14 3.91 14 840.57 0.03 0.03 -90 0.01 0.16 IS 900.61 0.32 028 -1 74 020 5.69 16 960.65 0.02 0.02 49 0.01 0.19 17 1020.69 0.21 0.18 65 0.15 4.17 18 1080.73 0.02 0.02 97 0.01 0.16 19 1140.78 034 0.29 86 0.05 134 20 1200.82 0.02 0.01 -146 0.00 0.14 2 1 1260.86 0.15 0.13 174 0.05 1.36 22 1320.90 0.01 0.0 1 -58 0.00 0.14 23 1380.94 0.23 020 9 0.09 2.60 24 1440.98 0.00 0.00 -12 0.00 0.12 25 1501.02 0.34 0.29 25 0.09 2.4 1 26 1561.06 0.02 0.01 7 0.01 0.16 27 1621.10 0.02 0.02 121 0.05 1.29 28 1681.14 0.02 0.01 18 0.01 0.17 29 1741.18 0.13 0.12 -105 0.00 0.09 30 1801.22 0.01 0.0 1 I42 0.00 0.07 3 l 1861.27 0.06 0.05 -68 0.04 1.15 Table 5.8: Details of the measurement results on a PC 20 . Volts N r 1 - 10 . ,* -. \ voir. 1 . 2.m 4.16 6-25 %3 10.4iU.491 :: Ly Io :: ,.... "",,,,,.,<'."Ci.- -20 : na-< IiE (a) Current Current :o. Power 2000. (el (f) Figure 5.7: The results of measurement of (a)voltage waveform, (b) voltage harmonics. (c ) current wave fom, (d) current harmonics, (e) power waveform and (f) power harmonic contents of a Pentiurn II based personal cornputer Chapter 6 Application of Object-Oriented Analysis With the introduction of new computer techniques, many of the existing software systems have been upgraded to meet the new requirements of power system operations The consequence is that some of these systems have become so complicated that the applied software design practices are inadequate to support fiuther enhancement and maintenance. As a result, replacement of the entire system becomes inevitable. One of the major obstacles in upgrading and maintainhg the existing software systems stems directly or indüectly fiom the applied fiction-oriented software development methodologies. In these methodologies, the primary emphasis is put on decomposing and describing system fùnctionaiity. The designed software systems are usually composed of a variety of application modules. Each of them is capable of analyzing only one aspect of power systern operations and may require data input in different formats. Integration of these application modules is usually achieved by developing interfaces among them. Such an approach might be a direct and efficient way of achieving the pre- specified goals at the beginning. However, as requirements change, a system designed in this approach may require massive reconstruction. This problem and others have largely increased the cost of the development and have made sohare maintenance quite expensive. Another difficulty in the enhancement and maintenance of the existing power system software lies in the way the power system is modeled in the applications. Although structured prograrnming techniques have been successfully applied in some of these applications, modeling of the studied power system remains application-dependent. In other words, how the power system is represented depends on what particular application is being developed. As requirements evolve, the designed data structure may be subject to frequent changes. Some of the fimdarnental changes may propagate to a11 of the developed modules and require tremendous efforts to debug. For a large-scale software i system, this modeling method could resuit in a catastrophic consequence; the system becornes unmanageable and has to be redesigned. To overcome these drawbacks in the curent power system software design practices. various strategies are king investigated One example is the development of a Cornmon Information Mode1 (CIM) for the EMS environment which is an EPRI sponsored project [74]. The objective of this project is to provide a standard for al1 shared EMS data, therefore making it possible for different multi-vendor applications to work together in an EMS environment. In general, the objective of these investigations can be summarized as credting an integrated software development environment capable of supporting a wide range of power system applications and allowing expansion and modification over a long period of time. Object-onented technology, characterized as a new way of thinking about problems based on real-world concepts, has proved to be an effective tool to achieve this goal. Object-oriented technology is a new methodology of sohvare development. Its greatest benefits corne from helping developers express abstract concepts clearly and cornrnunicate them to each other. When describing the application domain based on the objects that exist in the real world, object-oriented technology stresses specieing what an object is, rather how it is used. As requirements evolve, the feature supplied by an object is much more stable the way it is used. Thus, the software systems built on an object structure are more robust in the long run. One important concept In the object-oriented paradigm is abstraction, which supports a hierarchical description of the application domain. This capability leads to an evolutionary and incremental approach for software development. In this approach. the software system can be designed with an open architecture which allows long-terrn modification and expansion. Object-oriented technology has been extensively applied in the area of software development. Recently, application of this technology to power system software development has been addressed. The applications include database management [75-761, GUI design [77], power system modeling [78-801, power system simulations [8 1-83] and 69 educational tool development [84]. These applications stress applying object-oriented technology to a certain aspect of power system software development and most of the efforts have been focused on using object-oriented programming techniques to develop power system applications and supporting tools. However, the essence of object-oriented technology is the identification and organization of application-dornain concepts, rather than their final representations in an object-oriented programming language. In fact, object-oriented technology can be applied throughout the life cycle of power system software development, fiom analysis through design to implementation. When applied to each of these stages, object oriented technology can help solve many of the problems facing the power systern software developers. In this chapter we explores the prospect of applying object-oriented technology throughout the development of the software systems for power system simulations. As an dlustration of the object-oriented approach, the Object Modeling Technique, an object- oriented sohare development methodology, is introduced to develop a distribution analysis system. With this technique, a Distribution Circuit Object Mode1 (DCOM) is first designed to support the incremental development of a wide range of distribution applications. Then the object-oriented prograrnming techniques are applied to implement the designed DCOM. 6.1 Overview of the Object Modeling Technique The Object Modeling Technique (OMT), developed by Rumbaugh et al [85], is a new methodology for the object-oriented development of software systems. The methodology involves building a model of an application domain and then adding implernentation details to it during the design of a system. It consists of the following stages: 1. Analysis: The purpose of this stage is to model the real-world system so that it can be understood. Based on the problem statement, the objects and their relationships are identified using application-domain concepts. When building the model, the object- oriented analysis stresses what must be done, rather how it is done. 70 2. Design: This includes system design and object design. The system design focuses on designing the overall system architecture, while the object design involves building a design model based on the analysis model. The design model is described with computer- domain concepts, such as data structures and algorithms- 3. Implementation: The object classes and relationships developed during the object design are finally translated into a particular programming language. An object-oriented language is usually used to implement the designed system. During each stage of this development, the OMT uses three kinds of models to describe a system: the object rnodet, the dynamic model and the fùnctional model. The object model describes the static structure of the object in a system and their relationships. The dynamic model describes the aspect of a system that changes over tirne. And the functional model describes the data transformation of the systern. In other words, the functional model specifies what happens, the dynamic model specifies when it happens and the object model specifies what it happens to. Each model acquires details as development progresses from analysis to implernentation. Although a complete description of a system requires al1 three models, only the object model concept is addressed here since it captures the essentid features of the technique. The purpose of object rnodeling is to describe objects, which combine both data structure and behavior in a single entity. The objects with similar properties, common operations and relationships to other objects are grouped into a class. A graphic notation of the BranchDevice class is shown in Figure 6.1 From the viewpoint of object rnodeling, there are three types of relationships among the objects, that is Generalization, Association and Aggregation. Figure 6.1 Class with Attributes and Operations Generalization or Inheritance is a powefil abstraction for sharing similarities among classes while preserving their differences. It is the relationship between a class and one or more refined versions of it. The class king refrned is cailed the base class and each refined class is called a subclass. Attributes and operations attached to a base class are inherited by each subclass. For example, BranchDevice is the base class of Line and Transformer, and Line is the base class of OverheadWire and Undergroundcable, as illustrated in Figure 6.2. Attributes like frornBus, toBus, current and operations like impedance, PowerLoss, defined in BranchDevice, are shared by subclasses, Line and Transformer. Each subclass only describes its special feature. Generalization is usudly called the "type-Of' relationship. Figure 6.2 Generalization (lnheritance) Association describes the physical or conceprual connection between classes. This relationship is the exact one represented in a relational database. For example, a BranchDevicc is protected by a ProtectiveDevice, as illustrated in Figure 6.3. Figure 63 Association Associations often appear as verbs in a problern statement and contain the features of multiplicity. The rnultiplicity specities how many instances of one class may relate to a single instance of an associated class. The graphic notations of multiplicity are presented in Figure 6.4. Figure 6.4 Multiplicity Aggregation is the "part-whole" relationship in which objects representing the cornponents of something are associated with objects representing the entire assembly. It is a special form of association relating an assembly class to the component class. Verbally, the aggregation cm be descnbes as " consist of" or " contain ", For example, a Substation contains such electric devices as Buses, Transformers, CircuitBreakers and Reclosers. Figure 6.5 shows this relationship. Figure 6.5 Aggregation The OMT is a popular software engineering approach. It is especially suitable for development of large software systems. Since its introduction. It has been successfùlly applied in the software development industry. Various commercial tools are available to support this software development approach. 6.2 Developrnent of a Distribution Analysis System Using the Object Modeling Technique The OMT has been applied to develop a distribution analysis system for distribution power system operations. The distribution analysis system was designed to provide a variety of distribution analysis for distribution dispatchers. Since distribution automation is an evolutionary process in most utilities, it is important to the develop the distribution analysis system using an approach that supports future amendment and expansion. The OMT was selected to achieve the goal of this incremental development. 6.2.1 A Distributed System Architecture In order to meet the open system requirements, a distributed software architecture was proposed to configure the system. As shown in Figure 6.6, each component is an independent module and interacts with others through message passing. Figure 6.6 The Proposed Distribution Anaiysis Systern Architecture The kernel of the system is the Distribution Circuit Object Mode1 (DCOM), which is implemented as in-memory objects. The DCOM is built to support al1 of the associated distribution applications. Obviously, a unitied representation of the distribution circuit is 74 essential for achieving the high-performance system integration. The hivo types of data needed to build the DCOM are circuit description data and system operating data. The circuit description data, derived fiom the information residing in the utility distribution databases. is used to build a static distribution circuit model. The system operating data, either accessed fiom a SCADA rd-time database or specified by users for simulations, is used to describe the operating conditions of the distribution circuits. Therefore, in the case of engineering analysis, the DCOM represents the study scenarios created by the users. When applied in on-line applications, it collects real-time information from the SCADA system and reflects the current conditions of the monitored distribution circuits. Around the DCOM is an Application Programming Interface (MI) which generates the specific data for the applications and send the analysis results back to the DCOM. The applications can not access the DCOM directly, but only through the API. Moreover, there are no direct connections among the applications. Al1 of the communications are through the DCOM. Obviously, this distributed configuration makes the future system expansion and maintenance convenient- 6.2.2 Object-Oriented Modeling of Distribution Circuits As described in the previous section, modeling of the distribution circuit is ~f central importance to the development of the distribution analysis system. In order to support a wide range of distribution applications, distribution circuits should be modeled at a basic or tow level as well as at various levels of abstractions. By applying the OMT, a hierarchical object model can be built to describe the static structure of a distribution circuit. This object mode1 was identified during the analysis stage and calibrated throughout the design stage. The class diagrarn of this object rnodel is shown in Figure 6.7. As shown in this figure, the proposed object model is mainly based on the physical objects that exist in a real distribution circuit, that is, electric distribution devices. Each type of device is represented as a class, which defines both the attributes and the procedures associated with this particular type of device. Figure 6.7 CIass Diagram ofthe Designed Distribution Circuit Object Model Through data abstraction, a hierarchy of the object mode1 can be built to describe the distribution circuits at different levels. At the top level, an abstract class, Device, is identified to represent a generic distribution device. It cames only the common attributes of al1 types of distribution devices, such as device ID, phase configuration, etc. Each Device object is associated with a CraphicEIement object and a PropertyRecord object. The former defines the graphic representation of this device on the GUI, while the latter represents the device property record stored in a relational distribution database. Through these associations, the related device parameters cm be accessed from the database and the analysis results associated with this device can be displayed in the GUI. For the on-line applications, dynamic links between the Device objects and the SCADA real-time database are also required. The second-level object modeling is based on the physical configuration of distribution circuits. Four classes are identified and derived from the base class Device. BranchDevice represents al1 types of distribution devices that link two Buses, while ShuntDevice represents al1 types of generation and consumption devices that comects to a Bus. Distribution circuits are usually equipped with the protective devices to isolate the outage and reconfigure the circuits. ProtcctiveDevices arc normally installed on BranchDevices. In the case of a ProtectiveDevice connected as a tie device, a pseudo BranchDevice is created to carry the ProtectiveDevice. Using these associations, an 76 intertwined object network can be built to match the physical configurations of the distribution circuits in the real world. In order to rneet the requirements of a wide range of applications, the concrete device classes are derived at one or more low levels, depending on how detailed the distribution circuits should be modeled. For example. Line, Transformer and VoltageRegulator are derived fiom BranchDevice, and Load, Cogenerator and CapacitorBank are derived fiom ShuntDevice. As the inheritance hierarchy deepens, the concrete device object is described in more detail. Only the attributes and procedures specific to this particular type of device are defined in the class. Another reiationship modeled in the DCOM is Aggregation, which describes the circuit assembly-component relationship. This relationship is simple and straightforward: a distribution circuit contains substations and distribution feeders. Each substation or distribution feeder is composed of various types of distribution devices. Usine Aggregation. the objects in DCOM can be well organized. The proposed DCOM is only an object-oriented description of the distribution circuits for the development of our distribution analysis system. In fact, power systems can be modeled from different object-oriented viewpoints, depending on what type of software systems we are developing and what type of power systems we are modeling. For example, the object model of distribution circuits in DMS could be different fiom that of transmission networks in EMS. Industrial power systems could be modeled differently from utility power systems. However, the design criterion should be the same: the studied power system must be modeled in a way stressing what it is, rather than how it is used. 6.2.3 Implementation of the Designed Distribution Circuit Object Model Using Object-Oriented Programming Implementation is the final stage of the sofiware development. At this stage, a particular programming language is used to implement the object model developed during the design stage. An object-oriented language is at effective tool for implementation of the designed object models. This section focuses on the implementation of the designed DCOM using Cttand the object-oriented programming (OOP) techniques [86]. The rnost important feature of an object-oriented language is the object, a logical entity that contains both the attributes and the methods that manipulate that dam Attributes and methods specific to the object are usually defined as private or protected members, which are hidden fiom other class of objects. Access to the private attributes is normally accompIished through the public functions. This information hiding mechanism is referred to as encapsulation. Encapsulation prevents a program fiom becoming so interdependent that a small change may have massive rippling effects. In this way, the implernentation of an object cm be changed without affecting the applications that use it- The class definition of BranchDevice is given in Figure 6.8, where both data and procedures related to this object are defined in the class. class BranchDevice : pub1ic Device protected: Bus* fromBus; // Pointer to from-bus Bus* toBus; // Pointer to to-bus M3.u 1 current; // Current vector (fromBus->toBus) ...m. public: virtual M3x3 Impedance( )=O; !/ Impedance calc. method M3 x1 PowerLoss( ); // Powerloss calc. method Figure 6.8 Example of Class Definition Object-oriented programming languages provide strong support for the notation of inheritance. This mechanism allows a hierarchy of classes ro be built, moving fiom most general to most specific. As show in Figure 9, class Line and class Transformer are derived from the base class BranchDevice. These derived classes inherit al1 of the data 78 and code from the base class, such as fromBus, toBus, current and PowerLossO. Only specific data and code are added to define the derived class. This feature makes it possible to reuse code. However, what makes the inheritance really powerful is an OOP mechanism, polymorphism which is also referred to as "one interface, multiple methods". It allows the the type of concrete objects involved. For example, a pure virtual hinction, ImpedanceG, is defined in the abstract class without the actual implementation. This hinction is actually impiemented by ai1 of the subclasses of BranchDevice with diffèrent methods; the line impedance is calculated according to line size and physical configurations and the transformer impedance is calculated based on the short-circuit impedance, tap ratio and grounding type. This mechanism makes it possible to develop the distribution applications, such as load flow study, at a higher level without dealing with the detailed model of the distribution circuit components. For instance, when calculating impedance, it is even unnecessary to know whether the branch is a line or a transformer, since the pure virtual hction BranchDevice::Impedance~ will be automaticaily overloaded at nin time by either tine:tlmpedanceO or Trnnsforrner::lmpedance(), depending on the type of the branch. Furthemore, this mechanism effectively restricts or minimizes the effects of the model changes on the developed applications. If we find it necessary to distinguish the overhead lines fkom the underground cables because of their difference in irnpedance computation, this change can be made by simply deriving the two subclasses and overloading the virtual function impedanceo within the derived classes. The load flow application may not require any changes, since it only handles their base class BranchDevice. class Line : public BranchDevice protected: LineSize size; // Line size LineConfig config; // Line physical config...... public: M3x3 Impedance( ); // Line impedance calc. Method class Transformer : public BranchDevice protected: double tapRatio; /nap ratio complex z; //Short-circuit impedance Gtype groundingType; //Grounding type .....-. public: MSx3 Impedance( ); // Xfmr impedance calc. Method ...... - Figure 6.9 Example of Inheritance Implementation An Association in the object mode1 can be implernented using rnany approaches. Among these approaches, buned pointers are the easiest to implement. In this approach, an Association is simply implemented as an attribute in each associated object. containing a pointer to the related object, or to a set of related objects. For example, each Device object contains a pointer to its GraphicElement in The GUI and a pointer to its propertyRecord in the database, as itlustrated in Figure 6.10. Normaily, Associations are implemented in both directions to support bi-directional traversais. An Aggregation cm be implernented using a collection class object, such as a dynamic array or a list. With the collection objects, a container object can group and manage al1 of the component objects. As shown in Figure 6.1 1, a generic List object based on the template technique is used to assemble various distribution devices in a container object, DistributionFeeder. class Device { protec ted: DevicelD id; // Device iD GraphicElement* graphicElement; //Association with //GUI element Property* propertyRecord; //Association with //database record ...*.... public: DeviceID ID( ) { return id;) Figure 6.10 Example of Association Implementation Normally, a set of methods are provided to access and manage the component objects in a container object. c fass DistributionFeeder { private: List Figure 6.1 1 Example of Aggregation Implernentation Chapter 7 Case Studies In this chapter two different cases fiom different perspectives will be studied- The first invofves an industrial plant with a hannonically rich environment due to the abundance of the DC drives. The main goal was to increase the existing power factor to avoid excessive penalty charges paid to the utilities, but the presence of harmonies in the system prevented the utilization of conventional static (VAR compensation) power factor correction methods. The second case is viewed from the utilities point of view (in contrast to the first one which is fiom the end user's view point), and it involves the investigation of a possible power quality pollution system. The goal is to investigate if the injected harmonic levels in the utilities network exceed the recornmended thresholds. The concem is due to the major PWM rectifiers in the casino environments which cause the injection of considerable arnounts of triplen hannonics. (For the amplitude of the mentioned harrnonic orders please refer to chapter 5 , measurement on a PC.) For the second case three series of measurements were conducted, measurements on the temporary casino, new casino site before and after inauguration. 7.1 Case Study No. 1: Kautex-Textron At the request of the Kautex-Textron Windsor Plant, a study of the electrical system power factor and harrnonic analysis at the blow molding machines has been carried out by Wilson, Dario & Associates during October and November 1998, in order to decrease the penalty charges and improve plant power quality. The scope of work included the measurement of the power quality at each machine and an analysis of the harmonic contents and detemination of the best power factor (P.F.) correction means and methods. Alternatives were to be identified and analyzed to 82 determine the optimal sizes and locations for the new power factor correction and power quality improvement systems. Analysis of the rewrded data confirmed that presence of harmonics currents injected by the machines which prevent the utilization of ordinary power factor correction capacitor banks. The data established the need for a method of either eliminating the most signifiant harmonics or the application of more mgged P.F. correction capacitor banks. The studies showed that a combination of tuned capacitors at the larger machines and additional units at the main substation switchboards would be the most economic method to recti@ the problem. 7.1.1 Plant Electrical Supplies The Windsor plant of Kautex-Textron is supplied from the WUC - 55M25 transmission line aIong Deziel Drive at 27,600V voltage level. The metering facilities of the Windsor Utilities Commission (W.U.C.) are situated at the 27,600V side. Appendix D drawing is the simplified single line diagrarn of the existing plant distribution system. There are four voltage levels in the plant, 27,600V which is the incoming level, 6OOV which is the plant distribution level, the 4001240 V level which is the blow molding machines voltage level, and the 208/120 V for general and administrative loads. In order to isoIate the major loads from the other applications, transfonners TA and TB are used for the blow molding machines, chiller and compressed air facilities. Transformer TC has been designated for the general and administrative loads. This division has the advantage of isoIating the main harmonic generating apparatus fiom the others, therefore avoiding the interference of these networks. The current W.U.C. billing methods apply a penalty for power factors Iess than 0.9 (90%). This is dune by adjusting the actual demand kW to a value that is equivdent to a 90% power factor. The applicable demand charge is then applied to the corrected demand KVA. 7.1.2 Blow Molding Machines Measurements Summary Measurements were taken during normal blow molding machines operating cycles using an industrial power quality measurement device and harrnonic analyzer. (ACE 2000) Measurements were camied out on al1 machines to justie the installation of capacitor banks or filters on each machine. During our measurements a series of other harmonic related problems, such as excessive high temperatures in feeding transformers, melting of contactor coils insulation, heating of power distribution cables and excessive voltage drop were observed. These are additional effects of poor characteristics of voltage and curent waveforms due to harrnonics. Tables (7.1 ) to (7.8) are the surnmaries of measurements for each machine. In Appendix A, a complete report of measurements on two typical machines is presented. The measurement results completely back up Our simutation results. 7.1.3 Proposed Alternatives In this section different alternatives will be analyzed regarding their feasibility, cost and efficiency of the solutions. Adding capacitor banks to correct the power factor is the conventional method but, due to the nature of the loads in KAUTEX-TEXTRON plant it can't be done directly. The problem arises from the presence of harmonics in the system. Harmonic currents see the changing power factor correction capacitors as the least impedance path and flowing in that direction they blow out hses of the capacitor banks. Primary Side of Secondary Side of Transformer Transformer 575 v VTKD% (Avg.) 2.5 % 3phase Amps (Avg,) 1 THD% (Avg.) 15/ 1, Oh 1, Amps 3phase kVAr (Avg.) 650 kVAr 3phase kW (Avg.) 356 kW 3phase PF (Avg.) 0.467 Table 7.1 BMM # 1 Measurements Summary Prirnary Side of Secondary Side of Transformer Transformer Line to Line V (Avg.) 376 V V THD% (Avg.) 3.4 % 3phase Amps (Avg.) 1 THD% (Avg.) Is/I, % 1, Amps 3phase kVAr (Avg.) - kVAr 3phase kW (Avg.) - kW 3phase PF (Avg,) - Table 7.2 BMM #3 Measurements Summary Transformer Transformer 578 V 391 V V THD% (Avg.) 3.6 % 3phase Amps (Avg.) 1 THD% ('4vg.) I5 II, Oh 1, Amps 3phase kVAr (Avg.) 728 kVAr 687 kVAr 3phase kW (Avg.) 400 kW 386 kW 3phase PF (Avg.) 0.478 0.483 Table 7.3 BMM #5 Measurements Summary Primary Side of Secondary Side of Transformer Transformer Line to Line V (Avg.) 571 V V THD% (Avg.) 2% 3phase Amps (Avg.) 279 A 1 THDOh (Avg.) 21.34 % IJI, Y0 20.76 % 1, Amps 58 A 3phase kVAr (Avg.) 2 10 kVAr 197 kVAr 3phase kW (Avg.) 174 kW 174 kW 3phasc PF (Avg.) 0.639 0.663 Table 7.4 BMM ti6 Measurements Sumrnary Secondary Side of Transformer Transformer 569 V 370 V V THDOA (Avg.) 1-52% 2.3 Oh 3phase Amps (Avg.) 1 THDOA (Avg.) 1~4YO 1, Amps 3phase kVAr (Av~.) 200 kVAr 193.5 kVAr 3phasc kW (Avg.) 179 kW 181 kW 3phase PF (Avg.) 0.663 0.68 Table 7.5 BMM #7 Measurements Sumrnary Primary Side of Secondary Side of Transformer Transformer Line to Line V (Avg.) 573 v 374 v V THDOA (Avg.) 1.70 % 3.08 % 3phase Amps (Avg.) 425 A 1 THD% (Avg.) 17-56 % rs/I, % 16.2 % 1, Amps 72 A 3phase kVAr (Avg.) 186 kVAr 176 kVAr 3phase kW (Avg.) 212 kW 208 kW 3phase PF (Avg.) 0.74 0.75 Table 7.6 BMM #9 Measurements Summary 7.1.3.1 Alternarive #I : This alternative involves the application of tuned capacitor banks to correct the power factor at each machine, on the secondary side of the step down transfonners. The advantages of this alternative are as foilows: a selective high power factor (according to the settings of individual banks) high maintainability increasing the emciency of distribution system by reduction of losses increasing the eficiency by compensating some of the transformer losses (due to reduction of flow of reactive power through transformers) increasing the lifetirne of step-down transformers and distribution cables by supplying the reactive power needed at the load. The disadvantages of this alternative are: - high installation cos& high maintenance costs installation problems regarding the physical space available at each machine 0 high spare capacity 7.1.3.2 A lf errrat ive #2: The second alternative would involve the application of harmonic filter(s) at the injection point(s) and correction of P.F. individually using ordinary capacitor banks on the secondary side of the transformer The advantages of this alternative are as follows: better total harmoaic distortion (THD%) characteristics a seIective high power factor (according to the settings of individuai banks) less problems at the capacitors due to better elimination of the fifih harmonic increasing the efficiency of distribution system by reduction of losses increasing the efficiency by compensating some of the transformer losses (due to reduction of flow of reactive power through transformers) increasing the lifetime of step-down transformers and distribution cables by supplying the reactive power needed at the load. The disadvantages of this alternative are: high costs of installation high costs of maintenance installation problems regarding the physical space available at each machine high spare capacity Long delivery time for manufacturing of the reactors 7.1.3.3 Alternative #3: This alternative involves the application of harmonic filter(s) at the injection point(s) and correction of P.F. individuaIly using ordinary capacitor banks on the primary side of the step-dom transformers. The advantages of this alternative are as follows: a selective high power factor (according to the settings of individual banks) smaller unit sizes (due to higher voltage rating) increasing the efficiency of distribution system by reduction of losses The disadvantages of this alternative are: persistence of transformer voltage drops and losses high costs of instailation high costs of maintenance installation problems regarding the physical space available at each machine high spare capacity Long delivery time for rnanufacturing of the reactors 7.1.3.4 Alternative M.- The fourth alternative would involve the application of harmonic filters on the secondary side of the transformers and the P.F. correction means centrally at the switchboards 'A' and 'B'. The advantages of this alternative are as follows: Moderate P.F. correction Ease of maintenance The disadvantages of this alternative are: providing space at the substation providing comection feeders for the capacitor units persistence of distribution iosses 7.1.3.5 Alternative #5: The fifth alternative would involve the installation of active filters in order to eliminate the harmonies (by injecting them iipon the demand of the loads) and then using standard capacitor banks to bnng up the plant power factor (which can be done on individual machines or centraily at the substation). The advantages of this alternative are as follows: the best resulting THD% due to simultaneous elimination of up to 4 harmonic orders The disadvantages of this alternative are: approval of some of the units are needed by CSA high costs (initial price and maintenance) 7.1.3.6 Alfernative #6: The hybrid solution which is a combination of first and third alternatives. In this alternative the tuned capacitor banks are instailed for the blow molding machines 1, 2 and 5 and the rest of the plant reactive power will be compensated at the substation The advantages of this alternative are as follows: the most economical solution optimized on-the-floor activities (regarding the installation of units at the machines) availability of the feeders at the substations The disadvantages of this alternative are: Instailation of the units for larger machines Alternatives including a big central system of power factor correction are not feasible due to the lack of feeders and installation space at the switchboard station. It has ken cakuIated that a central capacitor bank in the order of 4,000 kVAr would be required at peak loads. Alternatives involving the installation of filters andor capacitor banlcs on the prïmary side of machines step-down transfomers benefit smaller unit sizes but will not be favored due to: approximately the same installation costs as the secondary units persistence of transformer losses due to flow of reactive power through the transformer resulting in low voltage levels to the machine (in case of primary side filters) persistence of transformer losses due to the most signi ficant harmonies Alternatives involving the installation of filters and/or capacitor banks on al1 the machines are not economically justifiable due to the long pay back periods for the smaller machines and installation constraints at each machine. The most economical alternative is No. 6, which is a hybrid solution providing the desired power factor and the minimum installation work load in the plant. At the same time it rnay be possible to avoid replacement of machine No. 5 step-down transformer, if faster cycle times are implemented, by compensating for the reactive power on the secondary side of the transformer. This optimum solution involves the installation of three 400 kVAr tuned capacitor banks for machines 1, 2 and 5 and an additional two 700 kVAr tuned capacitor banks at the main substation, one for switchboard 'A' and the other for switchboard 'B'. Since, the installation of hmonic filters and the impact on the plant power factor will Vary based on the effectiveness of the equipment purchased, it is recommended that the installation be conducted in two phases. The first phase would involve the installation of tuned capacitors at machines 1, 2 and 5. After these units have been instailed, their affect on the plant power factor and power quality should be measured. The final design of the units at the main substation may have to be re-evaluated after the interim measurements are analyzed. The following table sumrnarizes the alternatives and their merit and demerit points. Another issue that was addressed was the installation problem, resarding the best location for positioninç the capacitor banks. Altcrnativc Description Disrdvantages Numbcr I I Individual tuned capaci tor High P.F. and scicctivity High installation costs banks al crich machine Hi& efficiency High maintenance costs Low distribution Iosscs Lûck of space at the r Seconùaxy sidc of machincs Increase in devices Iifctune machines stcpdowvn transfomers Egh modularïty High spare capacity Possiblc canceIlation of machinc #5 transformcr rcplaccmcnt individual fifth harmonic Eiigh P.F and scl~rtivity Hi& installation cos& pssive filtcrs GdTHD % reduction Hi& maintenancc costs Ordinary capacitor banks Low distribution losses O Lack of spaui at the Scconùaxy sidc of machincs Incrcasc in dcviccs lifctimc machincs stcpdowcn transfomm Hi& cflicimcy High sparc capacity Possible canccllation of machine Long klivcry Timc #5 transformcr rcplaccrnent Individual lifth harmonic High P.F and sclcctivity High installation costs passive filtcrs High cîlïciency 1 High maintenancc costs Ordinary capacitor banks LO~distribucon losscs ~aAcofspaccatthc Prim- sidc of machincs incrcasc in dcviccs lifetirnc machines step-down transfomers Good THD % reduction i-iigh sparc capacity Srnallcr capacitor units Long Dclivcry Tirnc 0 Possible canccllation of machinc 5 transformcr rcplaccmcnt individual fiW harrnonic Moderatc P.F. corrcction Lack of spacc at ihc passive filtcrs 0 Good TKû % reduction substation Ordinary capaci tor banks Fmof maintenance Flow of reactivc power in the Ccnual compensation at thc distribution systcm substation Lack of fccdcrs at hc s\ritchboards Pcrsistcncc of distribution losscs individuaI active filtcrs and High P.F and sclcctivity High pricc PI.correction apacitor Hi& cfficicncy Lack of CSA approval for banks 0 Low distribution Iosscs some units Secondiq sidc of machines Increasc in deviccs lifctimc Maintainability stcpdown transformes The bcst THDO/o reduction Possible canccllation of machine 1 #5 transformer rcplamcnt Hybrid solution Good P.F and sclcctivity r Lackofspaceat big individual tuncd upacitor Hi& efficiency machines bahfor bigger machincs r LOG distribution losscs for big (namely BMM # 1.2 & 5) machines Secondary side of machines r Possible canccllation of machc step-down transformcrs #5 transformer replacement Ccntral tuncd capacitor r Less installation costs (cornpareci banks at switchboards 'A' & to one) 'B' Table 7.7 Summary of proposeci alternatives 7.2 Case Study No. 2: Windsor Casino As a part of the studies regarding the effect of harmonics on electricai power distribution systems, a series of harmonics related analyses were conducted on one of the classicd distribution system polluters, a concentration of pulse width modulation and electronically switched rectifiers. As exmined in chapter 5 this class of harmonic generating sources consists of electronic devices power supplies. They generate high contents of third order and other triplen harmonics. Being of the zero sequence, no matter how balanced the three phase distribution system is, they add up algebraically in the neutral of the distribution transformer (usually with grounded wye secondary configuration) and propagate into the power system. In the case of delta configuration in the primary side of the distribution transformer triplen order hmonics circulate in those windings and having a higher fiequency than the fundamental will cause excessive heating of the transformers, causing additional aging and possibility of insulation breakdo wn. Casinos are amongst the ~O~O~OUSharmonics injection units in power industry. Accumulation of small single phase electronic devices (slot machines, .. .) will introduce high levels of triplen harmonics. The goal of our studies was to investigate the amplitude of injected harmonics into the Windsor Utilities Commission (W.U.C.) power distribution network and to verify if the recommended thresholds are violated. The studies showed that due to several stages of voltage reduction (step down) the readings at the Point of Cornmon Connection (PCC) were not significant (in the measurement time fiames). It should be mentioned that al1 measurements were performed during the off peak hours of operation of the facilities and only snap shots of the waveforms were sampled. Our measurements were greatly limited by the availability of the sites. type of measurement equipment and level of access due to security issues. 95 A conclusive study not only should cover the intemal distribution system in more detail but also should be extended to months of off-peaklon-peak measurements. The existing energy meters in the new Casino Windsor site are capable of such performance provided that analysis software king available. 7.2.1 Old (Temporary) Casino Windsor The temporary Windsor Casino was supplied from the WUC - 25M8125M12 underground cables dong the Pitt Street at 27,600116,000 V voltage level and 2SM10 (overhead) transmission lines along Janette St. at the same voltage levels. Three transformers are on the site: 3307 and P709 fed fiom either 25M8 or 25M12 through 410 Al. XLPE cables. P746 fed from Crawford transformer station through 500 MCM Al. Conductors which mostly fed parking lights (HID types). Voltage levels and currents are given in summary tables 7.8 to 7.15 and voltage, current and power waveforms in figures 7.1 to 7.8. Some main points are to be clarified: Current transducer was not an industrial one therefore the measurements were performed on the secondary side of the transformers and always on one of the sets of outgoing cables. True current values should be calculated by multiplying the measured values by the number of the cables. In these cases the measured power should also be multiplied by the number of cables. In some measurements the power is measured as a negative value which is the case when the current sensor (being a directional sensor) is inserted backwards. 4. The first two transformers were feeding the Casino installations. Transformer P709 was supplying other transformers which were not accessible for security rasons. 5. It is worth mentioning that the transformer with 208/120 V secondary voltage level shows noticeabie current THDs. 6. A11 transformers are star-delta connected therefore eliminating the triplen harmonies in the secondary. Measurement: Windsor Ternporary Casino Date: 7 July, 1998 First Transformer: P709 fed fiorn feeder 25M8. Phase A Voltage a. m! Y------.. Vola 10 Or 208 417 625 Figure 7. 1: The results of measurement of (a)vohage waveform, (b) voltage harmonics, (c ) current wave form, (d) current harmonics, (e) power waveform and (f) power harmonic contents of Transformer P709 phase A, 2000 kVA on July 7, 1998. Note that the current is 1/4 of the actual value due to the current probe physicaI size limitations. Sindeu Phase A i V(V) V(V)2nd 1 (A) 1 (A) 2nd w(W) 354 RMS 354 RMS 207 RMS 207 RMS -61 KW 502 PK 2 HM 302 PK 7 HM 73 KVA KVAR-A O DC 1.42 CF -2 C 1.1 KF -0.83 PF LAG 41 0.7 %THD 0.7 %TDD 3.4 %THD 2.4 %TDD -0.83 DPF 1000 Range Ik Range 1.46 CF 500 Range 2Oûk Range Table 7.8: Sumrnary of the measurement results Measurement : Windsor Temporary Casino Date: 7 July, 1998 First Transformer: P709 fed fiom feeder 25M8. Phase B Voltage Voiîage I. 1000 5001 ,--- \- Oc.- .- 2.08 4.17 6.25 8.3440.42 12JJ&59 -500 : -1000 mSec Humonic (a) (b) Current Current -- 500 (dl Power Power 20000. Figure 7. 2: The results of rneasurernent of (a)voltage waveform, (b) voltage harmonics, (c ) current wave form, (d) current harmonics, (e) power waveform and (f) power harmonic contents of Transformer P709 phase B, 2000 kVA on July 7, 1998. Note that the current is 1/4 of the actual value due to the current probe physical size limitations. Single Phase B V(V) V(V)2od I(A) I(A)2nd w (W) 354 RMS 354 RMS 207 RMS 207 RMS -61 KW 50 1 PK 3 HM 306 PK 8 HM 73 KVA KVAR-A 0 DC 1.42 CF -2 C 1.1 KF -0.83 PF LAG 40 0.7 %THD 0.7 %TDD 3.8 %THD 3.8 %TDD -0.84 DPF 1000 Range Ik Range 1.47 CF 500 Range 200k Range Table 7.9: Summary of the measurement results Measurement: Windsor Temporary Casino Date: 7 Jdy, 1998 First Transformer: P709 fed fiom feeder 25M8. Phase C Current Current 500. Power Power . . . .. :. : . . , - . . I. ?OcMoo. I : ' . . . . :* r :- 6' . . 7. Figure 7.3 : The results of rneasurement of (a)voltage waveform, (b) voltage harmonics, (c ) current wave fom, (d) current harmonics, (e) power waveform and (f) power harmonic contents of Transformer P709 phase C, 2000 kVA on July 7, 1998. Note that the current is 1/4 of the actual value due to the current probe physical size limitations. Single- Phase C V (V) V (V) 2nd 1 (A) 1 (A) 2nd w (W) 353 RMS 353 RMS 246 RMS 246 RMS -75 KW 505 PK 3 HM 358 PK 8 HM 87 KVA KVAR-A 0 DC 1.43 CF -2 C 1.1 KF -0.86 PF LAG 44 0.9 %THD 1.43 %TDD 3.1 %THD 3.1 %TDD -0.86 DPF 1000 Range lk Range 1.46 CF 500 Range I Table 7.10: Surntnary of the measurement results Measurement: Windsor Temporary Casino Date: 7 July, 1998 First Transformer: P709 fed fiom feeder 25M8. Phase C Hannon; Current Current 500. 250; . ,' --- *'" -z5zil- -17 6 ZS,&34 - IO 42 1251 14 59 1--- -100. der: Power Power :m. 100000, Figure 7.3 : The results of measurement of (a)voltage waveform, (b) voltage harmonics, (c ) current wave form, (d) current harmonics, (e) power wavefom and (f) power harmonic contents of Transformer P709 phase C, 2000 kVA on July 7, 1998. Note that the current is 114 of the actual value due to the current probe physicai size limitations. Single Phase C - I V(V) V(v)Lnd I(A) I(A)2nd w (W) 353 RMS 353 RMS 246 RMS 246 RMS -75 KW 505 PK 3 HM 358 PK 8 HM 87 KVA KVAR-A 0 DC 1.43 CF -2 C 1.1 KF 4.86 PF LAG 44 0.9 %THD 1.43 %TDD 3.1 %THD 3.1 'ATDD -0.86 DPF IO00 Range 1k Fbnge 1.46 CF 500 Rmnge l2OOk Range Table 7.10: Summary of the measurernent results Measurement: Windsor Temporary Casino Date: 7 Juiy, 1998 Second Transformer: P3307 fed fiom feeder 25M8. Phase A Voltage hrmonic (b) Current Current Power Power IM000. Figure 7.4: The results of measurement of (a)voltage waveform, (b) voltage hmonics, (c ) current wave form, (d) current harmonics, (e) power waveform and (f) power harmonic contents of Transformer P3307 phase A, 750 kVA on JuIy 7, 1998. Note that the current is IL2 of the actual value due to the current probe physical size limitations. Single Phase A Y V(V) V02nd I(A) I(A)2nd w(W) 123.4 RMS 123.4 RMS 271 RMS 271 RMS 33 KW 173.9 PK 1.1 HM 26 PK 26 HM 33 KVA KVAR-A -0.1 DC 1.41 CF 1.1 c 1.1 KF I PF LAG 0 0.9 %THD 0.9 %TDD 9.5 %THD 9.5 YoTDD 1 DPF 200 Range 200 Range CF 500 Range lOOk Range Table 7.1 1: Summary of the measurement results Measurement : Windsor Temporary Casino Date: 7 My, 1998 Second Transformer: P3307 fed fiom feeder 25M8. Phase B Voltage 200. --- t)O Amps IQ )O a Power Power - 1i3000 r Figure 7. 5: The results of measurernent of (a)voltage waveforrn, (b) voltage harmonics, (c ) cU~~-ent wave form, (d) current harmonics, (e) power waveform and (f) power harmonic contents of Transformer P3307 phase B, 750 kVA on Juiy 7, 1998. Note that the current is 112 of the actual value due to the current probe physical size limitations. Single- Phase B V(V) V(V)Znd 1 (A) 1(A) 2nd w(W) 123.5 RMS 123.5 RMS 254 RMS 254 RMS 30 KW 173.6 PK 1.2 HM 389 PK 14 HM 31 KVA KVAR-A O DC 1.41 CF -2 C 1.1 KF 0.97 PF LAG 7 0.9 %THD 0.9 %TDD 5.6 %THD 5.6 %TDD 0.98 DPF 200 Range 200 Range 1.53 CF 500 Range lOOk Range Table 7.12: Summary of the measurement results Measurement : Windsor Temporary Casino Date: 7 Jdy, 1998 Second Transformer: P3307 fed fiom feeder 25M8. Phase C Voltage 1- ! Voltage ?W. Hmonic (b) Current Current mo. Harmonic (dl Power Power œ. 100000 *-- _ -- watts 5oCl30. <-, -. 10 O ----- 208 4 17 a25 -8 34 10 42 lT5m9- -5CiooO : -100000. mSa Harmonic (el (0 Figure 7.6: The results of rneasurement of (a)voltage waveform, (b) voltage harmonics, (c ) current wave form, (d) current harmonics, (e) power wavefom and (f) power harmonic contents of Transformer P3307 phase C, 750 kVA on My 7, 1998. Note that the current is 1/2 of the actual value due to the current probe physical size limitations. Single Phase C V(V) V(V)2nd 1 (A) 1 (A) 2nd w(W) 123.4 RMS 123.4 RMS 293 RMS 293 RMS 32 KW 175 PK 1.2 HM 427 PK 16 HM 36 KVA KVAR-A O DC 1.42 CF -3 c 1.1 KF 0.90 PF LAG 16 1.0 %THD 1.0 %TDD 5.4 %THD 5.4 YoTDD 0.90 DPF 200 Range 200 Range 1.46 CF 500 Range lOOk Range Table 7.13: Summary of the measurement results Measurement: Windsor Temporary Casino Date: 7 July, 1998 Third Transformer: P 746 fed from feeder 2SM 1 0. Phase C Current ,-. Power Power I 1amoo /- 5mQ y---'. '. ,' WJ~U 0- - -'L - 2.08 4.17 4-25 8.w-i0.c 12.51 14.59- --lami7.cl.>-~--:*--b-I.-7.-- :pl B 5 . 7 Il BI 8, 17 IV 21 3 Z Il - 100000 - mSec Clarmonic (el (0 Figure 7. 7: The results of measurement of (a)voltage waveforrn, (b) voltage harmonics, (c ) current wave fonn, (d) current harmonics, (e) power waveform and (f) power harmonic contents of Transformer P746 phase C, 2000 kVA on July 7, 1998. Note that the current is 114 of the actual vaIue due to the current probe physicai size limitations. Single- Phase C v(V) V(V)2nd 1(A) 1(A) 2nd w(W) 354 RMS 354 RMS 105.9 RMS 105.9 RMS 26 KW 502 PK 3 HM 159.4 PK 4.2 HM 37 KVA KVAR-A 0 DC 1.42 CF -0.3 C 1.2 KF 0.70 PF LAG 27 1.0 %THD 1.0 %TDD 3.9 %THD 3.9 %TDD 0.70 DPF lk Range Ik Range 1.50 CF 200 Range lOOk Range Table 7.14: Surnrnary of the measurernent results Measurement: Windsor Temporary Casino Date: 7 July, 1998 Third Transformer: P746 fed fiom feeder 25MlO. Phase B Voltage -t Voltage 1000. Hiimonic (b) Current Current 1.. i 200. Power 1OOOOO 5Oooo 0 ---y A-\. Watts O, =-=L 1. 208 417 625 937 1042 1251 1459 -50000: -IM)oO mSec Figure 7.8: The results of measurernent of (a)voltage waveform, (b) voltage harmonics. (c ) current wave fom, (d) current harmonics, (e) power waveform and (f) power harmonic contents of Transformer P746 phase B, 2000 kVA on My7, 1998. Note that the current is 114 of the actual value due to the current probe physical size limitations. Single- Phase B v(V) V(V)2nd I(A) I(A)Znd w (W) 354 RMS 354 RMS 105.9 RMS 105.9 RMS 26 KW 502 PK 3 HM 159.4 PK 4.2 HM 37 KVA KVAR-A O DC 1.42 CF -0.3 c 1.2 KF 0.70 IV LAG 27 1.0 %THD 1.0 %DD 3.9 %THD 3.9 %TDD 0.70 DPF II< Range / Ik Range 1 1.50 CF 1 200 Range ( lOûk Range 1 Table 7.15: Summary of the measurernent results 7.2.2 New (Permanent) Casino Windsor The Windsor Casino site is supplied fiom the WUC - 55M 1 onginated fiom Walker Road T.S. #1 and transmission at 27,600V voltage level and 15M8 supplied fiom Essex T.S. at the same voltage level. The metering facilities of the Windsor UtiIities Commission (W.U.C.) are situated at the secondary side of main transforrners T-A, T-B and T-C in the basement of the facility. The units are sarnpling the voltage and current using measurernent voltage and current transformers and for billing purposes, there fore (using two wattmeter-Amon's method) there are two phase to phase voltages and three line currents sampled. Appendix D drawing shows a simplified single line diagrarn of the existing plant distribution system. There are four voltage levels in the plant. 27,600V which is the incoming level, 4160V which is the generators voltage levels, 600V which is the facilities distribution level, and the 2O8/1 20 V for general loads. Two sets of measurements were performed on July 6, 1998 at 8:30 A.M. (before opening of the facilities to the public) and August 17, 1998 at 8:20 A.M. afier inauguration of the Casino site. Currents measurements were performed on the secondary side of 300/5 A current transformers and to improve the resolution a 10 turn coil was used for the first sets of measurements and unfortunately for the second set of measurements the coil was not available, therefore for the first set the true current is 6 times the measured values and for the second set 60 times. Voltage measurements were performed on the secondary side of an open delta -open wye set of potentid transfomers with 120 V phase to neutral voltage levels. Available only for phases A and C. Measurements were taken during usual off-peak hours of the Casino due to the availability of W.U.C. personnel. Power quality measurement device and harmonic analyzer was a single phase Fluke 418 type with the ability to store up to 8 snapshots of the measurements and a 1000A current probe. The following rneasurements show the voltage. current and power for two phases A and C with their pertinent phase voltages and phase current B with one of the other phases voItages. The sarne format has been kept to insure the consistency with the other parts of measurements. 7.2.2.1 Ne irf WindiFor Casino Measuremenrs before Inaupuration: Measurement: Casino Windsor Date: 6 July, 1998, 8:30 A.M. Transformer A. Phase A Voltage Voltage 1- . 200. _---- 100: ,' '-. ~oibi0 o.' ?OR 117 625 SJI 1042 1151 l4Sd -100. '. ,' -200. mSoc Current Current a, 50 Hmonic (4 Power Power 2.. 5000 - -. 2500. - /' -- y. Wliis O-.< ------t500: 20s 417 62s 83.1 104212~114-59- Figure 7.9: The results of measurement of (a)voltage wavefom, (b) voltage harmonics, (c ) current wave form, (d) current harmonics, (e) power waveform and (f) power harmonic contents of Transformer A phase A, 6 MVA on July 6, 1998. Note that the CT secondary current was 5 A and a 10 turn coi1 has been used. Singleu Phase A V(V) V02nd I(A) I(A)2nd wo 119.4 RMS 119.4 RMS 16.7 RMS 16.7 RMS 1.85 KW 167.1 PK 2.3 HM 24.2 PK 0.9 HM 2 KVA KVAR-A O DC 1.40 CF -0.2 c 1.2 KF 0.93 PF LAG 0.74 1.9 %THD 1.9 %TDD 5.1 ?4THD 5.1 OhTDD 0.93 DPF 200 Range 200 Range 1.45 CF 50 Range Sk Range Table 7-16: Summary of the measurement results Measurement: Casino Windsor Date: 6 July, 1998,8:30 A.M. Transformer A. Phase C Voltage 1- Voltage 2m7 -\ 1003 ,/-' "olu 10 0. '\- 2ûS 4 17 625 8% IO42 lZ.51 iy *-.-a-# Ï~TI.--I.TI-~-~~-I.--L-~--w- -100: I I 9 T 9 II II IY II 4. II XI 13 n n II ----/ -200 4 e Harmonic Current M Power :O Figure 7. 10: The results of rneasurement of (a)voltage waveform, (b) voltage harmonics, (c ) current wave form, (d) current harmonics, (e) power waveforrn and (f) power harmonic contents of Transformer A phase C, 6 MVA on July 6, 1998. Note that the CT secondary current was 5 A and a 10 turn coi1 has been used. Single Phase C - - r 1 - - 1 - I 16.9 RMS ( 16.9 RMS 1 1.91 KW 1 1 24.1 PK 0.8 HM 2.03 KVA KVAR-A -0.2 C 1.1 KF 0.94 PF LAG 0.68 1.9 %THD 1.9 %TDD 4.8 %THD 4.8 %TDD 0.94 DPF 200 Range 200 Range 1.43 CF 1 50 Range 1 5k Range 1 1 Table 7.17: Surnrnary of the measurement results Measurement: Casino Windsor Date: 6 July, 1998, 8:30 A.M. Transformer A. Phase B with reference to Van Figure 7. 1 1 : Not available due to memory limits of measurement instrument Single Phase B ------V(V) vO2nd 1 (A) 1(A) 2nd w 0 1 19.6 RMS 119.6 RMS 15.9 RMS 15.9 RMS -1.43 KW 167.1 PK 1 23 HM ( 22.8 PK ( 0.7 HM ( 1.90 KVA ( KVm-A ( 0.1 DC 1.40 CF -0.2 KF 4.75 PF LAG 1.24 1.9 %THD 1 1.9 %TDD 1 4.7 %THE 1 1: OATDD / 4.76 DPF 1 1 200 Range 200 Range 1.43 5k Range Table 7.17: Summary of the measurement results I Measurement: Casino Windsor Date: 6 July, 1998, 8:30 A.M. Transformer B. Phase A Voltage lm. Hmonic (b) Current Current Power Power 1OOOO Figure 7. 12: The results of measurement of (a)voltage waveforrn, (6) voItage harmonics, (c ) current wave forrn, (d) current harmonics, (e) power wavcfonn and (f) power hmonic contents of Transformer B phase A, 6 MVA on July 6, 1998. Note that the CT secondary current was 5 A and a 10 tum coi1 has ken used. Sinde Phase A V VCV) V(V)Znd 1 (A) I (A) 2nd w(W) 118.7 RMS 118.7 RMS 29.7 RMS 29.7 RMS 3.3 KW 166.4 PK 1.5 HM 42.1 PK 0.4 HM 3.5 KVA KVAR-A o. 1 DC 1.40 CF -0.2 c 1.0 KF 0.94 PF LAG 1.2 1.2 %THD 1.2 OATDD 1.3 %THD 1.3 %TDD 0.94 DPF CF 50 Range IOk Range Table 7.19: Summary of the rneasurernent results Measurement: Casino Windsor Date: 6 July, 1998,8:30 A.M. Transformer B. Phase C Voltage lm : Hannonic (b) Current a. Current 50. Power 10000. II Harmonic (f) Figure 7. 13: The results of rneasurernent of (a)voltage wavefonn, (b) voltage hannonics, (c ) current wave forrn, (d) current harmonies, (e) power waveforrn and (f) power harmonic contents of Transformer B phase C, 6 MVA on July 6, 1998. Note that the CT secondary current was 5 A and a 1 O turn coi1 has been used. Single- Phase C V(V) V02nd 1 (A) 1 (A) 2nd w(W) 119.2 RMS 119.2 RMS 29.8 RMS 29.8 RMS 3.3 KW 165.1 PK 1.7 HM 42 PK 0.5 HM 3.6 KVA KVAR-A 0 DC 1.39 CF -0.2 C 1.0 KF 0.94 PF LAG 1.2 1.4 %THD 1.4 %TDD 1.8 %THD 1.8 %TDD 0.94 DPF 200 Range 200 Range CF 50 Range IOk Range Tab[e 7.20: Surnrnary of the measurement results Measurement : Casino Windsor Date: 6 July, 1998,8:30 A.M. Transformer B. Phase B with Van as reference voltage Voltage Current D. Power lm - ..: NN- Watt -.-,, :l. NN- Figure 7. 14: The results of rneasurement of (a)voltage waveform, (b) voltage harmonics, (c ) current wave form, (d) current harmonics, (e)power waveform and (0power harmonic contents of Transformer B phase B, 6 MVA on Suly 6, 1998. Note that the CT secondary current was 5 A and a 10 turn coi1 has been used. . Single Phase B V(V) VOZnd 1 (A) 1 (A) 2nd wo 118.8 RMS 118.8 RMS 28.1 RMS 28.1 RMS -2.5 KW 166.7 PK 1.4 HM 39.5 PK 0.5 HM 3.3 KVA KVAR-A o. 1 DC 1.40 CF -0.2 c 1.0 KF -0.75 PF LAG 2.2 1.2 %THD 1.2 %TDD 1.7 %THD 1.7 %TDD -0.75 DPF 1 1 1 Table 7.21: Summary of the measurement results Measurement: Casino Windsor Date: 6 July, 1998,8:30 A.M. Transformer C. Phase A Voltag Current Current 1 50, Power 5000 Figure 7. 15: The results of measurement of (a)voltage waveform, (b) voltage harmonics, (c ) current wave forrn, (d) current harmonics, (e) power waveform and (f) power harrnonic contents of Transformer C phase A, 6 MVA on July 6, 1998. Note that the CT secondary current was 5 A and a 10 turn coi1 has been used. Single Phase A V(V) V(V)2ndi I(A) I(A)Znd wo 123.0 RMS 123.0 RMS 15.6 RMS 15.6 RMS -0.82 KW 173.4 pK( 1.5 HM1 23 PK 1 0.8 HM 1 3.33 KVA 1 KVAR-A O DC 1.41 CF -0.2 KF -0.25 PF LAG 3.2 1 1.2 %HD 1 1.2 %TDD 1 5.4 OLTH; / k: %TDD 1 -0.16 DPF 1 200 Range 1 200 Range 1 1.48 CF 1 M Range 1 5k Range 1 Table 7.22: Summary ofthe measurement results Measurement: Casino Windsor Date: 6 July, 1998,8:30 A.M. Transformer C. Phase C Voltage IIi Voltage Hsrmonic (W Current 2). Current 50. Figure 7. 16: The results of measurement of (a)voltage waveform, (b) voltage harmonics, (c ) current wave form, (d) current harmonics, (e) power waveform and (f) power hannonic contents of Transformer C phase C, 6 MVA on July 6, 1998. Note that the CT secondary cunent was 5 A and a IO tum coi1 has been used. Single- Phase C V(V) V02nd 1 (A) ' I (A) 2nd w (W) 123.0 RMS 123.0 RMS 15.6 RMS 15.6 RMS -0.82 KW 173.4 PK 1.5 HM 23 PK 0.8 HM 3.33 KVA KVAR-A 0 DC 1.41 CF -0.2 C 1.1 KF -0.25 PF LAG 3.2 1 1.2 %THD 1.2 %TDD 5.4 %THD 5.4 %TDD -0.25 DPF 1 200 Range 1 200 hnge ( 1.48 CF 1 50 Range 1 Sic Range 1 1 Table 7.23: Summâry of the measurernent results Measurement: Casino Windsor Date: 6 JuIy, 1998,8:30 A-M. Transformer C. Phase B with Van as reference Voltage IY) . voi&ms 1: ;J 'JO- zm -- 11m. ,' \ Yidti l * 117 * IIIII, 17n:m~n.vnsi Power _a 1 m 1: --- 1. ------8. II L P J. --a .x ---* 5Wl 300 U'aw O - . 2 08 -4 1 ~-6~3--~ %T~~ZÏ .:5w . G-6%- / - / a> . Figure 7. 17: The results of measurement of (a)voltage waveform, (b) voltage harmonics, (c ) current wave form, (d) current harmonics, (e) power waveform and (9 power hmonic contents of Transformer C phase B, 6 MVA on July 6, 1998. Note that the CT secondary current was 5 A and a 10 turn coi1 has been used. Single Phase B V (V) 2nd 1 (A) 1 (A) 2nd wo 123.0 RMS 123.0 RMS 16.6 RMS 16.6 RMS -1.35 KW 173 PK 1.6 HM 24 PK 1.O HM 2.04 KVA KVAR-A O DC 1-41 CF -0.2 C 1.1 KF -0.66 PF LAG 1.54 1.3 %THD 1.3 %TDD 5.9 %THD 5-9 %TDD -0.65 DPF 200 Range 200 Range 1.45 CF 50 Range 5k Range Table 7.24: Sumrnary- of the measurement results 7.2.2.2 New Windror Casino afrer Inauguration Measurement: Casino Windsor (After) Date: 17 Augusî, 1998,8:00 A.M. Transformer A. Phase A Voltage ,m. ihnnonic 0)) Current Power 1000. Figure 7. 18: The results of rneasurement of (a)voltage waveform, (b) voltage harmonics, (c ) current wave form, (d) current harmonics, (e)power wavefom and (f) power harmonic contents of Transformer A phase A, 6 MVA on August 17, 1998. Note that the CT secondary current was 5 A. Single Phase A - V(V) V(V)2ad I(A) I(A)2nd wo 121.29 RMS 121.29 RMS 2.56 RMS RMS 0.29 KW 170.8I PK 1.11 HM 3.69 PK 0.06 HM 031 KVA KVM-A -0.01 DC 1.41 CF -0.01 DC 1.03 KF 0*9* PF LAG 20 0.92 %THD 0.92 %TDD 2.46 OhTHD 2.46 %TDD 0.94 DPF 200 Range Range 1.44 CF Range Range * Table 7.25: Summary of the measurement results Measurement: Casino Windsor (AAer) Date: 1 7 August, 1998,S:OO A.M. Transformer A. Phase B, with reference to Van Voltage Voltage ," 200 / -- ttlrmoriic (b) Current 10 Current 5 O rrns 10 O O * 77 -, - -,a-l ,--l.---1. II --:*-s-:.-m-- 7 * Il II 19 1- l* Zl-xt l* 3 II Harmonic (4 Power Power 1000. 500. Figure 7. 19: The results of rneasurernent of (a)voltage waveforrn, (b) voltage harmonics, (c ) current wave forrn, (d) current harmonics, (e) power waveform and (f) power harmonic contents of Transformer A phase B, 6 MVA on August 17, 1998. Note that the CT secondary current was 5 A. Single Phase B V(V) V(V)Znd I (A) 1 (A) 2nd w(W) 120.77 RMS 120.77 RMS 2.51 RMS 2.51 RMS 4.23 KW 170.34 PK 1 1.03 HM 1 3.59 PK 1 0.07 HM 1 0.30 KVA 1 KVAR-A 0.86 %THD 1 0.86 %TDD ( 2.86 %THD 1 2.86 %TDD 1 -0.77 DPF 1 200 Range Range 1.43 CF 5 Range Range Table 7.26: Summary of the measurement Measurement: Casino Windsor (Afier) Date: 17 August, 1998,8:00 A.M. Transformer A. Phase C. Voltage i Power Hannonic (0 Figure 7-20: The results of measurement of (a)voltage waveform, (b) voltage harmonics, (c ) current wave fonn, (d) current harmonics, (e) power waveform and (f) power harmonic contents of Transformer A phase C, 6 MVA on August 17, 1998. Note that the CT secondary current was 5 A. Single Phase C - - V(V) V(V)2nd 1 (A) 1 (A) 2nd W(W) 120.51 RMS 120.51 RMS 2.59 RMS 2.59 RMS -0.06 KW 169.53 PK 1.01 HM 3.72 PK 0.07 HM 0.31 KVA KVAR-A -0.02 DC 1.41 CF -0.04 DC 1-03 KF -0.20 PF Lead 102 0.83 %THD 0.84 %TDD 2.82 %THD 2.82 %TDD -0.21 DPF 200 Range Range 1.44 CF 5 Range Range Table 7.27: Summary of the measurement results Measurement: Casino Windsor (Mer) Date: 17 August, 1998,8:00 A.M. Transformer B. Phase A. Voltage :a, 100, , ViJu 10 O."' -iw : -2M. Current 5 O Pouer :oo , - I aise Figure 7-21: The results of measurernent of (a)voltage waveform, (b) voltage harmonics, (c current wave form, (d) current harmonics, (e) power waveform and (f) power harmonic contents of Transformer B phase A, 6 MVA on August 17, 1998. Note that the CT secondary current was 5 A. Single- Phase A V(V) V(V)2nd 1 (A) 1 (A) 2nd w(W) 121.14 RMS 121.14 RMS 2.65 RMS 2.65 RMS 0.30 KW 170.95 PK 0.90 HM 3.81 PK 0.05 HM 0.32 KVA KVAR-A -0.03 DC 1.41 CF -0.03 DC 1.02 KF 0.95 PF LAG 19 0.74 %THD 0.74 %TDD 2 %THD 2 OhTDD 0.95 DPF 200 Range Range 1.44 CF 5 Range Range Table 7.28: Summary of the measurernent results Measurement: Casino Windsor (After) Date: 17 August, 1998,8:00 A.M. Transformer B. Phase B with reference to Van. Voltage 1111. Harmonic (b) Current 1.. 1.. Current r> 1 50. Am s LI! 03 ; .a -" :1L2-,rlI I 3 T. IIIIL~I>I+:ISJ~:~~.~I.7n-=-ry, -*- Harmonic Power Power lm. Harmonic Figure 7.22: nie results of measurement of (a)voltage waveform, (b) voltage harmonics, (c ) current wave form, (d) current harmonics, (e) power waveform and (f) power hmonic contents of Transformer B phase B, 6 MVA on August 17, 1998. Note that the CT secondary current was 5 A. Single- Phase B V(V) V02nd 1 (A) 1 (A) 2nd w(W) 120.95 RMS 120.95 RMS 2.66 RMS 2.66 RMS -0.24 KW 170.52 PK 0.9 HM 3.78 PK 0.06 HM 0.32 KVA KVAR-A -0.03 DC 1.41 CF -0.03 DC 1.03 KF -0.74 PF LAG 139 0.74 %THD 0.74 OATDD 2.23 %THD 2.23 %TDD -0.74 DPF 200 Range Range 1.42 CF Range Range Table 7.29: Summary of the measurernent results Measurement: Casino Windsor (Mer) Date: 17 August, 1998,8:00 A.M. Transformer B. Phase C. Voltage IY) . Current Current ID 5 O 25. ,y--- -\. Amps \. Amps o O ,.L .- - -- 708 4 17 625 83a- O42 12.51 1159, -1 5 : -- 14 -5 O Power IO00 500. -- -- ,--. .-. r Watts O - . -- L- -ml . ?OS 417 625 814 I042'l251 1459- Figure 7.23: The results of measurement of (a)voltage waveform, (b) voltage harmonics, (c ) current wave form, (d) current harmonics, (e) power wavefonn and (f) power harmonic contents of Transformer B phase C, 6 MVA on August 17, 1998. Note that the CT secondary current was 5 A. Single- Phase C V(V) V02nd I(A) I(A)Znd wo1 121.14 R-MS 121.14 RMS 2.65 RMS 2.65 RMS 0.30 KW 0.74 %THD 0.74 %TDD 2.00 %THD 2.00 %TDD 0.95 Range 200 Range Range 1.44 CF 5 Range OPF l Table 7.30: Summary of the rneasurement results Measurement: Casino Windsor (Afier) Date: 17 August, 1998,8:00 A.M. Transformer C. Phase A. Voltage 1% Current s o. (4 Power Power .-3 . Iwo. Wans .,, -L.------,,-,,------n r am--- : * * - * v *. UmILs~vYur~l n n -, r. rr a .i Hannonic Figure 7. 24: The results of rneasurement of (a)voltage waveform, @) voltage hamonics, (c ) current wave fom, (d) current harmonies, (e) power waveform and (f) power harmonic contents of Transformer C phase A, 6 MVA on August 17, 1998. Note that the CT secondary current was 5 A. Single- Phase A V(V) V(V)2nd 1 (A) 1 (A) 2nd wo 120.95 RMS 120.95 RMS 2.05 RMS 2.05 RMS 0.24 KW 168.68 PK 2.31 HM 3.14 PK 0.20 HM 0.25 KVA KVAR-A -0.12 DC 1.39 CF -0.03 DC 1.25 KF 0.95 PF LAG 8 1.91 %THD 1.91 %TDD 9.58 %THD 9.63 %TDD 0.95 DPF 200 Range Range 1.53 CF Range Range I I I I 1 I Table 7.31: Sumrnary of the rneasurernent results (please refer to Appendix) Measurement: Casino Windsor (Mer) Date: 17 August, 1998,8:00 A.M. Transformer C. Phase C. Voltage 8.. 8.. Current Y Current :O i 5 O rn, a 09 .O 10 Il Ï-.T,. a :: :. l. :n rn 1 I ? 7 * II II Il 17 1- :l P S .T il I-imonic Power Power 1000. Figurc 7.25: The results of rneasurement of (a)voltage waveform, (b) voltage harrnonics, (c ) current wave form, (d) current harmonies, (e) power waveform and (0 power harmonic contents of Transformer C phase C, 6 MVA on August 17, 1998. Note that the CT seconday current was 5 A. Single- Phase C v(V) V (V) 2nd 1 (A) 1 (A) 2nd w (W) 120.95 RMS 120.95 RMS 2.05 RMS 2.05 RMS 0.24 KW 168.68 K 2.31 HM 3.14 PK 0.20 HM 0.25 KVA KVAR-A -0.12 DC 1-39 CF -0.03 DC 1-25 KF 0.98 PF LAG 8 1.91 %HD 1.91 %TDD 9.63 %THD 9.58 %TDD 0.99 DPF 200 Range 1 Range 1 1.53 CF 1 Range 1 Range 1 Table 7.32: Sumrnary of the measurement results 73 Conclusion and Suggatcd Fortber Studies in these studies a variety of loads have ken simulated (using M.ATL\B) and their harmonic contents have been analyced. Measurements were used to back up the simulation results. A rrsourceful library of current and voltage spectmns has been developed as a basis for Mer sndies. An Object-Onented powu-flow software has hem developed and tested niccessfiilly on IEEE 14 bus system, ptoving the merits of this new software development methd. It bas been compared to a powerfiil cornmercial software (EDSA). The measurernents pedormed on casino sites have show that harmonies injected in the Windsor Utilities network were negiigible (a! the snapshots measurernents taken). Although not accurate for detailed engineering, current injection method is used for case study No. 1 to justify the meanirnaeats. The next steps in this ongoing project will be to perform another meanuement on the dences and design dehined fapacitor banks (combination of capacitor banks and hannonic filters) for the wbole plant to b~gthe power factor over WhImeL It is proposed that furtôer studies and analyses to be conducted in Win- area which plenty of plants with induction and arc runiaces exist. As suggested by Sirinivasan [17] game plans can be developed to isolate customer and utilities side of the pwer distribution systern, the psibilities of adjusting the rates for power spem polluters could aIso be investigated [I 8). Hamonics are increasingly causing probiems in industrial areas and investigating economical methods of identification and eliminatioa of them is highly sugeested. The propagation of di fferent harmonic orders in industriai or commercial environments and their effects are highly in demand and are mostly case by case studies. Appendix A Case Study No. ! Appendix A BMM #5 Primary Power Report This is a report on the measurernents taken with the Ace 2000 instrument. These measurements have been collected from: 10/08/98 l3:OO:O3 to: 1O/O8/98 I3:W:OO. The following is a short description of the reasons for the rneasurement campaign: Harmonic analysis performed in order to provide data for hamonic filter design. These sets of measurernents were carried on Primary side of Blow Molding Machine No. 5 (BMM #5) transformer- The report is divided into 2 different parts: Report on the power measurernents taken by the instrument (V, 1, Hz, W, VA, VArs, etc.) Report on the hamonic measurements taken by the instrument on voltage and current 8MM#5 Primary Side M'PRLdoc Power Measurements Summary The following is a summaiy of the power measurements that were taken in wattmeter mode: Measurernent Minimum value Maximum value L12 Volts 572.9 582.3 L23 Volts 576.4 585.0 L31 Volts 574.3 582.4 3ph. Volts 574.7 583.2 LI Amps 802.4 924.9 U Amps 799.7 912.3 L3 Amps 810.7 930.2 3ph. Amps 814.2 913.9 3ph. VArs 696.1 k 797.8 k 3ph. Watts 361.1 k 479.7 k LI Watts 118.1 k 163.6 k L2 Watts 119.7 k 156.2 k L3 Watts 121.3 k 167.9 k 3ph. PF 0.442 L 0.531 L N-G Volts 0.000 0.000 Neutra1Arnps. 0.000 o. 000 LIN Volts 331.1 336.0 L2N Volts 331.5 336.9 L3N Volts 332.4 337.3 Appendix A Page A-2 Voltage graphs (Phase to Neutral) This is the carnpaign summary on the phase to neutral voltages measured by the instrument: File: C:\ACEWIN\MSPRIl.WMS AC€ 2000 -O CPM Leading-Edge Technology Inc. Type: Wattmeter Measures 332.5 --" 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Start tirne: 10108198 13:00:03 Time: minutes LlN Volts Stop tirne: 10108I98 13:37:00 Scale: LIN Volts (V) UNVolts Records: 560 L3N Volts Appendix A Page A-3 SMM #5 Primary Side M5PRl.doc This is a rnagnification around the points of minimum and maximum : Line 1 to Neutral (Phase A): Minimum: 331-1 V at: 10/08/98 13:08:11 Maximum: 336.0 Vat: 10/08/98 13:14:19 Minimum: P..: P..: CUCCWLIYIm.- aair-eawsii.r,-~- T--- T--- ri i 1 1 I Line 2 to Neutral (Phase B): Minimum: 331.5 V at: 10108/98 l3:08:ll Maximum: 336.9 V at: 10/08/98 l3:14:19 Minimum: Maximum: FkCVSEW~CII*.~ iCi!züüü .QCw~-Cd..T~vK 1)7"w-- Il I I I 1 1 1 Line 3 to Neutral (Phase C): Minimum: 332.4 V at: 1O/O8/98 l3:Ol :O6 Maximum: 337.3 V at: 1O/O8/98 13:14:09 Minimum: r*r. C%4CEm*UUCBl.miS uxrio-eaui.ur~mrc 119'w-- Appendix A Page A4 Voltage graphs (Phase to Phase) This is the campaign sumrnary on the phase to phase voltages measured by the instrument: File: C:iACEWIN\MSPRIl.WMS AC€ 2000 -OCPM Leading-Edge Technology Inc. Type: Wattmeter Measures 1 1 1 i I 583.0 - r79 n -- Start tirne: 1O/O8/98 lXOO:O3 Time: minutes LI2 Volts 3ph. Volts Stop tirne: 10/08/98 l3:37:OO Scale: Cl2 Volts (V) a L23 Volts :none Records: 560 L31 Volts none Appendix A Page A-5 BMM #5 Primary Skie M5PRI. doc This is a magnification around the points of minimum and maximum : Line 1 fo Line 2 (Phase A to 6): Minimum: 572.9 V at: 10108198 13:08:11 Maximum: 582.3 V at: 10108i98 l3:14:19 Minimum: Line 2 to Line 3 (Phase B to C): Minimum: 576.4 V a;: 1 O/O8/98 13:Ol :O6 Maximum: 585.0 V al: 10108198 l3:14:19 Minimum: (4C CUCN(IW1Pml ms .CC =-OCCI Wly-E.ci T-ru rïp- W.- a..- I l W.. I Line 3 to Line 1 (Phase C to A): Minimum: 574.3 V at: 1 O/O8/98 13:02:08 Maximum: 582.4 V at: 1 O/O8/98 13:l4:lg Minimum: Maximum: rcC%uFYIIMYSml.~ acza-ecri-ryr-cr *.ir CUCrrmYLCO1.~ r*. w- vuurn 1-w-L.em UJI 1 I 1 I 1 YL' 1 d 1 1 1 III 1 I I 1 t ,, 111 1 I I I 1 -Ua 1 T d \II n r 7- iinm =ut vm. G, kd. UrvmmM *- I- m- =, Appendix A Page A-6 Current graphs This is the carnpaign summary on the current measured by the instrument: File: C:\ACRNIN\MSPRIl.WMS AC€ 2000 - O CPM Leading-Edge Technology Inc. Type: Wattmeter Measures Start time: 10108198 13:00:03 Time: minutes LI Amps 3ph. Amps Stop tirne: 10l08198 13:37:00 Scale: LI Amps (A) U Amps none Records: 560 L3 Amps none Appendix A Page A-7 SMM #5 Primary Side M5PRLdoc This is a magnification around the points of minimum and maximum : Line 1 (Phase A): Minimum: 802.4 A at: 10108f98 13:30:00 Maximum: 924.9 A at: 10108/98 l3:02:lO Minimum: Maximum: fW C.ucCIIIIIUIMl.*4 LEC~-eC?m~c?~LRr c-1.- ---001L.rh4.c?,-,ir rlt'-Ymrm Tm-- r 1 1 I 1 1 Line 2 (Phase 5): Minimum: 799.7 A at: 10108198 l3:08:36 Maximum: 91 2.3 A at: 10108/98 l3:lO:39 Minimum: ru. C ucmhwsmlwis LC~mbo-OVI~~ryt~lir 1.7 WinnrCly..,"," CGa- t I t I -eh .UA"". a-., -u-w =Lu. 'm. =- =ra Line 3 (Phase C): Minimum: 810.7 A at: 10/08/98 13:07:07 Maximum: 930.2 A al: 10108198 l3:02:lO Minimum: rvc.US-1P(LI1.I* Ac£ -OC= 1-3r-Ix lm YI-*um un * t 1 1- dd.. =u&".r *,- UI.U A".'" (Al ..ow =a =4 -, Appendix A Page A-8 Power graphs The following pages present the summary of sorne power indicators. Active Power This is the campaign surnmary on the active power measured by the instrument: File: C:MCEWlN\MSPR11.WMS ACE 2000 - O CPM Leading-Edge Technology Inc. Type: Wattmeter Measures Start time: 10108198 13:00:03 Time: minutes 3ph. Watts Stop time: 10/08198 13:37:00 Scale: 3ph. Watts (UV) Records: 560 none This is a magnification around the points of minimum and maximum : Minimum: 361.1 k W at: 10108/98 13:01:23 Maximum: 479.7 kWat: 10/08198 13:07:47 Minimum; Maximum: C-. c~ctYllinYsm~.mia uca .ocrr v8-, LL #W --*.nu8 ~c~mm-ccrrui.4iruiirrc TIP.: w- m..-. -- Tm-- 1 I I l 1 --- . Appendix A Page A-9 Reacti've Po wer This is the carnpaign summary on the reactive power measured by the instrument: File: C:\ACONIN\MSPRII.WMS AC€ 2000 - O CPM LeadingZdge Technology Inc. Type: Wattmeter Measures Start tirne: 10108198 13:00:03 lime: minutes 3ph. VArs 63 none Stop time: 10108198 13:37:00 Scale: 3ph. VAn (VAR) none Records: 560 no:: none This is a magnification around the points of minimum and maximum : M~nirnum:696.1 k VAr at: 1 OlO8/98 13:06:12 Maximum: 791 -8 k VAr al: 10/08/98 13:02:08 Minimum: Maximum: ryI c UCE~UULIP~~.~~ AC€I-OC11L.I*-E.cT~Cr Tm. w- - w- -CL I I l - - Appendix A Page A-1 O 8MM#5 Primary Side M5PRL doc Po wer Factor This is the campaign summary on the power factor measured by the instrument: File: C:WCEWIN\MSP~~~~.WMS AC€ ZOO0 - O CPM Leading-Edge Technology Inc. Type: Wattmeter Measures I 5 Start tirne: 10/08/98 13:00:03 Time: minutes Stop time: 10108198 i3:37:00 Scale: 3ph. PF (P.F.) Records: 560 IIIII 1irr1urII ar iu rriaxirriurri. Minimum: 0.442 2: 10108/98 13:Ol:23 Maximum: 0.531 at 10/08/98 13:07:47 Minimum: Maximum: m.. C~c-PIOl~ emm-euœ-*r-k t.r --1.- AcCnm-oui~.L~~- Ilp.. w- *uum I*- -- I 1 1 1 I r I I 1 Appendix A Page A-1 1 Harmonic Measurements Summary The following is a summary of the harmonic measurements that were taken: Line 1 Voltage Data at THD Peak: 1OIOûi98 13:03:47 Order Minimum Maximum Average % fundam. Phase RMS RMS 572.9 V 582.3 V 577.0 V 577.2 V THD 2.909 % 3.996 % 3.628 Oh 3.996 Oh DC 0.020 % 0.160 Oh O. 102 % 0.080 Oh 0.461 V 1st 100.0 Oh 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 0.000 ' 576.8 V 2nd 0.010 % 0.080 % 0.050 % 0.050 % 182.9 ' 0.288 V 3rd 0.030 % 0.240 % 0.111 % 0.130 % 22.10 ' 0.750 V 4th 0.000 % 0.060 % 0.026 % 0.020 % 55.00 ' 0.115 V 5th 1.980 % 2.450 % 2322 Oh 2.370 % 193.1 ' 13.67 V 6th 0.000 % 0.050 % 0.010 % 0.010 Oh 204.4 ' 0.058 V 7th 0.940 % 1.600 % 1.482 % 1.530 % 94.20 ' 8.825 V 8th 0.030 % 0.1 10 % 0.085 % 0.090 % 42.50 ' 0.519 V 9th 0.000 % 0.080 % 0.036 % 0.040 % 201-5 ' 0.231 V 10th 0.000 % 0.100 % 0.056 % 0.060 % 311.3 ' 0.346 V 11th 1.O30 % 1.540 % 1.423 % 1.520 Oh 61.80 ' 8.767 V 12th 0.000 % 0.080 % 0.028 % 0.030 % 61.60 ' 0.173 V 13th 0.640 % 1.130 % 0.988 % 1.O80 % 309.5 ' 6.229 V 14th 0.020 % 0.100 % 0.064 % 0.070 % 280.3 ' 0.404 V 15th 0.000 % 0.070 % 0.018 % 0.020 % 281-6 ' 0.115 v 16th 0.000 % 0.120 % 0.039 % 0.040 % 135.2 ' 0.231 V 17th 0.400 '/O 1.150 % 0.842 % 1 .O50 % 273.2 ' 6.056 V 18th 0.000 % 0.100 % 0.033 % 0.040 % 311.3 ' 0.231 V 19th 0.250 % 1.130 % 0.715 % 0.910 % 170.9 ' 5.249 V 20t h 0.000 Oh 0.130 % 0.031 % 0.030 % 108.5 ' 0.173 V 21st 0.000 % 0.110 % 0.055 % 0.070 % 118.8 ' 0.404 V 22nd 0.000 % 0.130 % 0.045 % 0.040 % 303.3 ' 0.231 V 23rd 0.050 Oh 1.740 % 0.385 % 0.740 % 133.3 " 4.268 V 24th 0.000 % 0.330 % OB47 % 0.020 % 183.9 ' 0.115 V 25th 0.000 % 0.950 % 0.366 Oh 0.630 % 30.40 ' 3.634 V 26th 0.000 % 0.220 % 0.090 % 0.060 % 235.6 ' 0.346 V 27th 0.01 O % 0.180 % 0.106 Oh 0.140 % 353.0 ' 0.807 V 28th 0.000 % 0.160 % 0.075 % 0.070 % 162.2 ' 0.404 V 29th 0.000 % 0.670 % 0.274 % 0.470 % 342.8 ' 2.711 V 30th 0.000 % 0.220 % 0.073 Oh 0.040 % 143.6 ' 0.231 V 31 st 0.020 % 0.700 Oh 0.267 % 0.520 % 255.2 ' 2.999 V 32nd 0.010 % 0.270 % 0.125 % 0.090 % 114.0 ' 0.519 V 33rd 0.010 % 0.190 % 0.1 16 % 0.150 % 226.9 ' 0.865 V 34th 0.000 Oh 0.180 % 0.078 % 0.100 % 53.40 ' 0.577 v 35th 0.000 % 0.570 % 0.321 % 0.420 % 215.8 ' 2.422 V 36!h 0.000 % 0.250 Oh 0.086 % 0.050 % 55.80 ' 0.288 V 37th 0.030 % 0.610 % 0.277 % 0.450 % 134.3 ' 2-595 V 38th 0.000 % 0.240 % 0.094 % 0.050 % 37.00 ' 0.288 V 39th 0.000 % 0.150 % 0.052 % 0.070 % 82.20 ' 0.404 V 40th 0.000 Oh 0.160 % 0.053 % 0.070 Oh 345.0 ' 0.404 V 41st 0.020 % 0.580 % 0.241 % 0.360 Oh 120.6 ' 2.076 V 42nd 0.000 % 0.210 % 0.068 % 0.000 % 265.8 ' 0.000 v 43rd 0.010 Oh 0.530 % 0.233 % 0.430 % 21.60 ' 2.480 V 44th 0.000 % 0.180 % 0.064 % 0.100 % 346.3 ' 0.577 V 45th 0.000 % 0.170 % 0.075 % 0.060 % 229.8 ' 0.346 V 46th 0.000 % 0.400 % 0.100 % 0.080 % 223.2 ' 0.461 V 47th 0.000 % 0.560 % 0.201 % 0.350 Oh 16.00 ' 2.019 V 48th 0.000 % 0.450 % 0.086 % 0.050 % 297.6 " 0.288 V 49th 0.000 Oh 0.570 % 0.256 ?O 0.420 % 252.5 ' 2.422 V 50th O O00 % 0.280 % 0.084 % 0.140 % 221.9 ' 0.807 V Recording frorn: 10/08/9813:00:03 To: 10i08198 13:37:00 Appendix A Page A-12 Line 1 Curent Data a1 THO Peak: 10108/98 13:30:W Order Minimum Maximum Average RMS RMS 802.4 A 924.9 A 838.8 A 802.4 A THD 13.67 % 17.13 % 16.17 % oc 0.550 % 1.350 % 0.91 1 % 8.700 A 1st 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 790.9 A 2nd 0.150 % 0.580 % 0.378 % 3.480 A 3rd 0.510 % 0.850 % 0.695 % 5.220 A 4th 0.000 % 0.340 % 0.133 % 0.712 A 5th 12.28 Oh 14.30 % 13.71 % 111.8 A 6th 0.000 % 0.290 % 0.063 % 0.079 A 7th 4.600 % 5.870 % 5.524 Oh 45.08 A 8th 0.080 % 0.310 % 0.206 Oh 1.424 A 9th 0.010 Oh 0.230 % 0.084 OA 0.237 A 10th 0.010 % 0.300 % 0.145 % 0.870 A 11th 3.100 Oh 4.840 % 4.355 % 38.28 A 12th 0.000 % 0.250 % 0.072 % 0.000 A 13th 1.710 % 3.250 Oh 2.796 % 25.31 A 14th 0.080 % 0.300 Oh 0.183 % 1.344 A 15th O 000 Oh O. 190 Oh 0.066 % 0.395 A 16th 0.000 Oh 0.280 % 0.131 % 1.028 A 17th 1.100 % 3.080 % 2.486 % 24.28 A 18th 0.000 % 0.260 % 0.080 % 0.158 A 19th 0.550 % 2.290 Oh 1.749 % 18.11 A 20th 0.020 % 0.280 Oh 0.168 % 1.186 A 21st 0.000 % 0.150 % 0.036 % 0.158 A 22nd 0.000 Oh 0.260 % 0.110 % 1.186 A 23rd 0.170 % 2.470 % 1.545 % 16.53 A 24th 0.000 % 0.590 % 0.078 % 0.237 A 25th 0.020 % 1.540 % 1.O82 % 12.18 A 26th 0.010 % 0.270 % 0.136 % 1.107 A 27th 0.000 % 0.140 % 0.047 % 0.237 A 28th 0.000 % 0.220 % 0.085 Oh 0.870 A 29th 0.050 % 1 -360 % 0.817 % 10.44 A 30th 0.000 % 0.250 % 0.072 % 0.237 A 31st 0.030 Oh 0.990 % 0.558 % 7.830 A 32nd 0.000 % 0.200 % 0.081 % 0.791 A 33rd 0.000 % 0.130 % 0.041 Oh 0.000 A 34th 0.000 Oh 0.160 % 0.061 % 0.554 A 35th 0.020 Oh 0.950 % 0.389 Oh 7.513 A 36th 0.000 % 0.240 % 0.066 % 0.079 A 37th 0.020 % 0.730 % 0.289 % 5.773 A 38th 0.000 % 0.180 % 0.055 % 0.870 A 39th 0.000 % 0.110 Oh 0.028 % 0.158 A 40th 0.000 % 0.160 Oh 0.050 % 0.554 A 41st 0.040 % 0.630 Oh 0.309 % 4.903 A 42nd 0.000 % 0.21 0 Oh 0.060 % 0.158 A 43rd 0.030 % 0.490 % 0.224 % 3.796 A 44th 0.000 Oh 0.120 % 0.048 % 0.554 A 45th 0.000 % 0.100 % 0.029 % 0.000 A 46th 0.000 Oh 0.370 % 0.078 % 0.554 A 47th 0.030 % 0.430 % 0,265 % 3.401 A 48th 0.000 % 0.380 % 0.061 % 0.000 A 49th 0.020 % 0.360 % 0.193 % 2.867 A 50th O O00 % 0.240 % 0.054 % 0.237 A Recording frorn: 1 O/O8/98 13:00:03 To: 10/08/981 3:37:00 Appêndix A Page A-1 3 Line 2 Voltage Data at THO Peak: 10108i98 13:03:47 Order Minimum Maximum Average Phase RMS RMS 576.4 V 585.0 V 580.2 V 580.7 V THD 2.543 % 3.847 O.4 3.467 % DC 0.010 % 0.090 % 0.048 % 0.232 V 1st 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 O16 239.9 ' 580.2 V 2nd 0.01 0 Oh 0.100 O16 0.048 % 296.8 ' 0.232 V 3rd 0.130 % 0.350 % 0.256 % 33.60 ' 1.335 V 4th 0.000 Oh 0.080 % 0.047 % 328.6 ' 0.174 V 5th 1.840 Oh 2.280 % 2.168 Oh 311.2' 12.94 V 6th 0.000 % 0.050 Oh 0.016 % 34.30 ' 0.058 V 7th 0.960 % 1.650 % 1.497 % 331.2 ' 9.052 V 8th 0.030 Oh 0.100 % 0.079 % 166.0 ' 0.406 V 9t h 0.000 Oh 0.070 % 0.031 % 352.1 ' 0.232 V 10th 0.020 Oh 0.140 % 0.086 % 178.0 ' 0.406 V 1lth 0.870 % 1.430 Oh 1.330 O/& 178.5 ' 8.181 V 12th 0.000 Oh 0.090 Oh 0.033 % 196.1 ' 0.174 V 13th 0.600 % 1.100 % 0.921 % f 82.9 ' 5.976 V 14th 0.000 Oh 0.080 % 0.036 % 9.700 ' 0.116 V 15th 0.000 % 0.080 Oh 0.036 Oh 112.0 ' 0.232 V 16th 0.000 % 0.100 % 0.037 Oh 350.6 ' 0.174 V 17th 0.360 % 1.O70 % 0.791 % 29.50 ' 5.744 v 18th 0.000 % 0.140 % 0.039 % 39.60 ' 0.174 V 19th 0.250 % 1.110 Oh 0.658 % 38-40 ' 5.048 V 20th 0.000 Oh 0.1 10 % 0.051 Oh 122.9 ' 0.232 V 21 st 0.000 Oh 0.100 % 0.034 % 334.8 ' 0.290 V 22nd 0.000 % 0.140 Oh 0.065 Oh 147.2 ' 0.464 V 23rd 0.070 % 1.O60 Oh 0.389 Oh 251.3 ' 4.236 V 24th 0.000 % O. 160 Oh 0.042 % 234.4 ' 0.290 V 25th 0.000 % 0.900 % 0.319 % 250.4 ' 3.539 v 26th 0.000 % 0.210 % 0.115 % 336.6 ' 0.580 V 27th 0.000 % 0.130 % 0.059 % 180.5 ' 0.522 V 28th 0.010 Oh 0.230 % 0.140 % 11.70' 0.928 V 29th 0.020 % 0.680 % 0.261 Oh 106.9 ' 3.017 V 30th 0.000 % 0.160 % 0.050 Oh 39.50 ' 0.406 V 31st 0.020 % 0.700 % 0.328 % 109.1 ' 3.191 V 32nd 0.000 % 0.250 % 0.118 % 212.6 ' 0.580 V 33rd 0.000 % 0.140 % 0.065 % 52-00 ' 0.464 V 34th 0.000 % 0.250 % 0.151 % 246.7 ' 0.928 V 35th 0.020 % 0.600 % 0.302 % 339.5 ' 2.611 V 36th 0.000 % 0.1 70 % 0.057 % 260.8 ' 0.464 V 37th 0.050 % 0.620 % 0.292 % 352.7 ' 2.553 V 38th 0.000 % 0.210 % 0.067 % 95.60 ' 0.116 V 39th 0.000 % 0.140 % 0.055 % 284.5 ' 0.116 V 40th 0.000 % 0.180 % 0.070 % 182.0 ' 0.174 V 41st 0.000 Oh 0.570 % 0.245 % 230.3 ' 2.205 V 42nd 0.000 % 0.140 % 0.047 % 115.2 ' 0.174 V 43rd 0.000 Oh 0.550 % 0.228 % 249.5 ' 2.321 V 44th 0.000 % 0.200 % 0.059 % 126.4 ' 0.522 V 45th 0.000 % 0.190 % 0.077 % 31 SO ' 0.058 V 46th 0.000 % 0.390 % 0.101 % 164.6 ' 0.638 V 47th 0.000 % 0.600 % 0.216 % 112.3 ' 1.741 V 48th 0.000 % 0.370 % 0.083 % 129.5 ' 0.464 V 49th 0.000 % 0.610 % 0.228 % 129.0 ' 1.857 V 50th 0.000 Oh 0.360 % 0.085 % 350.5 ' 0.928 V Recording from: 10108198 l3:OO:O3 To: 10108198 13:37:00 Appendix A Page A-14 BMM #5 Primary Side IH5PRL doc Line 2 Cument Data at THO Peak: 10108198 13:17:39 Order Minimum Maximum Average %fundam. Phase RMS RMS 799.7 A 912.3 A 827.9 A 811.6 A THD 13.93 % 17.04 % 16.05 % OC 0.520 % 1.490 % 0.903 % 9.920 A 1st 106.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 800.0 A 2nd O. 180 Oh 0.540 % 0.370 % 3.520 A 3rd 0.460 % 0.980 % 0.703 % 6.640 A 4th 0.000 % 0.380 % 0.117 % 1.920 A 5th 12.28 % 13.96 % 13.50 % 111.5 A 6th 0.000 Oh 0.250 % 0.050 % 0.%0 A 7th 5.140 % 6.230 % 5.845 % 49.60 A 8t h 0.010 % 0.290 "/O 0.163 % 2.000 A 9th 0.000 % 0.160 % 0.044 % 0.400 A 10th 0.010 % 0.340 % 0.155 % 1.920 A 11th 2.970 Oh 4.520 % 4.095 % 35.76 A 12th 0.000 % 0.240 % 0.052 Oh 0.960 A 13th 1.980 Oh 3.470 Oh 3.043 % 27.44 A 14th 0.000 % 0.240 % 0.1 13 % 1.840 A 15th 0.000 Oh 0.120 Oh 0.035 % 0.160 A 16th 0.010 % 0.410 % 0.173 % 2.160 A 17th 0.990 % 2.830 % 2.252 % 21.m A 18th 0.000 % 0.220 % 0.053 Oh 0.880 A 19th 0.670 % 2.540 Oh 1.956 % 20.00 A 20th 0.000 Oh 0.270 % 0.104 % 2.160 A 21st 0.000 Oh 0.160 % 0.035 % 0.000 A 22nd 0.020 % 0.340 % 0.173 % 2.160 A 23rd 0.140 % 2.320 % 1.351 % 14.80 A 24th 0.000 % 0.200 % 0.052 % 0.880 A 25th 0.000 % 1.820 % 1.214 % 13.52 A 26th 0.000 % 0.250 % 0.080 Oh 1.840 A 27th 0.000 % 0.120 % 0.029 % 0.080 A 28th 0.010 % 0.240 % 0.127 Oh 1.760 A 29th 0.010 Oh 1.150 % 0.678 % 8.400 A 30th 0.000 % 0.230 % 0.047 % 0.800 A 31st 0.030 % 1.230 % 0.626 % 9.280 A 32nd 0.000 % 0.180 % 0.059 % 1.440 A 33rd 0.000 % 0.110 % 0.024 % 0.240 A 34th 0.000 % 0.190 ?4 0.081 % 1.120 A 35th 0.000 % 0.770 % 0.320 % 5.440 A 36th 0.000 Oh 0.170 % 0.041 % 0.720 A 37th 0.030 % 0.890 % 0.376 % 6.640 A 38th 0.000 % 0.180 % 0.059 % 1.200 A 39th 0.000 % 0.100 Oh 0.018 % 0.160 A 40th 0.000 % 0.160 % 0.057 % 0.960 A 41st 0.000 % 0.540 % 0.253 % 3.840 A 42nd 0.000 % 0.140 % 0.039 % 0.400 A 43rd 0.020 Oh 0.640 % 0.308 Oh 4.400 A 44th 0.000 % 0.190 % 0.058 % 0.800 A 45th 0.000 % 0.090 % 0.020 % 0.160 A 46th 0.000 % 0.330 % 0.079 % 0.720 A 47th 0.010 % 0.380 % 0.210 % 2.240 A 48th 0.000 % 0.350 % 0.058 % 0.480 A 49th 0.000 % 0.440 Oh 0.272 % 3.040 A 50th 0.000 % 0.260 % 0.059 % 0.560 A Recording from: 10/08/98l3:OO:O3 To: 1O/O8/98 13:37:00 Appendix A Page A-1 5 Line 3 Voltage Data at THD Peak: 10108198 t3:lg:O6 Order Minimum Maximum Average Phase RMS RMS 574.3 v 582.4 V 578.0 V 578.2 V THD 2.654 % 3.889 % 3.557 % oc 0.000 % 0.190 % 0.046 Oh 0.231 V 1st 100.0 % 100.0 Oh 100.0 % 119*6' 577.8 V 2 nd 0.010 % 0.130 % 0.041 % 30.50 ' 0.116 V 3rd 0.240 % 0.470 % 0.354 Oh 204.7 ' 2.253 V 4th 0.000 % 0.070 % 0.044 % 216.4 ' 0.058 V 5th 2.010 % 2.450 Oh 2.317 Oh 74.10 ' 12.48 V 6th 0.000 % 0.050 % 0.015 % 81 .O0 ' 0.000 v 7th CI 890 % 1.550 % 1.421 % 21 0.9 ' 6.182 V 8th 0.030 % 0.110 Oh 0.080 % 266.7 ' 0.289 V 9th 0.000 % 0.070 % 0.033 % 157.9 ' 0.058 V 10th 0.000 Oh 0.100 Oh 0.053 % 48.20 ' 0.173 V 11th 0.950 % 1.550 % 1.437 % 298.9 ' 8.147 V 12th 0.000 % 0.080 % 0.020 % 298.7 ' 0.116 V 13th 0.530 % 1.000 % 0.859 Oh 62.50 ' 5.431 V 14th 0.020 % 0.1 10 % 0.064 Oh 121.4 ' 0.462 V 15th 0.000 % 0.110 % 0.050 % 13.80 ' 0.173 V 16th 0.000 % 0.090 Oh 0.030 % 296.2 ' 0.347 V 17th 0.430 % 1.zoo % 0.887 % 156.6 ' 6.471 V 18th 0.000 Oh 0.140 % 0.045 % 159.9 ' 0.173 V 19th 0.180 % 1.010 % 0.560 Oh 290.8 ' 5.547 v 20th 0.000 % 0.110 % 0.045 % 346.2 ' 0.578 V 21st 0.000 % 0.110 % 0.049 % 246.6 ' 0.058 V 22nd 0.000 % 0.190 % 0.059 % 148.3 ' 0.404 V 23rd 0.080 % 1.200 % 0.436 % 24.10 ' 5.258 V 24th 0.000 % 0.360 '/O 0.068 % 9.900 ' 0.231 V 25th 0.000 Oh 0.820 % 0.238 % 161.6 ' 4.507 V 26th 0.000 % 0.280 Oh 0.089 % 224.6 ' 0.578 V 27th 0.000 % 0.120 Oh 0.049 Oh 195.2 ' 0.173 V 28th 0.000 % 0.270 % 0.1 17 '/O 14.10 ' 0.347 V 29th 0.000 % 0.770 % 0.257 Oh 242.4 ' 3.871 V 30th 0.000 % 0.270 % 0.076 % 266.2 ' 0.289 V 31 st 0.020 % 0.570 % 0.241 % 21.50 ' 3.120 V 32nd 0.010 % 0.210 Oh 0.110 % 89.40 ' 0.404 V 33rd 0.000 % 0.150 % 0.059 Oh 71.20 ' 0.289 V 34th 0.000 % 0.270 Oh 0.1 18 % 238.6 ' 0.231 V 35th 0.020 % 0.680 % 0.303 % 88.70 ' 3.698 V 361 h 0.000 % 0.270 % 0.067 % 124.2 ' 0.404 V 37th 0.020 % 0.470 % 0.223 % 233.7 ' 2.716 V 38th 0.000 % 0.140 % 0.062 % 299.4 ' 0.693 V 39th 0.000 % 0.180 % 0.048 % 319.9 ' 0.578 V 40th 0.000 Oh 0.170 % 0.074 % 110.7' 0.231 V 4 1st 0.020 % 0.660 Oh 0.264 % 308.2 3.813 V 42nd 0.000 Oh 0.260 % 0.060 % 8.300 ' 0.578 V 43rd 0.000 % 0.490 % 0.180 % 92.00 ' 2.369 V 44th 0.000 % 0.150 % 0.065 % 159.4 ' 0.693 V 45th 0.000 % 0.200 % 0.056 % 210.0 ' 0.751 V 46th 0.000 % 0.400 % 0.105 % 254.1 ' 0.173 V 47th 0.000 % 0.660 % 0.257 % 170.8 ' 3.698 V 48th 0.000 % 0.350 Oh 0.087 % 245.0 ' 0.462 V 49th 0.000 % 0.500 % 0.199 % 306.6 ' 2.080 V 50th 0.000 % 0.270 % 0.107 % 17.90 ' 0.982 V Recording from: 1O/O8/98 13:00:03 To: 1O/O8/98 l3:V:OO Appendix A Page A-1 6 Line 3 Current Dab at THD Peak: 10108198 13:14:39 Order Minimum Maximum Average Phase RMS RMS 810.7 A 930.2 A 843.2 A 813.4 A THD 13.39 % 16.91 % 15.92 Oh DC 0.300 % 1.O70 % 0.732 % 6.897 A 1st 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 Oh 207.5 ' 802.0 A 2nd 0.080 % 0.570 % 0.327 % 359.4 - 2.887 A 3rd 0.000 % 0.400 % 0.124 % 74.10 ' 1.203 A 4th 0.010 % 0.320 % 0.153 % 74.60 ' 1.283 A 5th 11-98% 14.03 % 13.48 % 12.40 ' 112.5 A 6th 0.000 % 0.240 % 0.065 % 31 -80 ' 0.080 A 7th 4.730 % 6.000 % 5.595 % 90.70 ' 48.12 A 8th 0.100 % 0.300 % 0.180 % 210.1 ' 1.604 A 9th 0.000 % 0.200 % 0.095 % 47.40 ' 1.203 A 10th 0.000 % 0.260 % 0.123 % 302.5 ' 1.123 A 1 lth 2.950 % 4.610 % 4.164 % 235.0 ' 36.09 A 12th 0.000 % 0.260 % 0.070 % 18.20 ' 0.080 A f 3th 1.770% 3.250 % 2.856 % 307.4 ' 25.99 A 14th 0.070 % 0.260 % 0.165 % 58.20 ' 1.283 A 15th 0.000 % 0.180 % 0.065 % 286.0 0.561 A 16th 0.010 % 0.250 % 0.126 % 154.0 ' 1.203 A 17th 1.O00 % 2.940 % 2.333 % 95.70 ' 21.90 A 16th 0.000 % 0.300 % 0.079 % 259.8 ' 0.241 A 19th 0.590 % 2.330 % 1.830 % 170.8 ' 18.45 A 20th 0.050 % 0.280 % 0.175 % 283.2 ' 1.283 A 21st 0.000 % 0.130 % 0.049 % 169.8 ' 0.561 A 22nd 0.010 % 0.260 % 0.132 % 16.60 ' 1.203 A 23rd 0.150 % 2.330 % 1.418 % 324.7 ' 13.96 A 24th 0.000 Oh 0.580 % 0.079 % 82.80 ' 0.080 A 25th 0.000 % 1.670 % 1.130 % 39.30 ' 13.07 A 26th 0.010 Oh 0.250 % 0.1 35 % 173.7 ' 0.962 A 27th 0.000 % 0.130 % 0.037 % 14.50 ' 0.481 A 26th 0.010 % 0.220 % 0.101 % 244.7 ' 1.283 A 2Sth 0.030 % 1.230 O/o 0.730 % 193.0 ' 8.502 A 30th 0.000 % 0.280 % 0.070 % 357 .O ' 0.000 A 31st 0.010 % 1.O70 % 0.562 Oh 263.6 ' 7.940 A 32nd 0.000 % 0.200 % 0.087 % 30.10 ' 0.561 A 33rd 0.000 % 0.110 % 0.029 % 235.6 ' 0.481 A 341 h 0.000 % 0.170 % 0.075 % 109.7 ' 0.722 A 35th 0.000 % 0.870 Oh 0.365 % 53.60 ' 5.213 A 36th 0.000 % 0.230 % 0.064 % 15.70 ' 0.080 A 37th 0.020 % 0.780 Oh 0.319 O-4 123.5 ' 5.213 A 38th 0.000 % 0.160 % 0.070 % 232.4 ' 0.401 A 39th 0.000 % 0.110 % 0.029 % 7 07.3 0.160 A 40th 0.000 % 0.1 70 % 0.072 % 300.0 ' 0.401 A 41st 0.040 % 0.600 % 0.287 % 275.7 ' 3.288 A 42nd 0.000 % 0.200 % 0.054 % 167.4 ' 0.000 A 43rd 0.040 % 0-520 % 0.271 % 346.9 ' 3.689 A 44th 0.000 % 0.170 % 0.058 % 70.70 ' 0.241 A 45th 0.000 % 0.100 % 0.026 % 31 -50 ' 0.160 A 46th 0.000 % 0.370 % 0.101 % 210.2 ' 0.401 A 47th 0.030 % 0.400 % 0.239 % 132.5 ' 1.925 A 48th 0.000 % 0.370 % 0.066 % 75.60 ' 0.000 A 49th 0.000 % 0.410 % 0.242 % 209.3 ' 2.246 A 50th 0.000 % 0.320 % 0.052 % 288.4 ' 0.160 A Recording from: 10/08/98l3:OO:O3 To: 1 O/O8/9813:37:00 Appertdix A Page A-1 7 THD Graphs This is the campaign summary on THD of all channels measured by the instrument: Voltage: File: C:iACEWIN\MSPRIl.HMS AC€ 2000 - O CPM Leading-Edge Technology Inc Type: iiannonic Analyzer Measures Start:l 0108198 13:00:03 Time: minutes LI-v THD Y fund. ->,- none 1 mox runa. none Stop10108198 13:37:00 Scale: u.v Records: 560 Li-V THO % fund. (%) LEVTMD%lund none StaR:10108/98 13:00:03 Time: minutes Stop:f0/08/98 13:37:00 Scale: Records: 560 LI-l THD % fund- (Yo) Appendix A Page A-1 8 SMM #5 Primary Side M5PR/.doc This is a magnification around the points of maximum : Maximum Line 1 Voltage THO: 3.996 *A at 10/08/98 13:03:47 Maximum Line 1 Current THO: 17.13 % at 1O/O8/98 l3:3O:OO Maximum Voltage: Maximum Current: r.r: C:V.c~rnl~ .CLIII-m--r-u RCUZIII*IM(JI. .CL-mCm-r~LL r*-A"&,zu- 1*--- a I 4 3 d T ti 13 m n m H SmI- 1191 E4 -* L--SY - -1-1LIIS TLIT- mLY%l*- So IOp'l~~1-010. m- m- .srt-t~- m- m- -.: YI LIUI)(OU(WN- ~d~u L14 rYOXW.ml m- m- m- m- - Maximum Line 2 Voltage THD: 3.847 % at 1O/O8/98 1 Maximum Line 2 Current THO: 17.04 % at: 10108198 13:17:39 Maximum Voltage: Maximum Current: rn.: C.UCEYIIWUIPBl.HYI AcEroa-acm-r+r-L. r@XcucmnuPa1*lo ucaoo -ac.rt..yzy. rw*r rv w- rr~pr u..- I--....CIII.kWn z J i 4 4 ? I* IS n L- Y a1 mLYt.8lsm.m .-4-1 a- .lUc>- I:.01:0( kllrm .- -1- 1S.U.l. 1~1- TI 07:- -. m- m- -1- 11.37.00 W.I-- m- m- ad.: w UYT*DIIW.M m- m- -ma U4IWDXM(XI I- m- Maximum Line 3 Voltage THD: 3.889 % at: 10/08/98 13:19:06 Maximum Line 3 Current THD: 16.91 % at: 10108/98 13:14:39 Maximum Current: ~aAtCWII\UCAI)(IO UEllD -OCW -4- 1-e 11c-WPl- I T I I I I 11 Appendix A Page A-1 9 Spectrum and Waveform graphs These are the spectrum and waveforrn when the maximum THD has been reached for each voltage channel: Line 1 Voltage: THD:4.00% RMS: 577.2 v 3d:O. 13% 5th:~-37% Spectrum Wavefom Line 2 Voltage: THD:3.85% RMS: 580.7 v 3rd:O. 23% 5th:2.23% Sp ectrum Wave fo rm Amendix A Page A-20 These are the spectrum and wavefom when the maximum THD has been reached for each current channel: Line 2 Curent: THD:17.04% RMS: 811.6A 3rd:0.83% 5th:13.94% Spectrum Wavefcrm Line 3 Curent: THD:16.9 1% RMS: 81 3.4 A 3rd:U. 15% 5th: 14.03% Appendix A Page A-2 1 Appendix A Case Study No. 1 Appendix A BMM #5 Secondary Power Report This is a report on the measurements taken with the Ace 2000 instrument. Those measurements have been collected from: 10/08/98 11 :30:M to: 1O/O8/98 11 :39:56. The following is a short description of the reasons for the measurement campaign: Hannonic analysis is perforrned in order to provide data for hamonic filter design. These sets of measurements were carried on secondary side of Blow Molding Machine No. 5 (BMM #5) transformer. The report is divided into 2 different parts: Report on the power measurements taken by the instrument O/, I, Hz, W, VA, VArs, etc.) Report on the hamonic measurements taken by the instrument on voltage and current Po wer Measurements Summary The following is a summary of the power measurements that were taken in wattmeter mode: Measurement Minimum value Maximum value Average of measures LI2 Volts 388.3 393.2 391.2 L23 Volts 387.6 393.0 390.8 L31 Volts 389.0 394.5 392.1 3ph. Volts 388.6 393.4 391-4 Li Amps 1.129 k 1.320 k 1.l8S k U Amps 1.138 k 1.272 k 1.178 k L3 Amps 1.130 k 1.265 k 1.171 k 3ph. Amps 1.139 k 1.286 k 1.178 k 3ph. VArs 652.7 k 737.7 k 687.2 k 3ph. Watts 346.9 k 464.8 k 385.8 k LI Watts 117.1 k 161-3 k 131.5 k U Watts 114.2 k 145.0 k 125.6 k L3 Watts 114.3 k 162.2 k 128.7 k 3ph. PF 0.447 L 0.535 L 0.483 N-G Volts 0.000 0.000 0.000 Neutral Amps. 0.105 0.348 0.1 13 LIN Voits 224.6 227 8 226.5 UNVolts 223.3 226.2 225.0 L3N Vofts 224-7 227.6 226.4 Appendix A page A-23 Voltage graphs (Phase to Neutrai) This is the campaign summary on the phase ta neutraf voltages measured by the instrument: File: C:\ACEWIN\MSZNDl S1.WMS ACE 2000 -O CPM Leading-Edge Technology Inc, Type: Wattmeter Measures Start tirne: 10/08/98 11:30:04 Time: minutes LIN Volts " none Stop tirne: 10108198 11:39:56 Scale: L1N Volts (V) L2N Volts :none Records: 248 L3N Volts none Appendix A page A-24 SMM #5 Secondaw Side M5sec. doc . - This is a rnagnification around the points of minimum and maximum : Line 1 to Neutral (Phase A): Minimum: 224.6 V at: 10108198 1l:35:57 Maximum: 227.8 V at: 10108198 1 13508 Minimum: Line 2 to Neutral (Phase 6): Minimum: 223.3 V at: 10108198 11:33:58 Maximum: 226.2 V at: 10108198 11:34:53 Minimum: CM cucmuwmms1.ma ACEZOW-QCULilrl4h1.520iClk 1,w rI- Y..*- Line 3 to Neutral (Phase C): Minimum: 224.7 V al: 10108198 1 1:33:S8 Maximum: 227.6 V at: 1OlO8l98 1 1:35:08 Minimum: Maximum: Fu:C~C~~I~1I.nus MXrri-CC- rrii.44Wl-Cr CL CUCLIIIYU*O111.~ TIC:-- Appendix A page A-25 BMM #5 Secondaty Side M5sec. doc Voltage graphs (Phase to Phase) This is the carnpaign surnmary on the phase to phase voltages measured by the instrument: File: C:\ACEWIN\MSZNDISl.WMS AC€ 2000 -O CPM Leading-Edge Technology Inc. Type: Wattmeter Measures Start tirne: 10108198 11:30:04 Time: minutes Li2 Volts ni 3ph. Volts Stop time: 10108198 11:39:56 Scale: LI2 Volts (V) L23 Vok :none Records: 248 L31 Volts none Amendix A page A-26 t3MM#5 Secondary Side M5sec.doc This is a magnification around the points of minimum and maximum : Line 1 to Line 2 (Phase A to B): Minimum: 388.3 V at: 10/08/98 11:39:00 Maximum: 393.2 V at: 10108198 11 :34:55 Minimum: rwCi.tZIIUIIUP(Dt.l.*ID .QI-.CCILilll.C~rn-= 1mwemt.e"- =LllV.R, ..ri.. --LI1YD*. M m. =- IV =, Line 2 to Line 3 (Phase B to C): Minimum: 387.6 V al: 10108198 1 1 :33:58 Maximum: 393.0 V at: 10106198 1 113420 Minimum: Maximum: rlk CK~~lXMOtll).IIs usror -ocmL.aq4.C T.slinQq*Y teci.c~muusmmat- ACL ama -oc- ~-*hTor*loiq~b= lm. W.- m...- lm.. -Y- i 1 h- =Uavrs m~ WrUlYaaM =, m-- =- =mm Line 3 to Line 7 (Phase C to A): Minimum: 389.0 V at: 10108198 1 l:39:44 Maximum: 394.5 V at: 10108198 11:35:08 Minimum: Appendix A page A-27 Current graphs This is the carnpaign summary on the cunent measured by the instrument: File: C:UlCi3VIN\M52NDlSiiWMS AC€ 2000 -O CPM Leading-Edge Technology Inc. Type: Wattmeter Measures Start tirne: 10108198 11 :30:04 Time: minutes LI Amps 1 3ph. Amps Stop tirne: 10108198 11 :39:56 Scale: L1 Arnps (A) L2 Amps :none Records: 248 U Amps clone Appendix A page A-28 BMM#5 Secondary Side M5sec. doc This is a magnification around the points of minimum and maximum : Line 1 (Phase A): Minimum: 1.129 k A at: 10108/98 1 1:35:14 Maximum: 1.320 k A al: 10108/98 1 1:39:00 Minimum: Maximum: r(LE c.UCCIII(IIIMtsI.- Line 2 (Phase 8): Minimum: 1.138 k A at: 10/08/98 11:34:51 Maximum: 1 272 k A al: 10108198 11:39:00 Minimum: TUc UCCIHMYULOlSl mr ACEAlO -OCCIUmXhT-k r,v. w.1Plm Y..."... I . 1 : ' . 1 i Line 3 (Phase C): Minimum: 1.130 k A at: 10108198 1 1:35:48 Maximum: 1.265 k A at: 1O/O8/98 1 1:35:57 Minimum: SWWlM.IYl1lJU 1D.m lw.NlIU~7 Appendix A page A-29 BMM #5 Secondaty Side M'c.doc Po wer graphs The following pages present the summary of some power indicators. Active Power This is the campaign summary on the active power measured by the instrument: File: C:UiCEWIN\M52NDt SI.WMS AC€ 2000 - O CPM Leading-Edge Techriology Inc, Type: Wattmeter Measures Start time: 10/08198 11:30:04 Time: minutes 3ph. Watts "one Stop D'me: 10108198 11:39:56 Scale: 3ph. Watts ON) Records: 248 none This is a magnification around the points of minimum and maximum : Minimum: 346.9 k w at: 10108i98 11:38:20 Maximum: 464.8 k W at: 10108198 11 :39:00 Minimum: Maximum: FkC.-UblSl.WS u;Eiri-CWuiill4iyT.Orq-C Appendix A page A-30 BMM#5 Secondaty Side M5sec.doc Reactive Po wer This is the campaign summary on the reactive power measured by the instrument: File: C:\ACRNIN\MSZNDlS1.WMS ACE 2000 - O CPM Leading-Edge Technology Inc. Type: Wattmeter Measures Start time: 10108198 11 :30:04 lime: minutes 3ph. VArs none Stop tirne: 10/08198 11 3956 Scale: 3ph. VArs (VAR) none none Records: 248 none none This is a magnification around the points of minimum and maximum : Minimum: 652.7 k VAr at: 10/08/98 1 1 :35:07 Maximum: 737.7 k VAr at 10108f98 1 1 :35:57 Minimum: Maximum: Fki CYSEV(IHLI~~*O(SI.)~~~~~ UErio-acrr~<.cT!?aiqsrr Appendix A page A-31 BMM #5 Secondarv SHe M5sec. doc Power Factor This is the campaign surnrnary on the power factor measured by the instrument: File: C:\ACEWIN\M52NDl S1.WMS AC€ 2000 - O CPM Leading-Edge Technology Inc. Type: Wattmeter Measures t 1 1 lj 0.600 - ' I I I f i I I I , i l OSSO - O I I 1 I 1 0.500 -' tI $pd1/* i t ! 0.450 - t I j 1 i 1 0.400 -' 1 0.350 -* * 3 1 32 33 34 35 36 3 7 38 33 Start time: 10/08/98 i1 :30:04 Tirne: minutes none Stop time: 10108198 11 :39:56 Scale: 3ph. PF (P.F.) none Records: 248 none This is a magnification around the points of minimum and maximum: Minimum: 0.447 at: 10108/98 11 :38:20 Maximum: 0.535 at: 10108198 1 1 :39:00 Minimum: rue C.~~HLUMolI1.IW uEm.ocrrurir€ri.rm~ Appendix A page A-32 BMM #5 Secondaw Skie M5sec.dm Harmonic Measurements Summary The following is a surnmary of the harmonie measurements that were taken: Line 7 Voltage Oata at THD Peak: 10108t98 11:38:23 Order Minimum Maximum Average Phase RMS RMS 388.3 V 393.2 V 391.2 V 390.3 v THO 6.816 % 10.03 % 9.235 % OC 0.060 % 0.280 % 0.126 % 0.505 V 1st 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 0.000 ' 388.3 V 2nd 0.010 Oh 0.130 % 0.069 % 263.5 ' 0.311 V 3rd 0.260 Oh 0.490 Oh 0.372 '/O 109.0 ' 1.320 V 4th 0.020 % 0.120 % 0.066 Oh 204.0 - 0.194 V 5th 4 860 % 5.260 % 5.1 16 % 13.40 ' 19.80 V 6th 0.000 % 0.070 % 0.024 % 227.3 ' 0.078 V 7th 2.820 % 3-310 % 3.151 % 277.1 ' 12.47 V 8th 0.120 Oh 0.220 % 0.160 % 310.1 ' 0.660 V 91 h 0.030 % 0.120 % 0.063 % 173.2 ' 0.272 V 10th 0.050 Oh 0.190 % 0.109 % 211.6 ' 0.388 V 1 lth 2.720 % 3-560 % 3.439 % 63.40 ' 13.40 V 12th 0.000 % 0.140 % 0.042 % 320.1 ' 0.078 V 13th 1.810 % 2.750 % 2.601 % 318.1 ' 10.68 V 14th 0.100 % 0.250 Oh 0.167 O! 357.1 ' 0.699 V 15th 0.000 % 0.160 % 0.061 % 243.8 ' 0.233 V 16th 0.050 % 0.260 % 0.125 % 254.8 ' 0.427 V 17th 1.510 '/a 3.040 % 2.737 Oh 106.7 ' 1 1.46 V 18th 0.000 % 0.200 % 0.060 % 276.6 ' 0.039 V 19th 0.970 % 2.570 % 2.276 % 5.900 ' 9.980 V 20th 0.090 % 0.300 % 0.182 % 37.60 ' 0.738 V 2 1sl 0.010 % 0.210 % o.on ./, 287.4 ' 0.233 V 22nd 0.010 % 0.290 Oh 0.1 12 % 298.3 ' 0.349 V 23rd O 510 % 2.430 % 2.066 % 158.3 ' 9.009 V 24th 0.000 % 0.280 % 0.078 % 324.0 ' 0.194 V 25th 0.230 % 2.140 % 1.757 % 58.00 ' 8.310 V 26th 0.000 % 0.240 Oh 0.116 % 70.60 ' 0.505 V 27th 0.000 % 0.270 % 0.1 16 % 8.500 ' 0.272 V 28th 0.000 % 0.240 Oh 0.089 % 316.2 ' 0.272 V 29th 0.030 % 1.760 % 1.368 % 206.7 6.485 V 30th 0.om Oh 0.280 % 0.094 % 30.90 ' 0.194 V 31st 0.140 % 1.780 Oh 1.279 % 102.1 ' 6.912 V 32nd 0.020 % 0.260 Oh 0.137 % 110.7 ' 0.621 V 33rd 0.020 % 0.290 % 0.134 % 46.70 * 0.311 V 34th 0.000 % 0.320 % 0.117% 0.800 ' 0.388 V 35th 0.020 % 1.560 % 1.109 % 254.1 ' 5.631 V 36th 0.000 % 0.300 % 0.094 % 62-50 ' 0.311 V 37th 0.000 % 1.740 % 1.104 % 152.5 ' 6.757 V 38th 0.020 % 0.330 Oh 0.134 % 192.3 ' 0.699 V 39th 0.000 % 0.260 % 0.102 Oh 46.20 ' 0.660 V 40th 0.000 % 0.380 % 0.138 % 102.4 ' 0.544 V 41st 0.030 % 1.400 % 0.963 % 312.7 ' 5.048 V 42nd 0.000 % 0.320 Oh 0.092 % 82.00 ' 0.349 V 43rd 0.090 % 1.680 % 0.945 % 208.2 ' 6.524 V 44th 0.020 Oh 0.410 Oh 0.163 % 277.1 ' 0.971 V 45th 0.000 % 0.280 Oh 0.102 % 91.80 ' 1.O87 V 46th 0.010 % 0.370 % 0.162 % 167.3 ' 0.893 V 47th 0.080 % 1-290 Oh 0.789 % 8.000 ' 4.466 V 48th 0.010 O/O 0.290 % 0.101 % 143.5 ' 0.039 V 49th 0.020 % 1-380 Oh 0.777 % 256.2 ' 5.359 v 5Ot h O 000 % 0.530 % 0.21 1 % 345.9 ' 1.010 v Recording from: 10/08/98 l1:30:04 To: Appertdix A page A-33 Line 7 Current Data at THO Peak: 10108/98 1i:38:19 Order Minimum Maximum Average Phase RMS RMS 1.129 kA 1.333 k A 1.185 kA 1.138 kA THD 13.48 % 17.09 % 16.20 % oc 0.170 % 0.860 % 0.559 % 6.732 A 1st 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 87.70 ' 1.122 kA 2nd 0.150 % 0.520 % 0.342 % 203.8 ' 4.151 A 3 rd 0.000 % 0.240 % 0.084 % 334.2 ' 0.000 A 4th 0.020 % 0.260 % 0.129 % 71-30 ' 1.683 A 5th 11.63 % 14.11 % 13.49 Oh 317.4 ' 157.8 A 6th 0.000 % 0.220 % 0.055 % 31 0.5 ' 1.346 A 7th 4.600 % 5.950 % 5.599 % 159.2 ' 65.64 A 8th 0.100 % 0.250 Oh 0.173 Oh 243.6 ' 2.244 A 9th 0.000 % 0.160 % 0.064 % 173.5 ' 0.673 A 10th 0.030 % 0.230 % 0.123 % 114.2' 1.683 A 11th 3.460 % 4.810 % 4.484 % 4.800 ' 53 97 A 12th 0.000 % 0.190 % 0.050 Oh 359.8 ' 1.234 A 13th 1.%O Oh 3.300 % 3.01 O % 200.3 ' 36.46 A 14th 0.090 % 0.230 % 0.162 % 280.4 ' 2.244 A 15th 0.000 Oh 0.1 20 Oh 0.041 % 208.1 ' 0.449 A 16th 0.030 % 0.240 % 0.128 % 146.8 ' 1.683 A 17th 1.450 % 3.040 % 2.721 % 52.30 ' 34.11 A 18th 0.000 % 0.190 % 0.044 % 54.90 ' 0.785 A 19th 0.780 % 2.340 % 2.045 % 249.9 ' 25.81 A 20th 0.080 % 0.250 % 0.168 % 335.7 ' 2.244 A 21s1 0.000 % 0.110 % 0.029 % 269.4 * 0.673 A 22nd 0.010 % 0.230 Oh 0.127 % 196.5 ' 1.907 A 23rd 0.390 % 2.050 % 1.758 % 108.7 ' 22.89 A 24th 0.000 Oh 0.170 % 0.041 % 114.9 ' 0.673 A 25th 0.160 Oh 1 620 % 1.337 % 304.7 ' 17.84 A 26th 0.010 % 0.220 % 0.129 Oh 26 10 ' 1.683 A 27th 0.000 % 0.1 10 % 0.030 % 301 4 ' 0.449 A 28th 0.000 '% 0.190 % 0.098 % 255.0 ' 1.571 A 29th 0.020 % 1.290 % 1.022 Oh 160.8 ' 14.47 A 30th 0.000 % 0.140 % 0.035 % 155.5 ' 0.785 A 31st 0.050 % 1.O20 % 0.784 % 356.4 ' 11.22 A 32nd 0.000 % 0.150 % 0.088 % 78.70 ' 1.234 A 33rd 0.000 Oh 0.080 % 0.031 % 12.70 ' 0.337 A 34th 0.000 % 0.150 % 0.070 % 291.9 ' 1.346 A 35th 0.020 % 0.850 % 0.627 % 207.3 ' 9.537 A 36th 0.000 % 0.100 % 0.030 % 202.5 ' 0.561 A 37th 0.000 % 0.720 % 0.499 % 43.70 ' 7.966 A 38th 0.000 % 0.150 % 0.074 % 103.8 ' 1.122 A 39th 0.000 Oh 0.080 % 0.022 % 37.10 ' 0.1 12 A 40th 0.000 Oh 0.130 % 0.053 % 351.5' 1.122 A 41st 0.020 Oh 0.610 Oh 0.410 % 260.9 ' 6.844 A 42nd 0.000 % 0.090 % 0.028 % 236.7 ' 0.224 A 43rd 0.030 % 0.510 % 0.328 '10 94.60 ' 5.722 A 44th 0.000 % 0.130 % 0.058 % 173.4 ' 0.898 A 45th 0.000 % 0.080 % 0.016 % 153.0 ' 0.000 A 46th 0.000 % 0.110 % 0.048 % 29.30 ' 0.898 A 47th 0.010 % 0.440 % 0.257 % 31 5.6 ' 4.488 A 48th 0.000 Oh 0.080 % 0.022 % 30.80 ' 0.224 A 49th 0.000 % 0.370 % 0.208 % 145.5 3.927 A 50th 0.000 % 0.120 % 0.048 Oh 212.2 ' 0.561 A Recording from: 1O/O8/98 1 1:30:04 To: 1O/O8/98 1 1 :39:56 Appendrx A page A-34 Line 2 Voltage Data at THO Peak: 10108198 ll:39:26 Order Minimum Maximum Average Phase RMS RMS 387.6 V 393.0 V 390.8 V 391.3 v THO 6.615 % 9.973 % 9.154 % DC 0.000 % 0.100 % 0.027 % 0.000 v 1st 100.0 % 100.0 Oh 100.0 Oh 240.1 ' 389.4 V 2nd 0.050 % 0.180 % 0.105 % 13.00 ' 0.389 V 3rd 0.000 % 0.150 % 0.051 % 295.4 ' 0.117 V 4th 0.010 % 0.100 % 0.065 % 67.80 ' 0.195 V 5th 4.630 % 5.120 % 4.960 % 134.2 ' 19.43 V 6th 0.000 % 0-100 % 0.037 % 175.8 ' 0.078 V 7th 2.890 % 3.310 % 3.196 % 154.0 ' 12.62 V €?th 0.090 Oh 0.200 io 0.149 % 78.60 ' 0.467 V 9th 0.000 % 0.1 10 % 0.049 % 310.0 ' 0.156 V 10th 0.060 % 0.200 Oh 0.130 % 100.5 ' 0.273 V 11th 2.540 % 3.500 Oh 3.360 % 182.8 ' 13.28 V 12th 0.000 % 0.130 % 0.052 Oh 240.2 ' 0.234 V 13th 1.910 % 2.880 % 2.653 % 192.3 ' 10.75 V 14th 0.060 % 0.220 % 0.141 % 132.0 ' 0.273 V 15th 0.000 % 0.120 % 0.042 % 186.8 ' 0.078 V 16th 0.050 % 0.240 Oh 0.132 % 99.00 ' 0.312 V 17th 1.360 % 2.930 % 2.w % 223.8 ' 11.14 V 18th 0.010 % 0.160 % 0.063 Oh 298.0 ' 0.234 V 19th 1.O50 % 2.760 % 2.356 % 238.4 ' 10.12 v 20th 0.040 % 0.220 % 0.124 % 176.6 ' 0.195 V 2151 0.000 O/o 0.1 50 Oh 0.047 Oh 255.3 ' 0.234 V 22nd 0.030 % 0.290 % 0.138 Oh 129.5 ' 0.545 V 23rd 0.440 % 2-440 Oh 1.999 Oh 274.6 8.801 V 24th 0.000 Oh, 0.170 % 0.069 % 356.4 ' 0.312 V 25th 0.230 % 2.340 % 1.842 % 287.8 ' 8.723 V 261h 0.000 % 0.190 % 0.073 % 55.80 ' 0-039 V 27th 0.000 % 0.210 % 0.077 % 289.3 ' 0.506 V 28th 0.010 Oh 0.290 % 0.134 % 146.1 ' 0.662 V 29th 0.070 % 1.760 % 1.349 % 318.2 ' 6.698 V 30th 0.010 % 0.220 Oh 0.087 % 91 .O0 ' 0.234 V 31st 0.100 Oh 2.030 % 1.375 % 331.5 ' 7.282 V 32nd 0.000 % 0.200 % 0.082 % 131.8 ' 0.156 V 33rd 0.000 % 0.270 % 0.100 % 345.0 ' 0.662 V 34th 0.010 Oh 0.340 '/O 0.170 Oh 209.3 ' 0.701 V 35th 0.040 % 1.580 Oh 1.124 Oh 4.700 ' 6.036 V 36th 0.010 % 0.210 % 0.091 % 162.4 ' 0.234 V 37th 0.050 % 1.810 % 1.784 % 24.00 ' 6.932 V 38th 0.000 % 0.250 % 0.111 % 348.3 ' 0.156 V 39th 0.000 Oh 0.250 % 0.085 % 56.80 ' 0.623 V 40th 0.010 % 0.350 % 0.166 % 278.6 ' 0.662 V 4 1st 0.010 % 1 -400 % 0.936 % 61.30 ' 5.296 V 42nd 0.000 % 0.220 % 0.084 % 146.3 ' 0.273 V 43rd 0.1 10 % 7.600 % 0.952 % 77.20 ' 6.231 V 44th 0.010 % 0.310 Oh 0.143 Oh 18.30 ' 0.350 V 45th 0.010 % 0.310 % 0.107 % 122.8 ' 0.389 V 46th 0.010 Oh 0.360 % 0.174 % 46.40 ' 0.389 V 47th 0.090 % 1.210 % 0.724 % 114.6 ' 4.712 V 48th 0.01 0 Oh 0.260 % 0.103 % 193.6 ' 0.273 V 49th 0.030 % 1.330 % 0.740 % 125.3 ' 4.790 V 50th 0.000 % 0.410 Oh 0.180 % 57.20 ' 0.779 V Recording from: 10108198 1 1 :30:04 To: 10108198 1 1 :39:56 Appendix A page A-35 Data at THO Peak: 10108/98 11 :38:27 Order Minimum Maximum Average Phase RMS RMS 1.138 k A 1.272 k A 1.178kA 1.142 kA THO 14.1 1 % 16.98 % 16.20 % DC 0.21 0 % 0.920 % 0.558 % 3.604 A 1st 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 328.7 ' 1.126 kA 2nd 0.200 % 0.440 % 0.313 % 314.7 ' 3.491 A 3 rd 0.060 % 0.390 % 0.1 84 % 208.2 ' 1.126 A 4th 0.000 % 0.310 % 0.153 % 236.5 ' 2.590 A 5th 12.21 Oh 13.93 % 13.43 % 75.50 ' 156.8 A 6th 0.000 % 0.170 % 0.045 % 143.2 ' 1.802 A 7th 5.200 % 6.090 % 5.787 % 34.40 ' 68.59 A 8t h 0.120 % 0.270 % 0.190 % 25.40 " 2.253 A 9th 0.000 % 0.140 % 0.060 % 219.4 ' 0.225 A 10th 0.040 Oh 0.280 % 0.159 % 296.6 ' 2.590 A 11th 3.400 % 4.600 % 4.335 % 121.2 ' 51.36 A 12lh 0.000 % 0.150 % 0.043 % 189.8 ' 1.689 A 13th 2.280 % 3.470 % 3.195 % 74.20 ' 38.97 A 14th 0.070 % 0.260 % 0.167 % 65.30 ' 1.915 A 15th 0.000 % 0.140 % 0.037 % 233.3 ' 0.113 A 16th 0.080 % 0.290 Oh 0.174 % 345.8 ' 2.590 A 17th 1.390 % 2.870 % 2.591 % 166.6 ' 31.54 A 18th 0.000 % 0.150 % 0.039 % 249.0 ' 1.689 A 19th 0.950 % 2.490 % 2.190 % 121.4 ' 27.71 A 20th 0.070 % 0.260 Oh 0.168 % 120.1 ' 2.478 A 21st 0.000 % 0.100 % 0.037 % 267.9 ' 0.563 A 22nd 0.050 % 0.270 % 0.163 % 40.90 ' 2.590 A 23rd 0.380 % 1.94O % 1.643 % 220.6 ' 20.95 A 24th 0.000 % 0.120 % 0.039 % 292.0 ' 1.239 A 25th 0.190 % 1.730 % 1.446 % 174.3 ' 18.92 A 26th 0.000 Oh 0.230 % 0.138 % 177.5 ' 2.140 A 27th 0.000 % 0.100 % 0.028 % 336.7 ' 0.225 A 28th 0.030 % 0.210 Oh 0.1 16 % 90.60 ' 1.915 A 29th 0.020 Oh 1.140 % 0.926 % 272.3 ' 12.05 A 30th 0.000 % 0.100 Oh 0.033 % 351.2 ' 1.126 A 31st 0.070 % 1.150 % 0.875 Oh 221-4 ' 11.94 A 32nd 0.010 % 0.180 % 0.091 % 228.1 ' 1.352 A 33rd 0.000 % 0.070 % 0.023 % 355.2 ' 0.225 A 34th 0.000 % 0.180 % 0.081 % 144.9 ' 1.577 A 35th 0.010 % 0.740 % 0,554 % 316.0 ' 7.659 A 36th 0.000 % 0.090 % 0.026 % 34.50 ' 0.901 A 37th 0.000 % 0.810 % 0.575 % 266.7 ' 8.334 A 38th 0.000 % 0.140 % 0.068 % 272.5 ' 1.126 A 39th 0.000 % 0.070 % 0.016 % 2-500 ' 0.338 A 40th 0.000 % 0.130 % 0.063 % 192.2 ' 1.239 A 41 st 0.000 % 0.520 % 0.355 % 6.900 ' 5.293 A 42nd 0.000 % O 080 % 0.020 % 96.90 ' 0.563 A 43rd 0.020 % 0.570 % 0.367 % 310.7 ' 5.744 A 44th 0.000 % 0.100 % 0.047 % 305.0 ' 0.901 A 45th 0.000 % 0.070 % 0.017 % 71-30 ' 0.451 A 46th 0.000 % 0.1 10 % 0.047 % 224.2 ' 1.239 A 47th 0.020 % 0.380 % 0.221 % 54.70 ' 3.604 A 48th 0.000 Oh 0.070 Oh 0.020 % 151.3' 0.113 A 49th 0.000 % 0.400 Oh 0.236 % 357.7 * 3.942 A 50th 0.000 % 0.1 10 % 0.042 % 4.800 ' 0.901 A Recording from: 1O/O8/98 1 1 :30:04 To: 10/08/98 11 :39:56 Appendix A page A-36 BMM #5 Secondary Side M5sec.doc Line 3 Voltage Data at THD Peak: 10108198 11:39:49 Order Minimum Maximum Average 9%fundam. Phase RMS RMS 389.0 V 394.5 v 392.2 V 392.2 V rnD 6.505 % 9.767 % 8.945 Or6 9.767 % OC 0.020 % 0.190 % 0.102 % 0.130 % 0.508 V 1st 100.0 % 100.0 OA 100.0 % 100.0 % 120.3 ' 390.4 V 2nd 0.040 % 0.150 Oh 0.078 % 0.090 % 152.1 ' 0.351 V 3rd 0.300 % 0.480 % 0.395 % 0.380 % 293.5 ' 1.483 V 4th 0.000 % 0.110 % 0.054 K 0.050 % 339.5 ' 0.195 V 5th 4.640 Oh 5.1 10 % 4.947 % 5.040 % 253.0 ' 79.68 V 6th 0.000 % 0.100 % 0.023 % 0.070 % 234.4 ' 0.273 V 7th 2.740 % 3-230 % 3.081 % 3.130 % 34.90 ' 12.22 v 8th 0.060 % 0.180 % 0.125 % 0.1 10 % 182.9 ' 0.429 V 9th 0.020 % 0.130 % 0.066 % 0.090 % 76.40 ' 0.351 V 10th 0.060 % 0.230 % 0.1 38 O.4 0.100 % 349.0 ' 0.390 V 11th 2.620 % 3.500 % 3.368 % 3.400 % 303.5 ' 13.27 V 12th 0.000 % 0.1 50 Oh 0.038 % 0.100 % 287.2 ' 0.390 V 13th 1.650 % 2.580 % 2.405 % 2.560 % 74.90 ' 9.99 v 14th 0.040 % 0.200 % 0.1 15 % 0.080 % 216.4 ' 0.312 V 15th 9.030 % 0.150 % 0.086 % 0.110 % 122.6 ' 0.429 V 16th 0.020 % 0.210 % 0.106 % 0.080 % 69.40 ' 0.312 V 17th 1.440 Oh 3.020 % 2.707 % 2.880 % 345.2 ' 11.24 V 18th 0.000 % 0.250 % 0.071 % 0.180 % 332.9 ' 0.703 V 19th 0.840 % 2.340 % 2.076 % 2.340 Oh 121.0 ' 9.135 V 20th 0.030 Oh 0.220 % 0.116 % 0.090 Oh 228.4 ' 0.351 V 21 st O 020 O/o 0.170 % 0.083 % 0.160 % 189.4 ' O 625 V 22nd 0.000 % 0.210 % 0.101 % 0.030 % 1008' 0.717 V 23rd 0.490 % 2.520 % 2.105 % 2.390 % 38.90 ' 9.330 V 24th 0.000 % 0.270 % 0.085 % 0.220 % 20.90 ' 0.859 V 25th O 180 % 1.900 % 1.541 % 1.870 169.7 ' 7.300 V 261n O O00 % 0.230 Oh 0.086 % 0.140 % 253.0 ' 0.547 V 27th 0.900 % 0.210 % 0.069 % 0.210 % 257.2 ' 0.820 V 28th 0.000 % 0.240 % 0.089 % 0.100 % 249.1 ' 0.390 V 29th O 050 % 1.910 % 1.479 % 1.800 % 84.90 ' 7.027 V 30th 0.000 % 0.300 % 0.106 % 0.260 % 75.20 ' 1.015 V 3151 0.060 % 1.550 % 1.107 % 1.550 % 214.8 * 6.051 V 32nd 0.010 % 0.230 % 0.107 % 0.140 % 307-7 ' 0.547 V 33rd 0.010 % 0.210 % 0.072 % 0.210 % 314.1 ' 0.820 V 341 h 0.000 % 0.300 % 0.102 % 0.110 % 301 -9 ' 0.429 V 35th 0.040 % 1.730 % 1.242 % 1.660 % 133.6 ' 6.480 V 36th 0.010 % 0.300 % 0.101 "16 0.260 % 116.4 ' 1.015 V 37th 0.040 % 1.490 % 0.994 % 1-490 % 264.2 ' 5.817 V 38th 0.000 Oh 0.230 % 0.107 % 0.090 % 45.50 ' 0.351 V 39th 0.000 % 0.320 % 0.099 % 0.320 % 7.200 ' 1.249 V 40th 0.000 % 0.380 % 0.105 % 0.080 % 355.0 ' 0.312 V 41st 0.070 % 1.610 % 1.067 % 1.510 % 187.2 ' 5.895 V 42nd 0.000 % 0.270 % 0.090 % 0.270 % 167.4 ' 1.054 V 43rd 0.070 % 1.400 % 0.845 Oh 1.400 % 320.5 ' 5.465 V 44th 0.010 % 0.310 % 0.129 % 0.100 % 129.3 ' 0.390 V 45th 0.000 % 0.330 % 0.108 % 0.330 % 62.60 ' 1.288 V 46th 0.000 % 0.370 % 0.166 % 0.140 % 320.9 ' 0.547 V 47th 0.100 % 1.420 % 0.841 % 1.310 % 239.7 ' 5.114 V 48th 0.000 % 0.290 % 0.091 % 0.210 % 21 1.O ' 0.820 V 49th 0.040 % 1.240 % 0.655 % 1.220 % 7.500 ' 4.763 V 50th 0.020 % 0.400 % 0.182 % 0.220 % 185.7 ' 0.859 V Recording from: 1O/O8/98 11:30:04 To: 1 O/O8/98 11 :39:56 Appendix A page A-37 Secondan, Side MSsec. doc Line 3 Curent Data at THD Peak: 1010W98 11 :39:28 Onîer Minimum Maximum Average Phase RMS RMS 1.130 kA 1.265 k A 1.169 kA 1.152 kA THO 13.80 % 17.08 % 16.39 Oh oc 0.130 Oh 0.820 Oh 0.461 % 6.020 A 1st 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 209.2 ' 1.136 kA 2nd 0.190 % 0.560 % 0.350 % 88.10 ' 4.543 A 3rd 0.040 Oh 0.370 % 0.164 % 55.90 ' 1.704 A 4th 0.010 % 0.260 % 0.1 25 Oh 155.3 ' 1.590 A 5th 11.98 % 14.12 % 13.60 % 195.0 ' 159.5 A 6th 0.000 % 0.230 Oh 0.053 % 325.9 ' 0.341 A 7th 5.090 % 6.030 % 5.794 % 273.6 ' 67.92 A 8th 0.090 Oh 0.280 % 0.183 % 133.1 ' 2.272 A 9th 0.000 % 0.150 % 0.066 % 7.200 ' 0.681 A 10th 0.000 % 0.240 % 0.122 % 215.6 ' 1.590 A 11th 3.330 % 4.710 % 4.423 Oh 239.1 ' 52.70 A 12th 0.000 % 0.210 % 0.050 % 309.3 ' 0.227 A 13th 2.260 % 3.440 % 3.188 % 313.0 ' 38.73 A 14th 0.070 % 0.240 % 0.144 % 155.2 ' 2.044 A 15th 0.000 O/o 0.140 Oh 0.055 % 45.90 ' 0.227 A 16th 0.060 % 0.260 % 0.160 Oh 246.7 ' 2.044 A 17th 1.360 % 2.950 % 2.648 % 283.6 ' 32.71 A 18th 0.000 % 0.220 % 0.048 % 27.50 ' 0.341 A 19th 0.920 % 2.470 % 2.189 % 0.100 ' 27.60 A 20th 0.000 % 0.240 % 0.148 % 208.0 ' 2.158 A 21st 0.000 % 0.140 % 0.058 % 73.70 ' 0.681 A 22nd 0.030 % 0.260 % 0.161 % 305.4 ' 2.385 A 23rd 0.350 Oh 2.020 % 1.683 % 336.0 ' 22.03 A 24th 0.000 % 0.150 % 0.043 % 56.60 ' 0.341 A 25th 0.170 % 1.730 % 1.432 % 51.70 ' 19.08 A 26th 0.010 % 0.200 % 0.115 % 275.2 ' 1.590 A 27th 0.000 % 0.1 10 % 0.041 % 166.0 ' 0.227 A 28th 0.000 % 0.210 % 0.1 17 % 1.600 ' 1.817 A 29th 0.010 % 1.210 Oh 0.956 % 25.80 ' 12.83 A 30th 0.000 % 0.150 % 0.036 % 111.0' 0.341 A 31st 0.030 % 1.120 % 0.856 % 97.40 ' 12.04 A 32nd 0.000 % 0.150 % 0.063 % 314.9 ' 1.136 A 33rd 0.000 % 0.080 % 0.025 % 157.4 ' 0.227 A 34th 0.010 % 0.150 % 0.084 % 39.80 ' 1.590 A 35th 0.000 Oh 0.820 % 0.587 % 69.60 ' 8.746 A 36th 0.000 % 0.120 % 0.033 % 158.5 ' 0.454 A 37th 0.000 % 0.840 % 0.570 % 140.8 ' 8.519 A 38th 0.000 % 0.1 10 % 0.044 % 346.5 ' 0.909 A 39th 0.000 % 0.090 Oh 0.020 % 355.8 ' 0.000 A 40th 0.000 % 0.140 % 0.071 % 85.50 ' 1.249 A 41st 0.020 % 0.590 % 0.382 % 114.5 ' 6.133 A 42nd 0.000 Oh 0.100 % 0.027 % 186.2 ' 0.454 A 43rd 0.020 % 0.590 % 0.374 % 187.3 ' 5.793 A 44th 0.000 Oh 0.090 % 0.036 % 26.10 ' 0.568 A 45th 0.000 O/o 0.060 % 0.016 % 9.000 ' 0.000 A 46th 0.000 Oh 0.120 % 0.065 % 131.1 ' 1.363 A 47th 0.000 Oh 0.400 % 0.236 % 168.3 ' 4.202 A 48th 0.000 % 0.070 % 0.026 % 195.6 ' 0.341 A 49th 0.010 % 0.420 % 0.239 % 236.5 ' 4.202 A 50th 0.000 % 0.100 % 0.033 % 85.40 ' 0.909 A Recording frorn: 10/08/98 11 :30:04 To: 1O108198 1 1:39:56 Appendix A page A-38 BMM #5 Secondary SMe MSsec. doc Line 4 Current Data at THD Peak: 10108198 il :30:04 Order Minimum Maximum Average Phase RMS RMS 0.105 A 0.348 A 0.113 A 0.348 A MD 26.62 % 91-79 % 39.47 % OC 8.710 % 23.28 % 21 -60 % 0.022 A 1st 100-0 % 100.0 100.0 % 221.7 ' 0.256 A 2nd 0.000 % 1.350 Oh 0.333 % 56.70 ' 0.003 A 3rd 8.040 % 21 -95 % 19.95 % 131.1 ' 0.021 A 4th 0.000 % 1.360 % 0.287 Oh i9.OO ' 0.003 A 5t h 11.69 % 57.37 % 13.47 % 334.8 ' 0.147 A 6th 0.000 Oh 2.250 % 0.445 % 101.3 ' 0.001 A 7th 2.400 % 33.64 % 3.740 % 315.5 ' 0.086 A 8th 0.300 % 1.600 % 0.155 % 98.80 ' C.004 A 9th 3.210 % 10.13 % 8.903 Oh 174.1 ' 0.008 A 10th 0.000 Oh 1.600 % 0.232 % 87.30 ' 0.004 A 1 lth 2.1 80 % 34.98 Oh 3.313 Oh 41.70' 0.089 A 12th 0.000 % 9.090 % 0.767 % 164.7 ' 0.002 A 13th 0.000 % 27.34 % 0.520 % 10.20 ' 0.070 A 14th 0.000 % 2.140 % 0.253 Oh 152.9 ' 0.005 A 15th 3.350 % 11.14 Oh 9.418 % 194.4 ' 0.009 A 16th 0.000 Oh 7.950 Oh 1.917 Oh 142.6 ' 0.004 A 17th 1.330 % 26.27 % 3.473 % 102.1 ' 0.067 A 18th 0.000 Oh 2.720 % 1.O51 % 239.3 ' 0.003 A 19th 0.330 Oh 21.17% 1.819 % 71.20 ' 0.054 A 20th 0.000 % 3.080 % 0.31 1 % 224.9 ' 0.008 A 21st 2.540 Oh 10.80 Oh 8.547 % 269.1 ' 0.006 A 22nd 0.000 % 1.470 % 0.235 % 216.0 ' 0.004 A 23rd 1.360 % 19.03 Oh 4.91 1 % :73.5 ' O.CZ9 A 24th 0.000 % 3.000 Oh 0.944 % 187.9 ' O.Ci05 A 25th 1.020 % 14.20 % 3.224 Oh 142.0 ' 0.036 A 26th 0.000 % 4.690 % 0.504 Oh 303.4 ' 0.012 A 27th 1.000 O70 6.000 % 3.752 % 316.4 ' 0.003 A 28th 0.000 Yi 1.330 % 0.310 % 299.4 ' 0.002 A 29th O O00 % 9.780 % 5.561 % 247.6 ' 0.025 A 3Ot h 0.000 % 3.660 % 0.777 % 12.00 ' O 004 A 31st 0.000 Oh 6.700 % 4.098 % 216.4 ' 0.017 A 32nd 0.000 % 1.800 % 0.794 % 7.500 ' 0.003 A 33rd 0.000 % 8.330 % 3.390 % 322.6 ' 0.003 A 34th 0.000 % 2.040 % 0.554 % 26.50 ' 0.001 A 35th 0.000 % 11.92 % 7.820 % 315.9 ' 0.010 A 36th 0.000 Oh 10.33 % 1.563 % 87.70 ' O 003 A 37th 0.000 % 12.50 % 7.323 % 286.4 0.005 A 38th 0.000 % 5.640 % 2.181 % 78.60 ' 0.002 A 39th 0.320 % 31.66 % 8.347 Oh 9.100 ' 0.003 A 40th 0.000 % 5.820 Oh 1.768 % 160.5 ' 0.002 A 41st 0.680 Oh 26.11 Oh 15.58 % 18-40 ' 0.004 A 42nd 0.000 % 16.07 % 2.766 % 129.8 ' 0.003 A 43rd 0.000 % 9.490 % 4.288 % 285.2 ' 0.003 A 44th 0.000 % 2.040 % 0.668 % 93.00 ' 0.002 A 45th 0.000 % 7.070 % 2.161 % 79.60 ' 0.001 A 46th 0.000 Oh 5.960 % 1-440 Oh 292.6 ' 0.001 A 47th 0.000 Oh 6.270 % 2.181 % 336.0 ' 0.001 A 48th 0.000 % 8.990 % 1.591 % 107.1 ' 0.002 A 49th 0.000 % 4.520 % 1.350 % 270.0 ' 0.002 A 50th 0.000 % 3.350 Oh 0.947 % 63.40 ' 0.003 A Recording from: 10/08/981 1:30:04 To: 1O/O8/98 1 1 :39:56 Appendix A page A-39 BMM #5 Secondam Side MSsec. doc THD Graphs This is the campaign summary on THD of al1 channels measured by the instrument: Voltage: Fila: C:MCOMN\M52NDlS1.HMS ACE 2000 -OCPM Leading-Edge Technology Inc. Type: Harmonic Analyzer Measums Start:10108/98 11:30:04 Tirne: minutes 1-1-v THO x tuna. none g nom Stop:l0108198 11:39:56 Scale: a U-V THO X fund. U-V THO % fund. 9 none Records: 248 LI-V THD % fund. (%) Current: File: C:\ACEWIN\MSZNDISl.HMS ACE 2000 -OCPM Leading-Edge Tachnology Inc- Type: Harrnonic Analyzer Measures L14 THO X fund. -. nanc Start:10108198 11:30:04 Time: minutes -- U4 none Stop:10108/98 11:39:56 Scale: a THO *A (und. U4THO X (und. nome Rccords: 248 Li-1 THO fund. (%) Appendix A page A40 SMM #5 Secondarv SMe M5sec. doc This is a magnification around the points of maximum : Maximum Line 1 Voltage MD: 10.03 % al: 10/08/981 1 :38:23 Maximum Line 1 Cunent THO: 17.09 % at 10108/98 11:38:19 Maximum Voltaoe: Maximum Curreni: Maximum Line 2 Voltage THD: 9.973 % at: 10108198 11:39:26 Maximum Line 2 Current THD: 16.98 % at 10/08/9811:38:27 Maximum Voltage: Fh-C UcCHIIWrmmSt.n~ *CE -O cm-43,. Lir 1- u-r amarfzr rriwm II . , . ' ,iL;,:)!;:, 1. * 'a < I', t ' 88, III ; 1 ! , . . . . ::1; 15 ---' /,S.. ';,.,, .. . , , <<. !,I :,,.,': # ', , , 1,;, . 1 jj 'j;:,.!ii:i. , , 0' ,:, /I,l, . .<,:11. , . . , l . , ,,,... i .:: h,ii/;;:!i; 6 - 1 8. III!, ,I -8 ,a14 m5 l@l5IX5LU~~~4.15 l*IIimPJIU.DMY% )r Maximum Line 3 Voltage THD: 9.767 % at: 10/08/9811:39:49 Maximum Line 3 Current THD: 17.08 % at: 10/08/9811:39:28 Maximum Voltage: Maximum Cunent: IYi: C~C~~$lMO II lu 1& ILI IL 1u II. I*I~2*Ul.;~M4¶Y**,s I*IsOnns~4.C.YU~Js P Appendix A page A41 BMM#5 Secondaw Side M5sec. doc Spectrum and Waveform graphs These are the spectrum and waveform when the maximum THO has been reached for each voltage channel: Line 1 Voltage: THO:10.03% RMS: 390.3 V 3&0.34% 5th:5.10% Spectrum Waveform L/ne 2 Voltage: THD:9.97% RMS: 391.3 V 3rd:0.03% 5th:4.99% Line 2 Voltage: THD.9.97% RMS: 391-3 V 3rd:0.03% 5th:4.99% Spectrurn Waveform Appendix A page A42 BMM #5 Seconday Siide MSsec. doc These are the spectrum and wavefom when the maximum THD has been reached for each current channel: Line 1 Curent: THO: 17.09% RMS: 1. Y38 kA 3rd:0.00% 5th:14.06% Spectrurn Waveform C.~Il.wus -0wL.Ii.trTt-d4 ReCIUQL*IIIII>I8111 uzbl-acm-r~r -~~-~~~ 1*-.rrm-- t I * 28 n N Lhe 2 Curent: THD: 16.98% RMS: 1.142 kA 3rd:O. 10% 5th: 13.92% Spectrum Wavefonn Line 3 Curent: THO: 17.08% RMS: 1.752 kA 3rd:O. 15% 5th:14.04% Appendix A page A43 Appendix A Case Study No. 1 Appendix A BMM #3 Primary Power Report This is a report on the rneasurements taken with the Ace 2000 instrument. These rneasurernents have been collected from: 10120198 08:40:04 to: 1O/2Ol98 09:04:08. The following is a shcrt description of the reasons for the measurement campaign: Harmonic analysis is perfomed in order to provide data for harrnonic filter design. These sets of rneasurements were done on primary side of Blow Molding Machine No. 3 (BMM #3) transformer. The report contains: Report on the power measurements taken by the instrument (V, 1, Hz, W. VA, VArs, etc.) Power Measurements Summary The following is a summary of the power measurements that were taken in wattmeter mode: Measurement Minimum value Maximum value Average of measures LI2 Volts 576.2 583.6 580.3 L23 Volts 580.0 586.8 583.9 L31 Volts 577.4 584.4 581.8 3ph. Volts 578.0 584.8 582.0 L1 Arnps 176.3 333.4 247.2 L2 Amps 178.3 356.5 252.9 L3 Amps 193.1 375.8 266.2 3ph. Amps 187.3 350.6 255.4 3ph. VArs 109.8 k 226.3 k 167.9 k 3ph. Watts 126.9 k 253.1 k 173.1 k L 1 Watts 41.34 k 84.89 k 59.34 k L2 Watts 40.33 k 85.37 k 55.79 k L3 Watts 42.43 k 87.44 k 57.98 k 3ph. PF 0.623 L 0.744 L 0.675 N-G Volts 0.000 0.000 0.000 Neutrai Arnps. 0.000 0.000 0.000 LIN Volts 333.0 337.3 335.5 L2N Volts 332.4 336.8 334.8 L3N Volts 335.4 339.1 337.7 Appendix A Page A45 Voltage graphs (Phase to Neutral) This is the campaign surnmary on the phase to neutral voltages measured by the instrument: File: C:UiCEWlN\WPRIi.WMS ACE 2000 - O CPM Leading-Edge Technalogy inc. Type: Wattmeter Measures Start tirne: 1OIZOl98 08:40:04 Time: minutes LIN Volts Stop time: 10120198 09:04:08 Scaie: LIN Volts (V) L2N Volts Records: 648 L3N Volts Appendix A Page A46 BMM #3 Primaty Side M3PRIPO. duc This is a magnification around the points of minimum and maximum : Line 1 to Neutral (Phase A): Minimum: 333.0 V al: 10/20/98 08:50:05 Maximum: 337.3 V at: t OQOt98 085514 Minimum: tecvcrmrumi.m urm.cauiii.~.cTm~ rIP:-m""#.. 1 i I 1 1 1 7 YtS I I I 1 11 " Ill 1 V I W I - U'I h- .rc**a a- W.:Ll* VQb M =- .- ..or .- Line 2 to Neutral (Phase B): Minimum: 332.4 V at: 10120198 08:49:07 Maximum: 336.8 V at: 10120198 08:55:20 Minimum: Maximum: ru.. C.UCCW*LUPPL1.iYIYS AC€ n#a -OCPUL.r*ii.€+9.f-k TIP. w- m..."". I , 1 1 II.. - I l 1 l II. c I / I I I Line 3 to Neutral (Phase C): Minimum: 335.4 V at: 10120198 08:50:05 Maximum: 339.1 V at: 10/20/98 09:03:44 Minimum: Maximum: rrv: C.UUMJMU~J~.WLS rccrr-aorrrrir.cr~Lu rwcucnrrumi.mu Tm. w- Wrn r*.-mmmuu P C, U Appendix A Page A47 Voltage graphs (Phase to Phase) This is the campaign sumrnary on the phase to phase voltages rneasured by the instrument: File: C:WCONIN\M3PRIi.WMS ACE 2000 -OCPM Leading-Edge Technology Inc. Type: Wattmeter Measures Starl time: 1O/2O/98 08:40:04 Time: minutes LI2 Volts A 3ph. Volts Stop time: 10/20/98 09:04:08 Scale: Li2 Volts (V) L23 Volts Records: 648 L31 Volts none Appendix A Page A-48 t3MM#3 Primary Side M3PRPO.duc This is a magnification around the points of minimum and maximum : Line 7 to Line 2 (Phase A to 8): Minimum: 576.2 V at 10ROJ98 08:49:07 Maximum: 583.6 V al: 10/20/98 08:55:20 Minimum: rw c-mI.nus .cSaoa..crr~~t.rriirrR Tm w- rrum Line 2 to Line 3 (Phase B to C): Minimum: 580.0 V at: 10/20/98 08:49:07 Maximum: 586.8 V at: 10120198 08:55:20 Minimum: Maximum: TYI C ~CmlilUPmlwus 1- W.- Y..."... U 4 Line 3 to Line 1 (Phase C to A):- Minimum: 577.4 V al: 10/20/98 08:50:05 Maximum: 584.4 V at: 1O/20/98 O8:SS: 14 Minimum: Y10 - U1C - YI. - VI. - Appendix A Page A49 6MM#3 Primarv Side M3PR/PO.doc Current graphs This is the campaign summary on the cuvent measured by the instrument: File: C:\ACEWIN\M3PRfl.WMS AC€ 2000 - O CPM Leading-Edge Technology Inc. Type: Wattmeter Measures Start time: 10120198 08:40:04 Time: minutes LI Amps 3ph. Amps Stop time: 10120198 09:04:08 Scale: LI Amps (A) L2 Amps none Records: 648 L3 Amps none Appendix A Page A-50 BMM #3 Primary Side #3PR/PO. doc This is a magnification around the points of minimum and maximum : Line 1 (Phase A): Minimum: 176.3 A at: 10i20f98 08:54:49 Maximum: 333.4 A at: 10/20/9808:48:30 Minimum: rw- c.lrccm-i wws .CC ~.OCrilLrn4.rT~b.r- r>.c: r>.c: WdkiCU".W" I 1 1 I 1 t 1 1 Line 2 (Phase B): Minimum. 178 3 A a:- 1 O/2O/9808:55.22 Maximum: 356.5 A at: 1 O/2O/9809:03.34 Minimum: rYI C UCCiULNIJPR?l (YY?t .CC rn -QC~YL.~I~€- lrnroiq,~ T>p W- Y..sM I l I-* ma i Il i i :ma 1 !YI v - - 4 P - Y G k a Line 3 (Phase C): Minimum: 193.1 A at: 10120198 08:56:03 Maximum: 375.8 A at: 10/20/9808:49:48 Minimum: Maximum: rwC-UCmWamI WuS LCE --*cm -4- Tdrdqlk rwcucmnrwar.mi UE IOT -~cm~.mapr-w rIP:-Yuuim Tm'IYYtmill Wmam I I i 1 jw 6 JY. i I -Y, ! I I l I : I t 1 " "J'i1 l $ l 1 C I J Zl %* U sua- IMMI M 12 u r- - - SWVO- mmm M u n km uAil..wl .Lx-=au. m- ardr 2:: m- m, Appendix A Page A-51 Po wer graphs The following pages present the summary of some power indicators. A dive Po wer This is the campaign summary on the active power measured by the instrument: File: C:WCEWIN\M3PRIl.WMS ACE 2000 - O CPM Leading-Edge Technology Inc. Type: Wattmeter Measures I 260.0 k 210.0 k- I 2 20.0 x- 1 1 200.0 k- 180.0 ka' ' 1 11 1 160.0 k - 1 140.0 k 120.0 ri 45 50 55 O Start time: 10120198 08:40:04 Time: minutes 3ph. Watts -' none Stop time: 10120198 09:04:08 Scale: 3ph. Watts (W) none Records: 648 none This is a magnification around the points of minimum and maximum : Minimum: 126.9 k-w at: 1 OROl98 08:55:02 Maximum: 253.1 k W at: 1 O/2Ol98 08:49:48 Minimum: Maximum: rw: cucmiOP(II1.WLU UEIIOl-OcPu-4CfcWoFI.r Tm w- 4- Appendix A Page A-52 M3PRIPO. doc Reactive Po wer This is the carnpaign summary on the reactive power measured by the instrument: File: C:iACEWIN\M3PRIi.WMS ACE 2000 -OCPM Ceading-Edge Technology Inc. Type: Wattmeter Measures 1 220.0 k-- 200.0 k-- 180.0 L - I6O.Olc 140.0 k - 120.0 1, 100.0 k t 4 5 50 55 O Start time: 10/20198 08:40:04 Time: minutes 3ph. VArs -- none Stop time: 10120198 09:04:08 Scale: 3ph. VArs (VAR) a none Records: 648 none This is a rnagnification around the points of minimum and maximum : Minimum: 109.8 ki~ral: 10/20/98 08:55:12 Maximum: 226.3 k VAr al: 10/20/98 08:48:30 Minimum: Maximum: ru.. c.VSElr(lL(VLfm1 wu1 ICE -Q CRI -4- 1-iir rw c ucz-1 IIIL ACE rom -aCPWL.cvyChTw- Tm.. W- U.wm lm. w- .*rm ri I 1 I 1 I I l I Il IOOIL - 5i U U 1* (c SWCm~~M¶lil l-m" me I-V- =m Th" mvu am vin na. suva- ~-MUZS W. 2- VA,. NARI 9 irou =, ~l.sr vinWAPI .~o.r m-S. nl m-4. .a .m. mm"..- Appendix A Page A-53 SMM #3 Primarv Side M3PRPO.doc Po wer Factor This is the campaign summary on the power factor rneasured by the instrument: File: C:\ACEWIN\MJPRIl.WMS AC€ 2000 -OCPM Leading-Edge Technology Inc. Type: Wattmeter Measures l ! I I 1 Start time: 10120198 08:40:04 Time: minutes Stop time: 1O/2O/98 09:04:08 Scale: 3ph. PF (P.F.) Records: 648 This is a magnification around the points of minimum and maximum: Minimum: 0.623 at: 10120198 O8:Sl :O0 Maximum: 0.744 at: 10120198 08:56:12 Minimum: rr-cuctvahuum1.11~1 ACE--QCIIUiIU..T41vk Tmw-m.- Appendtx A Page A-54 BMM #3 Primaw Side M3PR/PO.doc Appendix A Page A-55 Appendix A Case Study No. 1 Appendix A BMM #3 Secondary Power Report This is a report on the measurements taken with the Ace 2000 instrument. These measurements have been collected from: 10/20/98 09:26:26 to: 10120198 09:34:51. The following is a short description of the reasons for the measurement campaign: Harrnonic analysis perforrned in order to provide data for harmonic analysis filter design. These sets of measurernents were done on secondary side of Blow Molding Machine No. 3 (BMM #3) transformer. The report is divided into 2 different parts: Report on the power measurements taken by the instrument (V, I, Hz, W, VA, VArs, etc.) Report on the harmonic measurements taken by the instrument on voltage and current Power Measurements Summary The following is a surnmary of the power measurements that were taken in wattmeter mode: Measurernent Minimum value Maximum value Average of measures L12 Volts 373.7 378.0 376.2 L23 Volts 373.5 377.8 376.2 L31 Volts 374.3 378.8 377.0 3ph. Volts 373.8 377.9 376.5 L1 Amps 454.4 540.0 482.5 U Amps 437.9 527.4 464.7 L3 Amps 451 .O 546.4 477.1 3ph. Amps 449.9 530.1 474.8 3ph. VAn 223.8 k 257.6 k 238.0 k 3pn. Watts 178.0 k 241 -8 k 199.7 k L1 Watts 58.64 k 81.95 k 67.04 k L2 Watts 57.53 k 79.62 k 64.27 k L3 Watts 60.92 k 85.02 k 68.43 k 3ph. PF 0.605 L 0.705 L 0.644 N-G Volts 0.000 0.000 0.000 Neutral Amps. 9.136 O. 179 0.1 54 LIN Vclts 216.3 21 8.6 21 7.8 L2N Volts 214.9 217.4 216.5 L3N Volts 216.2 218.8 217.8 Appendix A PageA-57 Voltage graphs (Phase to Neufral) This is the campaign summary on the phase to neutral voltages measured by the instrument: -, Start time: 10/20/98 09:26:26 Time: minutes L1N Volts none Stop time: 10/20/98 09:34:51 Scale: LIN Volts (V) UNVolts none Records: 506 L3N Volts none kppendix A PageA-58 BMM #3 Secondary Side M3sec. doc This is a magnification around the points of minimum and maximum : Line 7 to Neutral (Phase A): Minimum: 216.3 V at: 1ORO/98 09:28:06 Maximum: 21 8.6 V at: 10/20198 09:26:33 Minimum: Ch- CnCVC1.M IECm-Qt.lL.IIUCriarinir Line 2 lo Neutral (Phase B): Minimum: 21 4.9 V at: 1 O/ZOl98 09:28:06 Maximum: 21 7 4 V at 1 OR0198 09:29:58 Minimum: Maximum: ru. CUCEIHWJSCCT WYS KL~-OcIYL..Q",.C~r~l"cru C UCrMTmmIYC7 IYYI iyp WaIPriiU r.nv- k. .umv.a c- wi.- uw va. (V) =ml. a- =m =- Line 3 to Neutral (Phase C): Minimum: 216.2 V at: 10/20/98 09:31:44 Maximum: 21 8.8 V at: 10120198 09:26:33 Minimum: ?h:C.UCCWllllUECt.WO ru~-œur~r+r~~fiIr TW W.- ru- 1 1 11 Y JI Il II 14 su- 1MM.WltZS lm" ninurn murrvm. 2- IWO mn1-8 w w sc W. UM V* w =ra m-* Ul ..a.- .- Appendix A PageA-59 t3MM #3 Secondary Side M3sec. doc Voltage graphs (Phase to Phase) This is the campaign summary on the phase to phase voltages measured by the instrument: File: C:\ACEWlN\IH3SECi.WMS AC€ 2000 - O CPM Leading-Edge Technology lnc. Type: Wattmeter Measures Start time: 10120198 09:26:26 Time: minutes LI2 Volts -' 3ph. Volts Stop time: 10120198 09:34:51 Scale: LI2 Volts (V) a123 Volts none Records: 506 C31 Volts none BMM#3 Secondary Side M3sec. doc This is a magnification around the points of minimum and maximum : Line 1 to Line 2 (Phase A to B): Minimum: 373.7 V at: 10R0/98 09:28:06 Maximum: 378.0 V at: 10/20/98 09:29:58 Minimum: Max irnum: FC CUCm~sCct.*(YS .CE- -OCIIUI.(C r,-,iIr seC YS-UCCI ACE zm-ew-x-vdihe Tm w- m..- 1- w-Yi- f 1 1 i l T 1 Il I I 1l I I J-m I - I n Line 2 to Line 3 (Phase 8 to C): Minimum: 373.5 V al: 10120/98 09:28:06 Maximum: 377 8 V at: 10/20/98 09:33:01 Minimum: FiC C'ACCWfSCCt WU5 AC€ m -acm b~~i.4.O. 1-, rr 1- W.- YI.W*. I l l I I ! ! 1-0 -. , Line 3 to Line 1 (Phase C to A): Minimum: 374.3 Vat: 10120198 09:31:44 Maximum: 378.8 V at: 10/20/98 09:26:33 Minimum: ris: C.ucCYnnruccxms AcEIiCI.9CCIUi*<.p r-rr Tm'w4- Y.*- t 1 1 I 1 1 j-5.- I f 1 I I I 1 JI. in - J- . 17. 1%. I'L" ,-.. BMM #3 Secondaw Side M3sec. doc Current graphs This is the campaign surnmary on the current measured by the instrument: File: C:\ACEWIN\MSSECi .WMS AC€ 2000 -O CPM Leading-Edge Technology Inc. Type: Wattmeter Measures Start time: 10120198 09:26:26 Time: minutes LI Arnps -- 3ph. Amps Stop time: 10120198 09:34:51 Scale: LI Amps (A) L2 Arnps none Records: 506 L3 Amps none Appendix A PageA-62 BMM #3 Secondary Side M3sec. duc This is a rnagnification around the points of minimum and maximum : Line 1 (Phase A): Minimum: 454.4 A at: 10120f98 09:31:19 Maximum: 540.0 A at: 10/20/98 09:29:45 Minimum: rM. C UCCWi(UJsECI.*IIs rcr na-ocrr~i-a- rrrrioql~ rw. w- Yi."". Line 2 (Phase 6): Minimum. 437 9 A at: 10120/98 09:32;54 Maximum: 527.4 A at: 10/20/98 09:32:08 Min imum: Maximum: ri- c ucEwmniscc1 ms ICL- -0CMmX.9. fo3amS=qyk FJI c uccmmicct W'I 1*p W.- Y..-.. I",. w-IMrm Line 3 (Phase C): Minimum: 451 .O A at: 10/20/98 09:27:25 Maximum: 546.4 A at: 10120/98 0931:44 Minimum: rrCUCEW~~~XSLC~ ms .CEna-OCIiiWIIiI Appendix A PageA63 t3MM#3 Secondary Side M3sec. doc Power graphs The following pages present the summary of some power indicators. Active Po wer This is the campaign surnmary on the active power measured by the instrument: File: C:\ACEWIN\M3SECl .WMS ACE 2000 -OCPM Leading-Edge Technology Inc. Type: Wattmeter Measures Start time: 1O/2O/98 09:26:26 Time: minutes 1 3ph. Watts Stop tirne: 10120198 09:34:51 Scale: 3ph. Watts (W) anone Records: 506 nono This is a magnification around the points of minimum and maximum : Minimum: 178.0 k W at: 10i20198 O9:3l:?9 Maximum: 24 1.8 k W at: 1 OQOI98 O9:28:lO Reacfive Po wer This is the carnpaign summary on the reactive power rneasured by the instrument: File: C:MCEWIN\M3SECl.WMS ACE 2000 - O CPM Leading-Edge Technology Inc. Type: Wattmeter Measures Start time: 10120/98 09:26:26 Time: minutes 3ph. VArs Stop time: 10/20/98 09:34:51 Scale: 3ph. VArs (VAR) 3 none Records: 506 nonc This is a magnification around the points of minimum and maximum : Minimum: 223.8 k-v~ral: lOC20198 09:26:39 Maximum: 257.6 k VAr at: 1O/îO/98 O9:31:29 Minimum: Maximum: f~.C.-CCln~~xs~ct mg ACE ZOQ -OCIIC..liy&.p rrniioiopil- rui: C.UEC~SECI.nUS KCm-~~PIL.lii.*Wr.QuOq*b TIP.: W- Y...- 1-w-lir.rm I i I 1 LY* S f I 1 1 1 Power Factor This is the campaign summary on the power factor measured by the instrument: File: C:WCEWINiM3SECl.WMS ACE 2000 - O CPM Leading-Edge Technology Inc. Type: Wattmeter Measures Start time: 10120198 09:26:26 Time: minutes 3ph. PF --none Stop time: 10/20198 09:34:51 Scale: 3ph. PF (P.F.) none none Records: 506 a none none This is a magnification around the points of minimum and maximum: Minimum: 0.605 ;t: 10120/98O9:3O:l9 Maximum: 0.705 at: 10R0/98O9:28:I 0 Minimum: fUr C.uC~~Ccl.nns rcr~-rcriL.liy~t.5.slolvilc. rw. W.- u".- O n n II n u SlmK- tORdlWO.Rm -- Hm- *irr ~MMIOIUY m, am" s-Dir an w-rr'Pr' 8- .- Harmonic Measurements Summary The following is a summary of the harmonic measurements that were taken: Line 1 Voltage Data at THD Peak: 10/20198 09:34:13 Order Minimum Maximum Average % fundam. Phase RMS RMS 373.7 v 378.0 V 376.2 V 377.4 v THD 1.397 % 3.897 % 3.410 % 3.897 Oh DC 0.020 % 0.180 % 0.085 % 0.070 % 0.264 V 1st 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 Oh 100.0 % 0.000 ' 3772 V 2nd 0.020 % 0.140 % 0.061 % 0.050 % 46.50 ' 0.189 V 3 rd 0.190 % 0.490 Oh 0.341 % 0.390 % 109.3 ' 1.471 V 4th 0.000 % 0.120 % 0.071 % 0.050 Oh 203.2 ' 0.189 V 5th 0.940 % 1.180 % 1.O44 % 1.110 % 326.1 ' 4.186 V 6th 0.000 % 0.170 % 0.082 % 0.040 % 256.2 ' 0.151 v 7th 0.470 Oh 0.690 % 0.586 Oh 0.620 % 179.4 ' 2.338 V 8t h 0.050 % 0.150 % 0.105 % 0.120 % 215.5 ' 0.453 V 9th 0.000 % 0.150 % 0.055 % 0.080 % 264.3 ' 0.302 V 10th 0.010 Oh 0.180 % 0.116 % 0.080 Oh 136.2 ' 0.302 V 11th 0.400 % 0.680 % 0.590 % 0.570 Oh 352.7 ' 2.150 V 12th 0.000 % 0.210 % 0.101 % 0.030 Oh 199.6 ' 0.113 v 13th 0.120 Oh 0.240 % 0.184 % 0.150 % 234.5 ' 0.566 V 14th 0.040 % O. 180 Oh 0.1 13 % 0.110 % 123.5 ' 0.415 V 15th 0.000 % O. 170 Oh 0.072 % 0.050 % 19.70 ' O 189 V 16th 0.010 Oh 0.220 % 0.130 % O 150 % 52.90 ' O 566 V 17th 0.140 % 0.420 % 0.318 % 0.370 % 179.4 ' 1 169 V 18th 0.000 % 0.250 % 0.130 % 0.060 % 350.8 ' O 225 V i9th 0.100 % 0.470 % 0.328 % 0.350 % 71 60 ' 1471 v 20th 0.020 Oh 0.270 % 0.158 % O. 170 % 4 900 ' 0641 V 21 ~t 0.000 % 0.410 % 0.200 % 0.410 Oh 307.6 " 7.546 V 22nd 0.030 Oh 0.320 % 0.204 Oh 0.210 % 320.2 * O 792 V 23rd O 180 Oh 1.900 % 1.714 % 1.900 % 245.1 ' 7 166 V 24th 0.010 % 0.370 % 0.173 % 0.1 10 % 253.4 ' 0.415 V 25th 0.030 % 1.210 % 1 .O37 % 1.190 % 136.3 ' 4 488 V 26th 0.040 Oh 0.420 % 0.226 Oh 0.260 % 273.5 ' 0.981 V 27th 0.000 % 0.420 Oh O. 199 Oh 0.170 % 314.9 ' 0.641 V 28th 0.000 % 0.410 % 0.310 Oh 0.300 % 175.6 ' 1.131 V 29th 0.030 % 1.O50 % 0.873 Oh 0.860 % 250.9 ' 3.244 V 30th 0.000 % 0.240 % 0.099 % 0.080 % 266.1 ' 0.302 V 31st 0.010 % 0.700 % 0.485 % 0.460 Oh 106.5 ' 1.735 v 32nd 0.010 Oh 0.380 % 0.21 1 % 0.320 Oh 140.5 ' 1.207 V 33rd 0.000 Oh 0.320 % 0.142 % 0.140 % 102.6 ' 0.528 V 34th 0.020 Oh 0.410 % 0.267 % 0.300 % 56.50 ' 1.731 V 35th 0.1 10 % 1.260 % 1.O89 Oh 1.230 % 288.1 * 4.639 V 36th 0.010 % 0.280 % 0.127 % 0.030 %O 330.5 ' 0.113 V 37th 0.080 % 0.870 % 0.628 % 0.660 % 175.8 ' 2.489 V 38th 0.030 % 0.410 % 0.233 % 0.270 % 20.20 ' 1.018 V 39th 0.000 Oh 0.370 % 0.181 % 0.140 Oh 88.80 ' 0.528 V 40th 0.010 Oh 0.230 Oh 0.129 % 0.1 30 Oh 285.1 ' 0.490 V 4lst 0.020 % 0.650 % 0.343 Oh 0.430 % 127.9 ' 1.622 V 42nd 0.000 % 0.250 Oh 0.102 % 0.110 % 335.5 " 0.415 V 43rd 0.080 Oh 0.960 % 0.624 % 0.830 % 2.300 ' 3.130 V 44th 0.000 % 0.370 % 0.129 % 0.260 % 239.0 ' 0.981 V 45th 0.020 % 0.840 % 0.478 Oh 0.780 Oh 227.4 ' 2.942 V 46th 0.000 % 0.310 % 0.123 % 0.150 Oh 316.5 ' O 566 V 47th 0.010 O/O 1.270 % 0.920 % 1.260 Oh 146 2' 4 752 V 43th O 020 Oh 0.340 % 0.155 % 0.260 % 211 5' O '81 v 49th 0.010 % (3.940 % 0.471 % O 850 Oh 18 10 ' 3 205 v 50th 0 010 Oh 0.550 '/O 0.212 % O 300 '/O 194 5 ' 1 131 V Recording from: 10/20/98 09:26:26 To: 1O/20/98 09:34:51 SMM #3 Secondary Side M3sec. doc Line 1 Curent Data at THO Peak: 10120198 09:28:33 Order Minimum Maximum Average % fundam. Phase RMS RMS 454.4 A 540.0 A 482.6 A 455 4 A THD 13.40 % 16.66 % 15.52 % DC 0.870 % 1.510 % 1.183 % 5.704 A 1st 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 449.1 A 2nd 0.180 Oh OS40 % 0-319 % 1617 A 3 rd 0.970 % 1.780 % 1.369 % 7231 A 4th 0.100 % 0.270 Oh 0.183 % 1 033 A 5th 12.88 % 16.06 % 14.97 % 72 13 A 6th 0.000 % 0.130 % 0.067 % O 494 A 7th 0.480 % 1.O80 % 0.904 % 4 446 A 8th 0.000 % 0.150 % 0.063 Oh O 180 A 9t h 0.100 Oh 0.240 % 0.170 % O 808 A 10th 0.000 % 0.1 10 O4, 0.032 % O i80 A 11th 1.070 % 1.770 % 1.510 % 7 366 A 12th 0.000 % 0.080 % 0.022 % O 090 A 13th 0.380 % 0.780 Oh 0.652 Oh 3 503 A 14th 0.000 % 0.090 % 0.023 % O 090 A 15th 0.040 Oh 0.210 % 0.124 % O 808 A 16th 0.000 Oh 0.090 % 0.017 % 0 OS0 A 17th 0.440 Oh 1.180 % 1.018 % 4 671 A 18th 0.000 % 0.090 % 0.030 % O 000 A 19th 0.300 % 1.O80 % 0.918 % 4 i32 A 20th 0.000 % O. 140 Oh 0.054 % O 130 A 21 sl 0.020 % 0.220 Oh 0.121 O/o O 404 A 22nd 0.000 Oh 0.140 % 0.065 % O 269 A 23rd 0.220 Oh 2.030 % 1.837 % 8 439 A 24th 0.000 % 0.150 % 0.056 % O 269 A 25th 0.040 % 1.350 % 1.122 % 5 390 A 26th 0.000 % 0.130 % 0.054 % O 180 A 27th 0.000 Oh 0.170 Oh 0.061 Oh O404 A 28th 0.000 % O. 170 Oh 0.097 Oh O404 A 29th 0.060 % 1.410 % 1.234 % 6 198 A 30th 0.000 Oh 0.130 % 0.053 % O 269 A 31st 0.000 Oh 0.910 % 0.750 % 3 728 A 32nd 0.000 % 0.200 % 0.099 % O 404 A 33rd 0.000 % 0.200 % 0.072 % O 404 A 34th 0.000 % 0.180 % 0.054 % O494 A 35th 0.100 % 1.290 % 1.103 % 5 390 A 36th 0.000 % 0.130 % 0.050 % O 269 A 37th 0.060 % 0.870 % 0.581 % 3 099 A 38th 0.000 % 0.130 % 0.036 % 0.000 A 391h 0.000 % 0.130 % 0.034 Oh 0.180 A 40th 0.000 % 0.1 10 % 0.023 % O 000 A 41st 0.000 % 0.290 % 0.140 % 0 180 A 42nd 0.000 % 0.080 % 0.022 % O 090 A 43rd 0.020 % 0.520 % 0.346 % 1123 A 44th 0.000 Oh 0.130 % 0.047 % O 180 A 45th 0.000 % 0.150 % 0.062 % O494 A 46th 0.000 % 0.130 % 0.043 % O 269 A 47th 0.040 % 0.E. i0 % 0.637 % 3 099 A 48th 0.000 % 0.130 % 0.040 % O 180 A 49th 0.000 % 0.600 % 0.396 % 2 380 A 50th 0.000 % 0.190 % 0.082 % O 269 A Recordina frorn: 1O/2O/98 09:26:26 To: Line 2 Voltage Data at THO Peak: 10120198 09:34:23 Order Minimum Maximum Average % fundam. Phase RMS RMS 373.5 v 377.8 V 376.2 V 375 O v THO 1.197 % 4.025 % 3.368 % 4.025 % DC 0.000 % 0.100 % 0.01 1 % 0.000 % O 000 v 1st 100.0 Oh 100.0 Oh 100.0 % 100.0 % 240.1 ' 374 7 v 2nd 0.010 % 0.070 % 0.042 % 0.040 % 100.4 ' 0 150 V 3rd 0.050 % 0.320 Oh 0.167 % 0.160 % 117.2' O 599 v 4th 0.000 % 0.080 % 0.033 % 0.020 % 80.40 ' 0.075 V 5th 0.750 % 1.000 % 0.863 % 0.880 % 87.90 ' 3 297 V 6th 0.010 % 0.190 % 0.107 % 0.100 % 48 80 ' O 375 v 7th 0.430 % 0.660 % 0.562 % 0.550 % 70.20 ' 2 OC1 v 8th 0.010 Oh 0.1SO 0.065 % 0.070 Oh 3.700 ' O 262 V 9th 0.000 % 0.1 10 0.052 % 0.040 % 115.6 ' O 750 V 10th 0.010 % 0.200 O/o 0.1 19 % 0.120 76 328.6 ' O 450 V 11th 0.370 % 0.670 % 0.564 % 0.530 % 120 8' 1 986 V 12th 0.000 Oh 0.220 O10 0.116 Oh 0.100 Oh 317.5 ' O 375 v 13th 0.030 % 0.230 Oh 0.125 % O 090 % 744 1 ' O 337 v 14th 0.020 % 0.160 Oh 0.103 % 0.100 Oh 254 2 " 0375 V 15th 0.020 % 0.170 % 0.089 Oh 0.100 Oh 1 400 ' O 375 v 16th 0.010 % O 180 % 0.103 % 0.100 % 233.2 ' O 375 v 17th 0.120 % 0.420 % 0.304 % 0.400 % 295.9 ' 1499 v 18th 0.020 % 0.250 % 0.132 % 0.080 Oh 173 7' O 300 V 19th 0.030 % 0.350 % 0.185 % 0.310 Oh 352 6 ' 1 161 v 20th 0.020 % 0.270 Oh 0.186 % O 200 Oh IF9 4' O 749 V 21st 0.000 % 0.250 % 0.1 12 Oh 0.100 Oh 21 .ïO ' 0375 V 22nd 0.030 % 0.350 Oh 0.183 Oh 0.130 IL6 2' O 487 V 23rd 0.180 % 1.790 % 1.563 Oh 1.780 % 4.300 ' 6 669 V 241h 0.000 % 0.350 Oh 0.129 Oh 0.090 % 40.90 " O 337 v 25th 0.020 % 1.580 Oh 1.327 Oh 1.580 % 28 80 ' 5 920 V 26th 0.060 % 0.460 % 0.312 Oh 0.280 % 50 80 " 1049 V 27th 0.010 Oh 0.510 % 0.343 % 0.370 % 93 60 ' 1 386 V 26th 0.000 % 0.310 % 0.188 % 0.180 % 33 50 ' O674 V 29th 0.020 Oh 0.840 Oh 0.725 Oh 0.760 '/O 2450 ' 2 8.17 V 3Ot h 0.030 Oh 0.310 Oh 0.151 % 0.160 % 306 5 ' O 559 v 31st 0.010 % 0.950 Oh 0.706 % 0.610 '/O 3.600 ' 2 285 V 32nd 0.040 Oh 0.320 % 0.203 % 0.230 % 273 2 ' O 862 V 33rd 0.000 % 0.330 % 0.164 % 0.150 % 107 3' O 502 V 34th 0.040 % 0.310 % 0.206 % 0.270 % 257 2 ' 1012 v 35th 0.120 % 1.300 % 1.O35 % 1.110 % 45.50 ' 4 159 V 36th 0.010 % 0.360 Oh 0.166 Oh 0.130 Oh 240 3 ' O 487 V 37th 0.090 % 9.920 Oh 0.614 % 0.580 % 66.00 ' 2 173 V 38th 0.000 % 0.340 % 0.184 % 0.200 Oh 133 1 ' O 749 V 39th 0.000 Oh 0.310 % 0.159 Oh 0.230 % 194.5 ' O 862 V 40th 0.000 % 0.340 % 0.154 % 0.240 % 136.3 ' 0.899 V 41st 0.070 % 0.730 % 0.402 Oh 0.560 % 225 5 ' 2.098 V 42nd 0.000 % 0.240 % 0.115 % 0.070 % 90.10 ' O 262 V 43rd 0.090 % 0.980 '10 0.582 % 0.860 '/O 263 5 ' 3 222 v 44th 0.010 % 0.230 Oh 0.097 Oh 0.130 Oh 41.80 ' O 487 V 45th 0.030 % 0.650 % 0.316 % 0.410 Oh 328.1 ' 1 536 V 46th 0.000 Oh 0.330 % 0.122 % 0.1 10 % 14.00 ' 0412 V 47th 0.060 % 1.260 % 0.779 % 1.210 % 270.6 ' 4 533 V 48th 0.000 % 0.310 % 0.123 Oh 0.090 % 108 3 ' O 337 v 49th 0.070 % 1.660 % 0.859 % 1.660 % 309.1 ' 6.219 V 50th 0.020 % O 570 Oh 0.267 Oh 0.380 '10 328 8 ' 1 424 V Recording frorn: 1O/2O/98 09:26:26To: 10/20/98 09:34:51 Appendix A PageA-69 Line 2 Current Data at THD Peak: 70120198 09:30:21 Order Minimum Maximum Average % fundam. Phase RMS RMS 437.9 A 527.4 A 464.5 A 440 2 A THD 14.05 % 17-36% 16.28Oh DC 0.830 % 1.440 % 1 .l44Oh 4 771 A 1 st 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 Oh 338.8 ' 433 7 A 2nd 0.340 % 0.800 % 0.545 % 135.1 ' 2 689 A 3rd 0.340 % 1 .O00 % 0.681 Oh 171.3 ' 3 079 A 4th 0.1 10 % 0.330 % 0.212 % 243.5 ' 0911 A 5th 13.54 % 16.82 Oh 15.78 % 40.30 ' 72 95 A 6th 0.000 % 0.110 % 0.052 % 170.6 ' O 304 A 7th 0.560 % 0.970 '/a 0.795 % 358.9 ' 3 903 A 8th 0.000 % 0.160 % 0.086 % 135.8 ' O 477 A 9th 0.060 % 0.250 % 0.139 % 102.4 ' 0477 A 10th 0.000 % 0.1 IO % 0.026 % 133.8 ' 0 173 A 11th 1.1 70 '/O 1 -820% 1.619 */O 6.600 ' 7 5.16 A 12th 0.000 % 0.1 10 % 0.032 % 101.7' O 173 A 13th 0.360 % 0.660 % 0.551 % 31 7.8 ' 2 689 A 14th 0.000% 0.090 % 0.031 % 9 900 ' O 304 A 15th 0.000% O. 120 O10 o.on i 298.5 " O 000 A 16th 0.000 % 0.090 % 0.028 % 5.900 ' 0 087 A 17th 0.440 % 1.170% 1.001 % 233.7' 4 424 A 18th 0.000 % 0.090 % 0.020 % 300.2 ' O 113 A 19th 0.230 '/O 0.890 % 0.745Oh 197.2 * 3 209 A 20t h 0.000Oh 0.110 % 0.047 % 341.4' O 173 A 21 st 0.020 % 0.320 Oh 0.196 % 353.4" 1128 A 22nd 0.000 % 0.070 % 0.017 % 1798' O 0130 A 23rd 0.250% 2.190 % 1.984 '10 297.3 ' c ::a A 24th 0.000 '/a 0.090% 0.014 % 351.6 ' O 0û0 A 25th 0.040% 1.280 Oh 1.053 % 259.2 ' 4 9.:4 /, 26th 0.000 % 0.1 10 Oh 0.036 % 46 80 ' O 2!2O A 27th 0.000 '/a 0.360 Oh 0.213"i0 35 90 ' 1 3.:4 A 28th 0.000 Oh 0.090 % 0.025 % 1183' O CS7 A 29th 0.080 % 1.550 % 1.372% 323.5 ' 6419 A 3Ot h 0.00050 0.090Oh 0.021 % 147 0 ' O 000 A 31 st 0.000 'Xl 0.780 % 0.661 % 261.6 ' 2 993 A 32nd 0.000 % 0.160 % 0.057 % 67.20' O 173 A 33rd 0.020 % 0.300 % 0.182 % 36.00 ' O 958 A 34th 0.000 % 0.1 10 Oh 0.037 % 62.4G ' O O87 A 35th 0.1 10 % 1.310 % 1.138 % 316.1 ' 5 595 A 36th 0.000 % 0.1 10 % 0.031 % 302.4 ' O 000 A 37th 0.060 % 0.700 % 0.507 % 272.6 ' 2 776 A 38th 0.000 % 0.1 50 Oh 0.046 % 50.70 " O 304 A 39th 0.000 % 0.200 % 0.079 Oh 90.10 ' C 304 A 40th 0.000 % 0.090 % 0.016 Oh 286.0 ' O 000 A 41st 0.000 % 0.280 % 0.129 Oh 162.8 ' O 304 A 42nd 0.000 % 0.1 10 % 0.020 % 64.10 ' O 087 A 43rd 0.020 % 0.440 % 0.261 % 112.8 ' O 824 A 44th 0.000 % 0.140 % 0.046 % 255.5 ' O 087 A 45th 0.000 % 0.390 % 0.186 Oh 240.5 ' 1128 A 46th 0.000 Oh 0.090 % 0.035 Oh 275.4 ' 0 173 A 47th 0.090 % 0.920 % 0.693 % 198.9 ' 3 383 A 48th 0.000 Oh 0.090 % 0.01 7 % 253.2 ' O 000 A 49th 0.020 % 0.800 % 0.419 % 201 .O ' 0.477 A 50th 0.000 Oh 0.160 % 0.059 Oh 121.3 ' O 087 A Recording from: 10/20/98 09:26:26 To: 1O/20/98 O9:34:51 SMM #3 Secondary Side M3sec.doc Line 3 Voltage Data at 1HD Peak: 10/20/98 09:34:23 Order Minimum Maximum Average % fundarn. Phase RMS RMS 374.3 v 378.8 V 377.0 V 375.4 v THO 1.423 % 3.961 Oh 3.467 % 3.961 % DC 0.020 Oh 0.230 Oh 0.080 % 0.090 Oh 0.338 V 1st 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 Oh 100.0 % 120.1 ' 375 1 v 2nd 0.050 % 0.150 % 0.094 % 0.080 % 241.7 ' O 300 V 3 rd 0.340 % 0.620 % 0.507 % 0.600 % 281.6 ' 2.251 V 4th 0.000 % 0.100 % 0.041 % 0.060 % 41.10 ' 0.225 V 5th 0.880 % 1.120 % 1.019 % 0.970 % 198.0 ' 3 639 V 6th 0.000 Oh 0.100 % 0.029 % 0.010 % 259.4 ' O 038 V 7th 0.550 % 0.770 Oh 0.670 % 0.700 % 310.9 ' 2 626 V 8th 0.010 % 0.080 % 0.049 Oh 0.050 % 67.20 ' O 188 V 9th 0.000 % 0.100 % 0.035 % 0.010 Oh 100.0 ' O 038 V 10th 0.000 % 0.120 % 0.043 Oh 0.020 % 87.00 ' O 075 V 1 lth 0.360 % 0.640 % 0.512 % 0.450 % 235.1 ' 1688 V 12th 0.000 Oh 0.130 % 0.043 Oh 0-010 % 157.1 ' O 038 V 13th 0.110 Oh 0.300 % 0.203 % O 200 % 33.40 ' 0 7% V 14th 0.000 Oh 0.080 % 0.027 % 0.030 % 31 7.5 ' 0113 V 15th 0.070 % 0.200 Oh 0.138 Oh O. 150 7'0 217.1 ' O 553 v 16th 0.000 Oh 0.150 % 0.054 Oh 0.010 % 39.60 ' O 038 V 17th 0.150 Oh 0.480 Oh 0.346 % 0 410 % 66.90 ' 1538 V 18th 0.000 % 0.170 % 0.055 Oh 0.040 Oh 176.9 ' O 7'30 v 19th 0.100 % 0.430 % 0.271 % 0.350 % 214.6 ' 1213 V 20th 0.000 % 0.160 % 0.084 % 0.140 Oh 290.9 ' O 525 v 21 st 0.000 % 0.240 % 0.1 17 % O 080 % 234.7 ' O ,CO V 22nd 0.000 % 0.170 % 0.061 Oh 0.100 % 89.60 ' 03i5 V 23rd 0.210 % 1.900 % 1.659 % 1 9CO % 128.4 ' T :L7 V 24th 0.000 Oh 0.290 % 0.105 Oh 0.060 Oh 104.9 ' O 225 V 25th 0.020 % 1.570 Oh 1.313 % 1 460 O' 251.2 ' 5dr7 v 26th 0.010 Oh 0.420 % 0.225 % O 200 Oh 186.9 ' O 750 V 27th 0.010 % 0.320 Oh 0.158 O/o O 220 O/" 291.9 * O 825 V 28th 0.020 Oh 0.360 % 0.216 % 0.210 Oh 341.8 ' O 758 V 29th 0.040 % 0.840 % 0.676 % O 680 Oh 138.1 ' 2551 V 30th 0.000 % 0.350 % 0.119 % O 060 125.9 O 225 V 31 st 0.010 % 0.800 % 0.627 Oh 0.590 % 236.6 ' 2213 V 32nd 0.000 % 0.190 % 0.092 Oh 0.150 % 25.30 ' O 5.33 V 33rd 0.ù10 % 0.430 % 0.251 % 0.220 % 275.0 ' 0.625 V 34th 0.000 Oh 0.250 % 0.084 % 0.040 % 275.4 ' O 150 V 35th 0.1 10 % 1.320 Oh 1.115 % 1.180 OA 163.0 ' 4 426 V 36th 0.000 % 0.280 % 0.109 % 0.110 % 134.9 ' 0413 V 37th 0.100 % 0.930 % 0.678 % 0.840 'A 300.1 ' 3 151 V 38th 0.020 % 0.270 % 0.158 % 0.200 % 237.1 ' O 750 V 39th 0.000 % 0.220 % 0.071 Oh 0.120 Oh 133.9 ' O 450 V 40th 0.000 % 0.220 % 0.079 % 0.070 % 326.3 ' O 203 V 41s: 0.050 % 0.640 % 0.364 Oh 0.620 Oh 7.800 ' 2 325 V 42nd 0.000 % 0.240 % 0.102 Oh 0.110 % 48.10 ' O413 V 43rd 0.080 % 0.990 % 0.555 % O 800 % 117.8 ' 7061 V 44th 0.000 % 0.270 % 0.103 Oh 0.130 % 168.2 ' O 488 V 45th 0.020 % 0.670 % 0.320 % 0.320 % 194.3 ' 1 260 V 46th 0.000 % 0.360 Oh 0.152 % 0.090 % 41 -90 ' O238 V 47th 0.050 % 1.350 % 0.848 Oh 1.100 % 44.50 ' 4 ;26 V 48th 0.000 % 0.450 % 0.182 % 0.240 Oh 263.5 ' O 500 v 49th 0.070 Oh 1.520 % 0.815 % 1 350 % 127.7 ' 5 O64 V 50th 0.000 Oh 0.550 Oh 0.293 Oh 0.320 Oh 160.4 ' 12110 v Recording from: 10/20/98 09:26:26 To: i0120198 09:34:51 Appendix A PageA-71 BMM #3 Secondary Side M3sec.doc Line 3 Curent Data at THO Peak: 10120198 09:28:20 O rde r Minimum Maximum Average % fundam. Phase RMS RMS 451.0 A 546.4 A 476.9 A 454 2 A THD 12.89 % 16.00 % 15.(34 % DC 0.540 % 1 .O90 OA 0.795 % 4 430 A 1 st 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 219.2 ' 426 5 A 2nd 0.140 % 0.460 % 0.303 % 307.7 ' 1.032 A 3 rd 0.520 Oh 1 .ZOO Oh 0.847 % 167.2 ' 4.530 A 4th 0.080 Oh 0.260 % 0.150 % 318.5 ' 0.493 A 5th 12.44 % 15.43 % 14.50 % 158.8 ' 69 20 A 6th 0.000 % 0.130 % 0.045 % 345.0 ' 0.090 A 7th 0.920 % 1.420 % 1.258 % 227.3 ' 6.189 A 8th 0.C30 % 0.130 Oh 0.032Oh 287.0 ' 0.1 79 A 91 h 0.000 % 0.140 Oh 0.037 % 355.2 ' 0.179 A 10th 0.000 Oh 0.110 % 0.035 % 337.6 ' O 269 A 11th 1 .O30Oh 1.650 % 1.410 % 124.1 ' 6 727 A 12th 0.000 O/o 0.090 % 0.019 % 37.70 ' 0 OtjO A 13th 0.410 % 0.820 % 0.682 % 200 4 ' 3 438 A 14th 0.000 % 0.090 % 0.024 % 104.7' O 179 A 15th 0.000 Oh 0.220 % 0.1 14 % 67.30 ' 0.807 A 16th 0.000 % 0.1 10 % 0.024 % 215.3 ' 0 179 A 17th 0.390 Oh 1.140 % 0.968 % 346.0 ' 4 2;5 A 18th 0.000 Oh 0.090 % 0.032 % 313.6 ' o.os0 A 19th 0.280 Oh 1 .O70 % 0.895 % 83.80 ' 3.E12 A 20th 0.000 % 0.140 % 0.074 % 78.00 ' O 259 A 21st 0.000 % 0-250% 0.143 % 126.4 ' O Ti3 A 22nd 0.000 % 0.180 % 0.079 % 198.5 ' 0.404 A 23rd 0.240 % 1.860 % 1.651 % 52.50 ' 7.759 A 24th 0.000 % O. 130 Oh 0.042 % 345.6 ' O 030 A 25th 0.040 % 1.620 % 1.404 % 127 O' 7Cj41 A 26th 0.000 % 0.140 % 0.062 % 150.3' O 453 A 27th 0.000 % 0.410 % 0.253 Oh 193.1 ' 1 5.?5 A 26th 0.000 % 0.190% 0.084 % 221 .s ' O ;'S A 29th 0.040 '30 1.300 % 1.153 % 77.60' 5.251 A 30th 0.000 % 0.150 % 0.057% 353.3 ' 0.253 A 31st 0.000 % 1 .O60 Oh 0.910 % 132.6 ' 4.6*:4 A 32nd 0.000 % 0.160 Oh 0.064 % 181.3 ' 0.;-9A 33rd 0.020 % 0.380 % 0.253 % 189.6 ' 1.525 A 34th 0.000 % 0.160 % 0.086 % 231.1 ' 0.493 A 35th 0.060 % 1.120 % 0.947 % 66.50 " 4.754 A 36th 0.000 % 0.130 % 0.036 % 158.4 ' 0.000 A 37th 0.080 % 0.890 Oh 0.71 1 '/O 134.9 ' 3.722 A 38th 0.000 % 0.130 % 0.038 % 100.8 ' 0.050 A 39th 0.000 % 0.220% 0.099 Oh 206.2 ' 0.897 A 40th 0.000% 0.1 10 % 0.020 % 206.1 ' 0.179 A 41st 0.000 Oh 0.260 % 0.108 % 54.20' 0.090 A 42nd 0.000 % 0.090 % 0.026 Oh 226.3 ' 0.179 A 43rd 0.040 % 0.680 % 0.418 Oh 354.2 ' 1.121 A 44th 0.000 % 0.160 % 0.053 Oh 3.800 ' 0.404 A 45th 0.000 % 0.270 % 0.141 % 53.40' 1.032 A 46th 0.000 % 0.170 % 0.066 Oh 75.70' 0.493 A 47th 0.040 % 0.800 % 0.529 % 326.2 ' 1.839 A 48th 0.000 % 0.150 % 0.044 % 214.6 ' 0.090 A 49th 0.020 % 1 .O20 Oh 0.584 % 45.60 ' 1.525 A 50th 0.000% 0.200 % 0.086 % 24 40 ' 0.433 A Recording from: 10/20/9809:26:26 7-01 . -. - _ _ _ M3sec. doc Line 4 Currenf Oata at THO Peak: 10120198 09:27:25 Order Minimum Maximum Average Phase RMS RMS 0.136 A 0.179 A 0.154 A 0.139 A THD 48.99 % 73.14 % 67.34 Oh DC 11-03 % 15.22 % 13.60 % 0.017 A 1st 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 % 137.5 ' 0.111 A 2nd 0.000 % 1.450 % 0.385 % 23.10 ' 0.000 A 3 rd 11.44 % 16.56 % 13.99 % 253.0 ' 0.018 A 4th 0.000 % 1.460 % 0.449 % 322.1 ' 0.001 A 5th 41.21 % 52.63 % 49.05 Oh 341.6 ' 0.057 A Eth 0.000 % 0.900 % 0.145 % 143.1 ' 0.000 A 7th 4.870 % 7.850 % 6.758 % 104.8 ' 0.008 A 8th 0.000 Oh 0.870 % 0.409 % 188.1 ' 0.000 A 9th 1.140 Oh 3.490 % 2.485 % 189.7 ' 0.003 A 10th 0.000 Oh 0.930 Oh 0.172 % 270.0 ' O.OC0 A 1lth 6.830 Oh 10.63 Oh 9.003 % 278.4 * 0.0: 1 A 12th 0.000 % 0.860 Oh 0.201 % 90 00 ' O.OGO A 13th 2.730 % 5.470 % 4.312 % 67 40 ' 0.005 A 14th 0.000 % 1.240 % 0.551 % IO8 4 ' 0.000 A 15th 1.630 % 4.140 % 2.871 Oh 5 700 ' O.OC4 A 16th 0.000 % 0-980 % 0.342 248.1 ' 0.0Gù A 17th 3.820 % 10.18 % 8.650 Oh 1130' 0.0;o A 18th 0.000 % 1.160 % 0.410 Oh 270 0 ' O.OOC) A 19th 2.180 % 9.970 Oh 8.14 1 '/O 273.5 ' 0.010 A 20th 0.000 % 1.980 % 1.O30 % 6 300 ' O.OC1 A 21st 0.000 % 2.350 % 1.228 ?/O 63 40 ' o.oc; A 22nd 0.000 % 2.040 % 1.165 ?/O 200 5 ' O.OC,: A 23rd 2.730 % 21.23 % 19.0C % 123 O' 0.0. 2 A 24th 0.000 % 2.330 % 1.224 '10 276 0' O.OC7 A 25th 0.000 % 15.49 % 13.1 1 Oh 275 1 ' 0.O'~jA 26th 0.000 Oh 2.120 % 0.766 Oh 270 O ' O.OC5 A 27th 0.280 Oh 6.580 Oh 4.246 % 106.5 ' 0.0(!? A 28th 0.000 Oh 2.510 Oh 1.669 '/O 1736' O.OC? A 29th 0.000 % 18.42 Oh 15.85 % 125 1" 0.0;" 30th 0.000 % 1.310 % 0.474 % 158 1" 0.050 A 31st 0.280 % 12.65 % 10.51 % 253 5 ' 0.01 J A 32nd 0.000 % 2.670 % 1.788 Oh 72 CO ' 0.002 A 33rd 0.280 % 6.860 Oh 5.01 7 % 63.00 ' 0.068 A 34th 0.240 % 2.580 % 1.170 % 131.9' 0.001 A 35th 1.970 % 18.96 % 15.66 % 89.00 ' 0.020 A 36th 0.000 % 2.860 % 1.280 % 303 6 ' 0.001 A 37th 1.440 Oh 10.60 % 8.244 % 237 4 ' 0.011 A 38th 0.000 Oh 2.310 % 1.093 Oh 353.6 ' 0.001 A 39th 0.000 % 4.590 % 2.795 % 317.2 ' 0.004 A 40th 0.000 % 1.860 % 0.627 Oh 128.6 ' O.OC0 A 41 st 0.000 % 4.810 % 1.914 % 277.1 ' 0.003 A 42nd 0.000 % 2.380 Oh 0-723 Oh 270.0 ' 0.000 A 43rd 0.270 % 10.84 % 6.814 % 64 00 ' 0.010 A 44th 0.000 % 2.670 % 1.260 Oh 161.5 ' 0.002 A 45th 0.000 % 8.440 % 4.649 % 228.3 ' 0.009 A 46th 0.000 % 3.190 % 1.310 Oh 259.6 ' 0.001 A 47th 0.810 % 15.47 % 11-65 Oh 279.0 ' 0.014 A 48th 0.000 Oh 3.860 Oh 1.579 % 79 60 ' o.oo1 A 49th 0.000 % 17.63 % 9.370 % 50 70 ' 0.018 A 50th 0.000 Oh 4.560 % 2.259 % 126 8' O.OC3 A Recording from: 10/20/98 09:26:26 7-0: 10/20/98 09:34:51 Appendix A PageA-73 BMM #3 Secondary Side M3secdoc THD Graphs This is the campaign surnmary on THD of al1 channels measured by the instrument: Voltage: FÎle: C:\ACEWiN\M3SECl .HMS ACE 2000 - O CPM Leading-Edge Technology Inc. Type: Harmonic Analvzer Masures LI-v THO Y fund. nonc Start-10120198 09:26:26 lime: minutes .- a U-V THD % lund. nonc Stop:10120198 09:34:51 Scale: U-V THO X lund none Records: 506 Lf-V THD % fund. (%) Curent: File: C:iACEWiN\M3S ECl.HMS ACE 2000 -OCPM Leading-Edge Technology Ine. Type: Harmonic Analyzer Measures L1-i THD %lund. , nanc Statt10120198 09:26:26 Tïme: minutes U.1 THD *A lund. g nonc Stop:10120/98 09:34:51 Scale: LI-1 THD X fund. 00 none Records: 506 LI-l THD % fund. (%) Appendix A PageA-74 This is a magnification around the points of maximum : Maximum iine 1 Voltage WD: 3.897 % at: 1ODOl98 O9:34:13 Maximum Line 1 Current THD: 16.66 % at: 10120198 W:28:33 Maximum Voltage: Maximurn Current.- rL: CUC-*USECl)*O .cr~-oa-r.rr~K fkc-SCCI *na iccloiro-acrr~~d,.t~rr rp:--- Tu. -yzr rr.- r 1 I I I l I 1 Maximum Line 2 Voltage THO: 4.025 % at: 10/20/98 09:34:23 Maximum Line 2 Current THO: 17-36 % atr 10120198 09:30:21 Maximum Voltage: Maximum Current: cwCUcNnllUII~EC< UYS ACC mai -atm wlpa.r r.rnroiogyk rr CUCC~~JSCC~rus 1.m nrnoiZ&"I"Z.,Y..m ryp wlrr~WVI- ~iwn Maximum Line 3 Voltage THD: 3.961 % at. 10/20/98 09:34 23 Maximum Line 3 Current THO: 16 00 % at: 10/20!98 09:28-20 Maximum Voltage: Maximum Current. FWCUCLWMYISCCI HUS ACE ~QI-am ke-74~ r-7- rwCWTW~~~JSCC~ *YS .CE m -aCm L..org-£h 1- ir 1- )(rrar*Inr*mYum rn nr- w,zn m..."," IC - t< - IL< - IL - Il. II - JI II 16 1- > Ci M II .LYW\Y awnoru 7- I Line 7 Voltage: THD:3.90% RMS: 377.4 V 3rd:O.39% 5th: 1.1 1 % Spectrum Wave form Lit?e 2 Voltage: THD:4.03% RMS: 375.0 V 3rd O.16% 5thr0 88% Spectrum Waveform Ur. UY (8-l Line 2 Voltage: THD:4.03% RMS: 375.0 V 3rd:O. 16% 5th:O. 88% Spectrum Waveforrn Appendix A PageA-76 These are the spectrum and wavefonn when the maximum THO has been reached for each current channel: Line f Currenf: THL):16.66% RMS: 455.4 A 3rd: 1.6i% 5th: 16.06% Line 2 Curent: THD:~7.36% RMS: 440.2 A 3rda 71% 5th:16.82% Line 3 Curent: THD:16.00% RMS: 454.2 A 3rd:l.01% 5th:75.43% Appendix A PageA-77 Appendix 8 IEEE 14 Bus Netwark Results Appendix B IEEE 14 Bus Network Results This is a printout of the program developed to for analysis of harmonie flow. As a system with given specifications and results IEEE 14 bus system (refer to Appendix C for specifications) is fed to the program and the results are as folfow: Bus V P Q Angle PF Name No. Type Volts kW kVAR (Deg.) (%) 1 1.00 S 146280.00 232406.00 -14272.00 -3.50 100.00 2.00GPV 144210.00 18300.00 33040.00 61.00 48.00 3.00 GPV 139380.00 -94200.00 5403.00 -3.30 100.00 6.00 GPV 42800.00 -11200.00 -2349.00 11.80 98.00 8.00 GPV 87200.00 0.00 11804.00 90.00 0.00 Appendix C One Lines and Network Data Appendix C One Line Diagrams and Network Data This appendix shows the formats and one line diagrams used in our studies and it includes the following: IEEE 14 bus system specification Kautex-Textron power distribution system specification IEEE 14 bus systern one line diagrarn Windsor Casino simplified one line diagram a Kautex-Textron simplified one Iine diagram One Une Diagrams & Specs IEEE 14 Bus System Specifications The following is a surnmary of the standard 14 bus system introduced by IEEE to be used as a scale and base for different software development purpases. iEEE lUUSTeST CASE SFE43FïCATW)NS 'Tram. ruio 0.978. SI.Bm 4: Bus 7. Truu. do0.%9. cl, Bus 4: Bus 9. 'Trrar rith 0.932. cl. Bus 5: Bus 6. Appendix C PageC-2 One Litre Diagrams & S's Ka utex- Texfron Po wer Distribution System Specifications The following is a surnrnary of the Kautex-Textron power distribution system specification including al1 node types and components ratings. This is the system specifications out put of my program. INITIAL SHORT CIRCUIT KVA: 320, 377 INITIAL SYSTEM VOLTAGE: 27,600 INITIAL X/R RATIO: 6 INITIAL NUMBER 04 PHASES: 3 INITIAL WIRING CONNECTIONS: WY E PRCJECT LOCATION: WINDSOR, ONTARIO 9ASE KirA: 100,000 CYCLES IN KERTZ OF SYSTEM: 60 SOCKED RVTOR KOTOR FACTOR: 4-0 TLI.:PEW.ï5RE DEVIATION (DEG Cl : O DEFAULT POWER FACTOR: O. 800 CABLE DATA FILE: CABLEDATA EUS DUCT DATA FILE: BUSDATA SWITCH DATA FILE: SWf TCHDATA CURRENT TX=?NSFORMER DATA FILE: CTDATA CIRCUIT E3EAKER DATA FILE: C3DATA CVZKZEAD CABLE DATA FI LE : 0HCP.BLEDATA FUSE DAT. FILE: FUSEDATA -iOLT.+GE TFtrzlJSFORMER DATA FILE: TWNSDATA TCTAL TOTAL NUiASER OF CABLES: TOTAL NUMEER OF OVERHEAD CABLES: TOTAL NUMEER OF BUS DUCTS: TOTAL NUXBER OF SWITCHES: TOTAL NUMBER OF VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS: TOTAL NUI43ER OF CURRENT TF@-NSFORMERS : TOTAL NUMBER OF CIRCUIT BREAKERS: TOTAL NUMBER OF FUSES: TOTAL NUEBER OF SPECIAL COMPONENTS: TOTAL NUMaER OF NETWORK COMPONENTS: TOTAL NUMEER OF MOTORS: TCTAL NUMBER OF GENERATORS: TOTAL NUNEER OF CAPACITOR BANKS: 'TOTAL NUMSER OF GENERAL PURPOSE LOADS: TOTAL NUKSER OF MOT/GEN/CAP/LOADS : Appendix C PageC-3 One Line Oiagrams & Specs ******+********* COMPONENT INPUT DATA AND COMPUTED SIZE REPORT **********+*+* CABLE DATA: COMPONENT-NODE BUS.VOLT MATERIAL SHIELD ZO/Z1 INSUL LENGTH CONDUIT TABLE PHASES CAB/PH C .STATUS 43 - 44 615 COPPER NO 90 C 50 TB SEC CBLES NON. MAGN 3 PHASE ACTIVE 53 - 54 600 COPPER NO 90 C 4 5 TC SEC CELES NON. MAGN 3 PHASE ACTIVE 83 - 84 615 COPPER NO 90 C 50 TF. SEC CBLES NON. MAGN 3 PHASE ACT 1 VU 110 - 500 615 COPPER NO 90 C 120 BMMg1 FEEDER MAGNETIC 3 PHASE ACTIVE 615 COPPER NO 90 C 220 NON. MAGN 3 PHASE ACT 1 VE 130 - 600 625 COPPER NO 90 C 140 CHILLER FEED NON. MAGN 3 PHASE ACT 1VE 615 COPPER NO 90 C 260 NON. MAGN 3 PHP.SE ACT IVE: 160 - 165 615 COPPER NO 50 C 12 CAPS TA NON. MAGN 3 PHASE ACT 1 VE 170 - Es0 615 COPPER PIC 90 C 260 400A SPLITER MAGNET IC 3 PHASE ACTIVE 190 - 191 615 COPPER NO 90 C 500 2000A FEEDER MAGNETIC 3 PHASE P.CT 1VE 295 - 196 615 COPPER NO 90 C 250 GEN FEEDER NON. MAGN 3 PHASE ACTIVE 210 - 2000 615 COPPER NO 90 C 180 BI?M# 2 FEEDER MAGNETIC 3 PHASE ACT 1 VE 220 - 2050 615 COPPER NO 90 C 120 H61 R&D FDR MAGNFTIC 3 PHASE ACTIVE 230 - 2100 615 COPPER NO 90 C 150 AIR COMP FDR MAGNET 1C 3 PHASE ACT IVE 240 - 2150 615 COPPER NO 90 C 120 KBS250 FEED MAGNETIC 3 PHASE ACTIVE 250 - 2200 615 COPPER NO 90 C 340 EMMn5 FEEDER NON. M4GN 3 PHASE ACTIVE Appendix C PageC4 One fine Dl'agrams & Specs ****+*********** COMPONENT INPUT DATA AND COMPUTED SIZE REPORT **+**+********* CABLE DATA: COMPONENT.NODE BUS-VOLT MATERIAL SHIELD ZO/Z1 INSUL USER-SIZE LENGTH NODE. WBEL CONDUIT TABLE PHASES CAB/PH CALC.SIZE C-STATUS 260 - 2250 615 COPPER NO 15 90C 250 280 BM1-!$4 FEEDER MAGNYTIC 3 PHASE 3 ---- ACTIVE 280 - 285 615 COPPER NO 15 90C 4 /O 12 CAPS TB MAGNETIC 3 PHASE 2 ---- ACTIVE 290 - 291 615 COPPER NO 15 90C 1000 25 TE-TC CABLES FAGNETIC 3 PHASE .da ---- ACT IVE 'n7 du&- - 3130 63C CCPPER $1 O 15 90C 2 400 125;. SPLTR MAGEJ ET 1 C 3 PHASE 1 ---- ACT IVE 3C3 - 3200 600 COPPER NO 15 90C 2 380 PANEL PI LDR W-GNETIC 3 PHASE 1 ---- ACT IVE 304 - 3300 600 COPPER NO 15 90C 4 /O 12 CAP s MAGNETIC 3 PH~SE 2 ---- ACTIVE 335 - 3400 6GG COPPER NO 15 90C 4/0 12 CAP g 4 MioGbiETIC 3 PHASE 2 ---- ACT IVE 330 - 3530 600 COPPER NO 15 50î 4/O 240 SXITTFLI ni MAGX ET I c 3 PHASE 2 ---- ACTIVE 30s - 3600 600 COPPER NO 15 90C 350 100 ?.i.y:~~Q Mf-C-NST1 C 3 ?%SE 2 ---- 3CT I VE 305 - 3700 600 COPPER NO 15 90C 4 /O i2 C>.F ii 3 MAGKCT 1C 3 PHASE 2 ACT 1VE 316 - 3800 600 COPPER NO 15 9CC 350 190 PANEL S1 MAGNET IC 3 PHASE 2 ---- ACT IVE 311 - 3900 600 COPPER NO 15 90C 500 350 SPLITTER g4 NON. MAGN 3 PHASE 1 ---- ACT 1VE 312 - 4000 600 COPPER NO 15 90 C 3/0 175 ?P.PIEL P. MAGNETIC 3 PHASE 2 ---- ACT IVE 313 - 4100 600 CûPPER NO 15 90C 3/0 160 PANEL D4 MAGNETIC 3 PHASE 1 ---- ACT 1 VE 314 - 4200 600 COPPER NO 15 90 C 3/0 200 RCD LAB MAGNETIC 3 PHASE 1 ---- ACTIVE 315 - 43CO 600 COPPER NO 15 90 C 3/0 130 PANEL if1 EIF-GNETIC 3 PHASE 1 ---- ACTIVE Appendix C PageC-5 ,++*******+**++* COMPONENT INPUT DATA AND COMPUTED SIZE REPORT +'* ****+*+***** CABLE DATA: COMPONENT.NODE BUS.VOLT MATERIAL SHIELD ZO/Z1 INSUL USER-SIZE LENGTH NODE. LABEL CONDUIT TABLE PHASES CP.B/PH CALC-SIZE C-STATUS 316 - 4400 600 COPPER NO 15 90 C 250 120 SPSITTER FI7 NON. MAGN 3 PHASE 1 ---- ACTIVE 317 - 4500 600 COPPER NO 15 90 C 350 600 A/C UNITS P. PAGNETIC 3 PHASE 2 ---- INACTIVE 313 - 4 600 600 COPPER NO 15 90C 350 150 .AiC UNITS E PiAGNET 1 C 3 PHASE 2 ---- 1 NACT 1VE - * 3,4 - 4700 600 COPPER NO 15 90C 3/0 35 2p.::~~k2 MAGNETIC 3 PEASE i ---- ACT IVE 32Q - 4800 600 COPPER NO 15 50C 3/0 235 ?.=.?iEL $4 MAGNETIC 3 PHASE 1 ---- ACTIVE 32: - 4900 600 COPPER NO 15 90 C 3/0 135 PR?IiZL S MAGNETIC 3 PHASE 2 ---- PCTI VF ---'97 - 5100 600 COPPER NO 15 90C 500 100 '?LITTER 913 M..GNET TC 3 PFASC i ---- ACTIVE 24 - 5200 600 COPPER NO 15 90 C 3/0 400 '..~.GO.EtiOCiSC MAGNETIC 3 PHASE AI ---- .ii.CT1 VE Zr5 - 5300 600 COFPER NO 15 50 C 3/0 260 FC .". E/IW IfIAGNETIC 3 PHASE 1 ---- ACTIVE --- 2LG - 5400 600 COPPER NO 15 90C 3/0 125 r.%?:EL.-. - F MAGNETIC 3 PHASE 2 ---- ACT 1VE 1100 - 1110 615 COPPER NO 15 90 C 250 50 Ef-24 $9 FEEDER MAGNET IC 3 PHP-SE 2 ---- ACT 1VE 1260 - 1210 615 COPPER NO 15 90C 250 150 5:-!I4= 6 FEEDER MAGNETIC 3 PHASE 2 ---- ACT 1 VE : 16CO - 1610 615 COPPER NO 15 90 C 250 300 m.,..- LL.L:*: 7 7 FEEDER MAGNETIC 3 PHASE 2 ---- ACT IVE 1700 - 1710 615 COPPER NO 15 90 C 350 700 2.; PLASTICS MAGNETIC 3 PHASE 2 ---- ACT IVE 1715 - 1720 615 COPPER NO 15 90 C 4 /O 200 'IRE PUE4F MAGNETIC 3 PHASE 1 ---- ACT IVE Appendix C PageC-6 One Une Diagrams % Specs +tt*tf*ttfti*i*t COMPONENT INPUT DATA AND COMPUTED SIZE REPORT +ff**+'++*'**+* CABLE DATA: COMOONENT-NODE BUS-VOLT MATERIAL SHIELD 20/21 INSUL USER-SIZE LENGTH NODE. LABEL CONDUIT TABLE PHASES CAB/PH CALC-SIZE C-STATUS 1800 - 1810 615 COPPER NO 15 90 C 500 310 MAINT. ÇEED MAGNETIC 3 PHASE 1 ---- ACTIVE 19C)O - 1910 615 COPPER NO 15 90 C 350 170 SHREDDER MAGNETIC 3 PHASE 2 ---- ACTIVE 1910 - 1520 615 COPPER NO 15 90C 2 30 SHXEDDER 31 MAGNETIC 3 PHASE 1 ---- ACT 1VE 19117 - 1530 615 COPPER NO 15 90 C 7 30 SHREDDER M2 MAGNETIC 3 PHASE I ---- ACTIVE 1910 - 1540 615 COPPER NO 15 90 C 2 120 Et41.!Y S GXJ'DER WGNET IC 3 PHASE 1 ---- ACT I VS 1910 - 1950 615 COPPER NO 15 90C 2 100 SMNg 7 GRP:DER MAGNETIC 3 PHASE 1 ---- ACT I VE 21CO - 2110 615 COPPER NO 15 90C 500 50 F-IR COMP i MF-GNtTIC 3 PHASE 1 ---- ACT 1VE 2103 - 2120 615 COPPER NO 15 90 C 500 50 -2.1s COI.;? 2 MAGNETIC 3 PHASE L ---- ACT I vr 210rl - 2130 Si5 COPPER f.10 i5 90C 500 50 .&II COi4F 3 NON. K?GN 3 PHASE I ---- ACT IVE 4500 - 4510 600 COPPER NO 15 90C 2 4 60 3i4i4=6 GRINDR MAGNETIC 3 PHASE 1 ---- ACTIVE 4400 - 4520 600 COPPER NO 15 90 C 2 60 BMMë5 GRINDR MAGNET TC 3 PHASE 1 ---- ACT 1VE 51CC - 5l10 600 COPPES NO 15 90 C 2 60 3i4MP2 GRINDR MAGNET IC 3 PHASE 1 ---- ACTIVE SI00 - Si20 600 COPPER NO 15 90 C 2 60 EMM# 3 / 4 GNDR MAGNETIC 3 PHASE 1 ---- ACTIVE OVERHEAD CABLE DATA: COMPONENT BUS-VOLT MATERIAL PHASES USER-SIZE ZO/Z1 SPACING.BTWN.LINE NODES LENGTii TABLE STATUS CALC-SIZE [l-2) [Z-31 [3-11 10 - 20 27,600 ACSR 3 PHASE 4 /O 15 4.00 4.00 4.00 UTILTY FSSD 2 i ACT IVE ---- Appendix C PageG7 One Line Diagrams & Spcs +*CIf+*+******ft COMPONENT INPUT DATA AND COMPUTED SIZE REPORT *********++**** OVERHEAD CABLE DATA: COMPONENT BUS. VOLT MATERIAL PHASES USER. SIZE ZO/Zl SPACING. BTWN .LINE NODES LENGTH TABLE STATUS CALC-SIZE [1-2] 12-31 [3-11 20 - 60 27,600 ACSR 3 PHASE 4/O 15 4.00 4.00 4.00 TA PR1 FEED 30 ACT 1VE ---- 30 - 40 27,600 ACSR 3 PHASE 4 /O 15 4.00 4.00 4.00 T5 PR1 LESD 7 ACTIVE ---- 40 - 50 27,600 ACSR 3 PHASE 4 /O 15 4.00 4.00 4-00 TC PR1 FEtD 7 ACTIVE ---- 41 - YA? ,L 27, 630 -!CSR 3 PHASE 4 /O 15 4.00 4.00 4.00 TE PR1 FLEG 6 ACT 1 VE ---- 51 - 52 27, 600 ACSR 3 PHASE 4 /O 15 4.00 4-00 4.00 Tc "EEG 6 ACT 1VE ---- 79 - &O 27, 600 ACSR 3 PHASE 4 /O 15 4.00 4.00 4-00 7';. PP.1 FEED 7 P.CT I VE ---- El - 82 27, 600 ACSR 3 PHASE 4 /O 15 4.00 4.00 4.00 T.; 2.91 FEEE 6 ACT IVE ---- COr.IEONEi?T. NODSS EUS. VOLT USER. PNPACITY TAELZ ?iOUE. LQEL ZO/Z1 CALC .FJY PAC 1TY COM? .STATES 60 - 70 AIR BREAK $2 VOLTAGE TFGNSFORMER DATA: CCMPOKENT. NODE PR1 .VOLT X/R. RATIO USER. SIZE NEU. ES TA? ZO/Z1 TAELE NODE. LAEEL SEC-VOLT IMPEDANCE CALC.SIZE PHASES SEC. WIR STATUS 42 - 43 27,600 6.00 5,000 KVA 0.00 i2.58 1 XFMR T2 600 7.10 ----- KVA 3 PHASE WYE ACT 1VE 27,600 6.00 2,000 KVA 0.00 +O.O% 1 600 5.40 ----- KVA 3 PHASE DELTA ACT 1 VS 82 - 83 27,600 6-00 5,000 KVA 0.00 +2.5% 1 XFMR TT: 600 7.10 ----- KVA 3 PHASE WYE ACT 1VE Appendix C PageC-8 One Lhe Diagrams & Specs ****IC*l++++**++ COMPONENT INPUT DATA AND COMPUTED SIZE REPORT *+'******"*+** VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER DATA: COMPONENT.NODE PRI-VOLT X/R.RATIO USER.SIZE MEU-RES TAP ZO/Z1 TABLE NODE. LABEL SEC-VOLT IMPEDANCE CALC.SIZE PHASES SEC.WIR STATUS 615 6.00 1,000KVA 0.00 +2.5% 1 380 2.20 ----- KVA 3 PHASE WYE ACTIVE 615 6.00 500 'KVA 0.00 +2.5% 1 380 3.95 ----- KVA 3 PHASE MYE ACTIVE 1110 - 1115 615 6.00 500 KVP. 0.00 +2.5% 1 -r r*j 5i-i~.= 5 Ti< 380 4 .O0 ----- KVP. 3 PHASE WYE ACT IVE 7"" - 1215 615 6.00 500 E\'JA 0.00 +2.5% 1 zld;:.lg 6 7~ 380 5-50 ----- KVA 3 PHASE WYE ACTIVE 1610 - 1615 615 6.00 500 KVA 0.00 +2.5% 1 -i4id!$7-. TX 380 6.00 ----- WA 3 PHASE WYE ACTIVE 2000 - 2001 615 6.00 1,200 KVA 0.00 +2.55 I Z?-l;iIf 2 TX 380 6.90 ------WF. 3 PHASE WYE ACTIVE 2C50 - 2G51 6 15 6.00 500 iWA 0.00 +2.5% 1 E6l 2LG TX 380 5-50 ----- WA 3 PHF.SE WYE ACT IVE 2150 - 2151 615 6-00 300 KVA 0.00 4-2.5s 1 X5S250 TX 380 5.00 ----- KVA 3 PHASE WYE ACT IVE 2200 - 2201 615 6.00 1,000 KVA 0.00 +2.5% 1 3I.::.; 5 - ;.: 380 5.ao ----- WA 3 PHASE WYE A~~ I VE 2.250 - 2251 615 6.00 750 :(VA 0.00 +2.55 1 3~+<:<$4ix 380 6.00 ----- KVA 3 PHASE WYE ACTIVE CIRCUIT BREAKER DATA: C3I.IPOFJENT. NODEÇ BUS. VOLT BREAKER. TYPE USER. AMPACITY TABLE [{ODE. LABEL ZO/Z1 CPLC. PMPACITY COMP.STATUS 44 - 200 615 INVERSE TIME 5,000 -7 LE SEC ERKR 1 ----- ACT 1VE -54 ,. - 100 615 INVERSE TIME 5,000 Ar. SEC 2P.KR 1 ----- ACTIVE 615 INVERSE TIME 1,200 1 ----- ACTIVE 615 INVERSE TIME 400 1 ----- ACT IVE Appendix C PageC-9 One Line Diagrams & Specs ***+****+******* COMPONENT INPUT DATA AND COMPUTED SIZE REPORT **+**'***+****+ CIRCUIT BREAKER DATA : COMOONENT-NODES BUS. VOLT BREAKER. TYPE USER-AMPACITY TABLE NODE. LABEL ZO/ZI CALC. AMPACITY COMP.STATUS INVERSE TIME ACT IVE 100 - 150 INVERSE TIME FEEDSR 59. ACTIVE INVERSE TIME ACT IVE INVERSE TIME ACT IVE INVERSE TIME ACT IVE INVERSE TIME 1 NACT IVE INVERSE T IPIt ACT IVE INVERSE TIME ACT 1VE INVERSE TIME ACT 1VE INVERSE TIME ACT 1VE INVERSE 7'11-IE ACT 1 VE INVERSE TIME ACTIVE INVERSE TIME ACT IVE ZOO - 260 INVERSE TIME FEECER 6a ACTIVE INVERSE TfME ACT 1 VE INVERSE TIME ACT 1VE One Line Diagrams & Specs +++++++*++****CI COMPONENT INPUT DATA AND COMPUTED SIZE REPORT ********""'** CIRCUIT BREAKER DATA : COMPONEMT-NODES BUS. VOLT BREAKER-TYPE USER. AMPACITY TABLE NODE. LABEL ZO/Zl CALC .AMPACITY COMP-STATUS INVERSE TIME 3,000 ----- ACT IVE INVERSE TIME ACT IVE INVERSE TIME 1,200 ----- INACTIVE INVERSE TIME ACTIVE COi.'?ONEXT. NODES BUS. VOLT FUSE. TYPE USER.AMPACITY TABLE ?iCDS.LABEL ZO/Zl CALC. PMPACITY COMP . STATUS NON-TIME DELAY AC? IVE NON-TIME DELAY NON-TIME DELAY ACT IVE NON-TIME DELAY ACT 1 VE DUAL ELEMENT ACTIVE DUAL ELEMENT ACT IVE DUAL ELEMENT ACT 1 CrE DUAL ELEMENT ACTIVE DUAL ELEMENT ACTIVE DUAL ELEMENT ACT 1VE Appendix C PageC-11 One Line Diagrams & Specs ***+++++***++***COMPONENT INPUT DATA AND COMPUTED SIZE REPORT +++++"**"*+++ FUSE DATA: COMPONENT.NODES BUS. VOLT FUSE. TYPE USER. AMPACITY TABLE NODE. LABEL zo/z1 CALC. AMPACITY COMP .STATUS 300 - 308 DUAL ELEMENT FEEDER 7C ACTIVE 300 - 309 DUAL ELEMENT FEEDCR 8C ACTIVE 300 - 310 DUAL ELEMENT FEEDER 9C ACT 1VE DUAL ELEMENT ACT1 VE DUPL ELEMENT ACT 1 VE DUAL ELEMENT ACT IVE DUAL ELEMENT ACT 1VE DUAL ELEMENT ACTIVE DUAL ELEMENT ACT ITIE DUAL ELEMENT ACTIVE DUAL ELEMENT ACTIVE DUAL ELEMENT ACTIVE DUAL ELEMENT ACT IVE 300 - 321 DUAL ELEMENT FEEDER 21C P.CT IVE 300 - 322 DUAL ELEMENT FEEDER 22C ACT 1 VE DUAL ELEMENT ACTIVE Appendix C PageC-12 One Lihe Diagrams & Specs **+****t**I*fi** COMPONENT INPUT DATA AND COMPUTED SIZE REPORT "*+**"******* FUSE DATA: COMPONENT-NODES BUS. VOLT FUSE-TYPE USER-AMPACITY TABLE NODE. LABEL ZO/ZI CALC-AMPACITY COMP-STATUS DUAL ELEMENT ACTIVE DUAL ELEMENT ACTIVE DUAL ELEMENT ACTIVE DUAL ELE1-IENT F-CT IVE DUAL ELEMENT ACT IVE DUAL ELEMENT ACT IVE DUAL ELEMENT ACTIVE DUAL ELEMENT .&CT ï,'Z DUAL ELEMENT OCT 1 'is DUAL ELEMENT ACT IVE DUAL ELEMENT ACT 1 VE Appendix C PageC-13 One Line Diagrams & Specs **+CI+**II*I**C* COMPONENT INPUT DATA AND COMPUTED SIZE REPORT *+4C4CC+*4C4*** MOTOR DATA: NODE XR-RATIO MOT-FLA RUN.PF MOTOR-TYPE NEC-CODE STARTER-TYPE RPM MCTOR-LABEL INRUSH START. PF VDROP. DIP PF. CAPS LOCK. ROT. FAC STATUS 3100 6-00 100.0 0.900 INDUCTION G FVNR NEMA 4 1,800 GRINDER 6 594.5 0.200 RUNNING 0.00 4.0 ACT 1 VE 4910 6.00 100-0 0.800 INDUCTION G FVNR NEVA 4 1,800 GRINDER 594.5 0.200 RUNNING 0.00 4.0 .\CT f VE 4920 6.00 100.0 0.800 INDUCTION G FVNR NIFlA4 1,800 GRINDER 594.5 0.200 RUNNING 0.00 4.0 ACTIVE c,Ai0 Ï 6-00 100.0 0.800 INDUCTION G FViJR NENA4 1,600 GRINDER 594.5 0.200 RUWNING 0.00 4.0 ACTIVE 5120 6.00 100.0 0.800 INDUCTION G ,WNR NEiW4 1,800 GR1[{DER 594.5 0.200 RUNNING 0.00 4.0 ACTIVE 1920 6-00 100. O 0.800 INDUCTION G FVNR NEMA 4 1,800 SHREDDER Ml 594.5 0.200 RUNNTNG 0.00 4.0 ACT IVE i 930 6.00 100.0 0.800 INDUCTION G FVNR ?IEE"A 4 1, e00 SPRIDDE?. M2 594.5 0.200 RUNNING 0.00 4.0 ACTIVE 1540 6.00 100. O 0.800 INDUCTION G FVNR NEVA 4 i,800 G?.iNDER 504.5 0.200 RUNNING 0.00 4.0 ACTIVE 1950 6.00 100.0 0.800 INDUCTION G FVNR NE:-F. 4 1,800 GR1:.IDE2 594.5 0.200 RUNNING 0.00 4.0 ACT 1VE 600 6.00 250.0 0.800 INDUCTION G FVNR NEPiP.6 1,800 CHILLE!? 1,486.3 0.200 RUNNING 0.00 4.0 ACT 1VE 2110 6.00 385.0 0 - 800 INDUCTION G TSSW NEMA 6 1,800 AIR COMP 1 1,304.0 0.200 RUNNING 0.00 4.0 ACT 1VE 2120 6.00 350.0 0-800 INDUCTION G WNR NEW 6 1,800 AIR COMP 2 1,770.0 0.200 RUNNING 0.00 4.0 ACTIVE 2130 6.00 350.0 0.800 INDUCTION G FVNR NEKA. 6 1,800 AIR COMP 3 1,770.0 0.200 RUNNING 0.00 4.0 ACT 1VE Appendix C PageC-14 One Lhe Dkgrams & Specs *i++*+***+*++***COMPONENT INPUT DATA AND COMPUTED SIZE REPORT CC+'+*4+++***++ GENERATOR DATA: GENERATOR. NOCE GENERATOR. KVA POW .FAC RPM GENEWTOR. LABEL LOCKED .ROTOR. FACTOR XR .RAT IO STATUS 156 1,800 GENR i INACTIVE Appendix C PageC-15 One Line Diagrams & Specs ******+*******+* COMPONENT INPUT DATA AND COMPUTED SIZE REPORT ************"* CAPACITOR BANK DATA: CAPACITOR. NODE CAPACITOR. LABEL CAPACITOR. KVARS STATUS 3300 CAP#5 350.00 ACTIVE 3400 CAP#4 350.00 ACTIVE 3702 CAP#3 350.00 ACT IVE i65 CAPS TA 350.00 ACTIVE 2C5 CAPS TB 350.00 ACT IVE Appendix C PageC-16 One Line Diagrams & Specs +t+++trf+++***+f COMPONENT INPUT DATA AND COMPUTED SIZE REPORT 4**"**"C****** GENERAL PURPOSE LOAD DATA: LOAD. NODE KVA .LOAD POWER. FACTOR DEMAND. FACTOR LOAD. LABEL LOAD .TYPE DUTY STATUS 835.00 O. 700 100% CONSTANT KVA NON-CONTINUOUS ACT IVE 400.00 O. 700 100% CONSTANT KVA NON-CONTI NUOUS ACT IVE 500.00 O, 900 CONSTANT KVA CONTINUOUS 310.00 0.700 100% CONSTANT KVA NON-CONTINUOUS ACTIVE 300.00 O. 800 100% CONSTANT iCVA NON-CONTINUOUS ACTIVE 300.00 0.700 100% CONSTANT KVA NON-CONTINUOUS ACT 1VE 300.00 O. 700 100% CONSTANT KVA NON-CONTINOOUS ACTIVE 310.00 0.700 log% CONSTANT W.+ NON-CONTINUCES ACTIVE O. 700 NON-CONTINUOUS 3OO.00 O. 700 100% CONSTANT KVP. NON-CONTINUOUS ACT IVE 160.OG 0.700 CONSTANT KVA NON-CONTINUOUS 835.00 0.700 1003 CONSTANT KVF. NON-CONTINUOUS ACT IVE 4OO.OO 0.700 100% CONSTANT KVA NON-CONTINUOUS ACTIVE I5O.00 0.900 509 CONSTANT KVA NON-CONTINUOUS ACTIVE 1710 200.00 0.900 100s PM PLASTIC CONSTANT KVA NON-CONTINUOUS ACT 1 VE 50.00 O. 800 50% CONSTANT KVA NON-CONTINUOUS ACTIVE Appendix C PageC-17 One Line Diagrams & Specs IEEE 14 Bus System One Line Diagram Appendix C PageC-18 One Lhe Diagrams & Specs Windsor Casino One Line Diagram The following is a simplified one line diagram of the Windsor Casino and the W.U.C. rnetering unit as can be seen here the hamonic producing equiprnents are 3 voltage levels under the measurernent points. Therefore the reason behind srnalf THD readings. Appendix C PageC-19 One Lhe Diagrarns & Specs Kautex-Textron One Line Diagram The following is a simplified me line diagram of Wndsor Kautex-Textron and the units which measurernents data are presented for are in bold Iine type as can be seen here the harmonic producing equipment are not only wnsiderably big (as compared to the transformer) but also are directly connected to their feeding step down transformer. Appendix C PageC-20 N.T.S. 1 Appendix 0 Design Ternplate Appendix D Harmonic Filter Design Template This appendix consist the design template for hamonic filters and includes the check points according to IEEE 519-1992 and IEEE 18 standards. A spreadsheet program has also been developed in this relation which (provided the basic data) computes the values automatically. Ham Filter -gn Templatc Page 1 Dafc: .Harmonic Fil ter Desien Temdate Supplv Svstem Information: Nominal Linc Voltage (VU3: Volts System Fundamentai (Power) Friequency (fi): Hz FdinnTransformer Ratinas: kVA Rating (S): Prirn./Scc. Voltage: Conneaion Diagrams: Short Circuit Impediinct (2%)): % at OC Tap Changer: No O YcsO: On-Linc O Off-Linc O : X % Load Characteristics: Avcngc hdRMS Cunrnt (IL): A RMS Currcnt Total Harmonic Distortion O-): Y0 Voltage Total Harmonie Distortion(Vm): % Most Significant Harmonic Order: th Min % of Fundamental: Y0 Avg % of FundamcntaI: % Ma.. % of Fundamental: % Fundamenmi Frcquency Current for Capacitor Bank is: Equivalcnt Single Phase Capacitor Impcdance: Fil tcr Rmctor Irnpcdancc: ( h = ordcr of harmonic ) V Page 2 Date: Filtcr Full Load Currenl : r/ A -- Capacitor Lirnit Checks (According Io IEEE Std. 18-1980): Peak Voltagc: %û, Currcnt: %û, kVAr %Cl, RMS Voltagc: 0/63 Filter Reactor S~ecifications: Fundamental Currcnt Vduc WS): Harmonie Currcnt Value (RMS): Filtcr Qualitv Factor (Tuning Factor, Q: Calculation of iïcw Powcr Factor: References G.T. Heydt, Electric Power Quuiity, Stars in a circle publications, 1 991. R. C . Dugan, M. F. McGranaghan, H. W. Beaty. 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Zhu, "Objected-Oriented Prograrnming for Power Engineering Education", Proceedings of the 25' Southeastern Symposium on System Theory, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, Mar. 1 994 pp.69-73. [85] J. Rumbaugh. M. Blaha, W. Permerlani, F. Eddy. W. Lorensen, "Object-Oriented Modeling and Design", Printice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1995. [86] 1. O. Coplien, "Advanced C* Prograrnming Styles And Idioms", Addison-Wesley PubMing Company, Reading, Massachusetts, 1997. Vita Auctoris Nima Bayan was born in 1967 in Tehran, Iran. He completed his Bachelor degree in EIectrical Engineering fiom University of Tehran, Iran in 1990. From 1989 to 1996 he has worked in the areas of power system studies, power plant control and instrumentation (C&I), and distribution subsbtion design, in Mahab-Acres and Moshanir consultant engineering companies in Iran and has also been involved in detail engineering of medium voltage, low voltage and control panels and mimic boards and process control systems in KTC, Iran. He has been admitted as a Master's candidate level student since 1997 in Electrical Engineering Department of the University of Windsor. He is currentiy cooperating with PLC and electricaI departments of Wilson, Dario and Associates Consulting Engineers in Windsor, Ontario.