Harrnonic Flow Analysis in Power Distribution Networks by Nima Bayan A Thesis Submitted to the College of Graduate Studies and Research through the Electrical Engineering Program in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Applied Science at the University of Windsor Windsor, Ontario 1999 National Library Bibliothèque nationale 1*1 of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. me Wellirigtori OttawaON KlAON4 OttawaON KlAON4 Canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence aliowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sel1 reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/tilm, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in Uiis thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or othenvise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. ONima Bayan 1999 Conventional AC electric power systems are designed to operate with sinusoidal voltages and currents. However, nonlinear and electronically switched loads will distort steady state AC voltage and current waveforrns. Periodically distorted waveforms can be studied by examining the hamonic components of the waveforms. Power system harmonic analysis investigates the generation and propagation of these components throughout the system. A short cause and effect survey on sources of harmonies and their effects on power distn bution systems is conducted. As a basis for a power flow program different system components are modeled and the current spectnim of more common (harmonic producing) loads are not only simulated but also investigated through measurements. In these studies after a brief review of the theoretical bais for hannonics power flow analysis, a software is developed applying Object-Oriented Analysis and Design Techniques and it has been utilized in the case studies. Two cases are studied here fiom two different perspectives: 1. Case Study No. 1 (End User Perspective): The Kautex-Textron case in harmonic analysis was conducted to identiG the problematic harmonic orders in order to design appropriate power factor correction means in a hannonicaHy rich indtistrial environment. 2. Case Study No. 2 (Power Utilities Perspective): The Temporary Windsor Casino and the Casino Windsor case in which harmonics measurements were conducted to identim if there are any excessive harmonic injections into the local power utilities (Windsor Utilities Commission) network. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1 would like to extend my appreciation to my thesis supervisor Dr. G. R. Govinda Raju who has directed me through my studies and has made valuable suggestions in the approach and direction of these studies. 1 would also like to thank my supervision committee members Dr. Ahmadi and Dr. Lashkari. 1 would like to thank Mr. T. Kosnik and Ms. M. Douglas from W.U.C. and al1 the maintenance crews who always helped me in measurements and made the casino related measurements possible, they were always open to provide the related information. 1 would also wish to thank Mr. H. Kogel from Kautex-Textron who authorized the release of plant related information pertinent to these studies. 1 want to extend my gratitude to my manager at Wilson, Dario & Associates Mr. B. DiLoreto for his understanding and instructions in the process of preparation of the first case study. 1 would also like to thank my family specially my wife Kathy for their support and understanding. TABLE OF CONTENTS .. Abstract ............................................. ... ................................................................................... ir Achowledgment ........................................................................................................................... iv Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................ v ... List of Tables ............................................................................................................................... VIII List of Figures ............................................................................................................................. xi List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................................... xiv Chapter 1 An Introduction to Power Quality ....... .. ...................................................... 1 1 .1 Power Quatity Definition ................................................................ 1 1 -2 Power Quatity Probiems ........................................................................ -7 1.3 Classification of Power Quality ProbIems ............................................. -7 1.4 Power Quality Indices ........................................................................... -5 C hapter 2 Harmonics in Power Systems ...................................................................... 7 2.1 Concept of Power Systern Harmonies ................................................... 8 2.2 Ongin of Harmonies ......................................................................... 1 0 2.3 Distortion Indices ................................................................................. 1 0 2.4 Power Definitions ................................................................................ 1 1 2.5 Characteristics of Harmonies in Power Systems ................................. 13 2.6 Sequence of Different Harmonies ........................................................ 1 3 2.7 Effect of Harmonics on Power Systems ...................... .... ........... 15 2.8 Harmonies Analysis Methods ............................................................. 16 2.8. I Identification of Harmonic Sources Using Kalman Filters ........ -16 2.8 -2 Wavelet Transform Analysis ..................................................... 1 7 2.8.3 Statistical Approaches to Harmonic Analysis .............................18 2.9 Harmonies Damage Prevention and Assessment ................................. 18 2.1 0 Power Quality Limits and Acceptable Thresholds ............................ 19 C hapter 3 Harmonic Propagation in Power Systems ................................................. -2 1 3.1 Power Flow (Problem Definition) .................................................... 2 1 3 -2 Newton-Raphson Method Basics ...................................................... 24 3.3 Cornparison of Various Power Flow Solution Methods ...................... 28 3.4 Techniques for Harmonic Analysis ...................................... ..... 29 3.5 Nature and Modeling of Harmonic Sources ........................................ 33 3 .5 .1 Nonlinear Voltage-Current Sources .............................................. 33 3.5.2 Line-Comrnutated Solid State Converters .................................... 34 3.5.3 High Frequency Sources ............................................................... 36 3.5 -4Non-Harmonic Sources ................................................................ -37 3 -6 Models for Network components ........................................................ -38 3.6.1 Overhead Lines ............................................................................ -38 3 .6.2 Underground Cables ...... ... ..... ...................................................... 1 3 .6.3 Transfomers ................................................................................ -41 3 .6.4 Rotating Machines ....................................................................... -42 3.6.5 Passive Loads ................................................................................ 439 C hapter 4 Spectnim Analysis Through Simulation .................................................... 45 4.1 Simulation of Loads ....................... .. ........... .... ...... 45 4.2 Fluorescent Larnp ................................................................................. 46 4.3 Arc Furnace .......................................................................................... 48 4.4 Semiconductor Based Circuits ............................................................. 50 4.5 Spectrum Analysis of a Typical Commercial Load .......................... -34 4.6 Spectnim of a Typical Distribution Transformer ................................. 57 Chapter 5 Spectrum Analysis Through Measurement ............................................ -39 5.1 Measurement of Voltage and Current Spectrums ............................. .... .59 5.2 Measurement of V-1 Spectrums of a Pure Resistive Load ................... 60 5.3 Measurement of V-I Spectrurns of Electronic Devices ....................... 61 5.4 Measurernent of V-1 Spectrurns of Television Set ............................... 62 5.5 Measurement of V-1 Spectnuns of VCR .............................................. 63 5.6 Measurement of V-I Spectrums of a Personal Cornputer .................... 65 Chapter 6 Application of Object-Oriented Technology ............................................. 68 6.1 Overview of the Object Modeling