Evaporation from Salty Lagoons (Case Study: Qattara Depression)
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National Report of Egypt
EGYPT / EGYPTE / EGIPTO 1 2 UNEP/CMS/Inf. 7.14.35 National Report of the Arab Republic of Egypt to the Convention of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS) 1 Nature Conservation Sector (NCS) Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA) July 2002 Prepared by: Mohamed Ibrahim Mohamed, Director General, Natural Protectorates Dept. Nature Conservation Sector (NCS), EEAA. Dr. Shrief Baha el-Din, Advisor, Nature Conservation Sector (NCS), EEAA Revised by: Dr. Moustafa Fouda, Director Natural Conservation Sector (NCS)-(EEAA). 1 According to reporting format agreed by the Standing Committee at its 23rd meeting (Bonn, December 2001) 3 Which agency has been primarily responsible for the preparation of this report? Nature Conservation Sector (NCS), Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA) List any other agencies that have provided input: Nil I(a). General Information Please complete any unfilled boxes and amend and/or update as appropriate the information provided in the table below: Reports submitted: Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA) Period covered by this report: 99 / 2002 Date of entry into force of the Convention in Egypt: 1 - 11 -1983 Territory to which the Convention applies: Arab Republic of Egypt, its territories and territorial waters. Reservations (against species listings): None Designated Focal Point: Appointment to the Scientific Council: Nature Conservation Sector (NCS) Dr. Moustafa Fouda Address: 30 Misr Helwan- Zyrae Rd. Maadi, Cairo, Egypt. Director, Nature Conservation Sector (NCS), EEAA Tel: (00202) 5248792, 5271391 (00202) 5248792 Fax: (00202) 5248792, 5256490 5271391 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Membership of the Standing Committee: Competent authority: EEAA Implementing legislation: - The law for Natural Protectorates 102/1983 - The law for the Environment 4/1994 - the Law of Catching fishing and aquatic life 124/1983 - The law of Agriculture 33/1966. -
Taconic Physiography
Bulletin No. 272 ' Series B, Descriptive Geology, 74 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR . UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CHARLES D. WALCOTT, DIRECTOR 4 t TACONIC PHYSIOGRAPHY BY T. NELSON DALE WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1905 CONTENTS. Page. Letter of transinittal......................................._......--..... 7 Introduction..........I..................................................... 9 Literature...........:.......................... ........................... 9 Land form __._..___.._.___________..___._____......__..__...._..._--..-..... 18 Green Mountain Range ..................... .......................... 18 Taconic Range .............................'............:.............. 19 Transverse valleys._-_-_.-..._.-......-....___-..-___-_....--_.-.._-- 19 Longitudinal valleys ............................................. ^...... 20 Bensselaer Plateau .................................................... 20 Hudson-Champlain valley................ ..-,..-.-.--.----.-..-...... 21 The Taconic landscape..................................................... 21 The lakes............................................................ 22 Topographic types .............,.....:..............'.................... 23 Plateau type ...--....---....-.-.-.-.--....-...... --.---.-.-..-.--... 23 Taconic type ...-..........-........-----............--......----.-.-- 28 Hudson-Champlain type ......................"...............--....... 23 Rock material..........................'.......'..---..-.....-...-.--.-.-. 23 Harder rocks ....---...............-.-.....-.-...--.-......... -
Part 629 – Glossary of Landform and Geologic Terms
Title 430 – National Soil Survey Handbook Part 629 – Glossary of Landform and Geologic Terms Subpart A – General Information 629.0 Definition and Purpose This glossary provides the NCSS soil survey program, soil scientists, and natural resource specialists with landform, geologic, and related terms and their definitions to— (1) Improve soil landscape description with a standard, single source landform and geologic glossary. (2) Enhance geomorphic content and clarity of soil map unit descriptions by use of accurate, defined terms. (3) Establish consistent geomorphic term usage in soil science and the National Cooperative Soil Survey (NCSS). (4) Provide standard geomorphic definitions for databases and soil survey technical publications. (5) Train soil scientists and related professionals in soils as landscape and geomorphic entities. 629.1 Responsibilities This glossary serves as the official NCSS reference for landform, geologic, and related terms. The staff of the National Soil Survey Center, located in Lincoln, NE, is responsible for maintaining and updating this glossary. Soil Science Division staff and NCSS participants are encouraged to propose additions and changes to the glossary for use in pedon descriptions, soil map unit descriptions, and soil survey publications. The Glossary of Geology (GG, 2005) serves as a major source for many glossary terms. The American Geologic Institute (AGI) granted the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly the Soil Conservation Service) permission (in letters dated September 11, 1985, and September 22, 1993) to use existing definitions. Sources of, and modifications to, original definitions are explained immediately below. 629.2 Definitions A. Reference Codes Sources from which definitions were taken, whole or in part, are identified by a code (e.g., GG) following each definition. -
The Levee Was Sparsely Vegetated by Pioneering Species Like Blazing Star, Russian Thistle, Sweet White Clover, and Seedlings Of
Upper Carson River Watershed Stream Corridor Assessment The levee was sparsely vegetated by pioneering species like blazing star, Russian thistle, sweet white clover, and seedlings of mountain big sagebrush and rubber rabbitbrush. Large, mature black cottonwoods occupied the stream terrace at the upper cross section location on the right side, providing picnic and camp sites for area recreationists. Past beaver activity (+/-10 years) was indicated by a 12 inch diameter cottonwood stump. The herabaceous understory was sparse to absent. The topographic depression located between the levee and the highway was developing into an emergent wetland community dominated by cattail. At the higher end of this depression (where it was drier), a large stand of bull thistle was present. Coyote willows also occupied the drying end of this area. A woody regeneration transect was established adjacent to the right side of the river on an elevated terrace. Mature black cottonwood provided an almost continuous canopy cover. The age class distribution of the woody species showed a ratio of approximately 2.7:1 sprout and saplings to mature, decadent, and dead black cottonwood, woods rose, mountain alder and willow species. Data developed as part of the present study (Table 4.10) indicate that the area is dominated by early and mid successional status ratings. Vegetation in the area is adjusting to past disturbances (recreation) and current fluvial processes. Table 4.10. Reach EF7 successional status data. Successional Percent Status Occurrence Early 43.4 Mid 32.9 High 23.8 A management recommendation would be to remove the existing bull thistle stand and monitor to prevent its reestablishment. -
Climate Change Adaptation and Natural Disasters Preparedness in the Coastal Cities of North Africa
Arab Republic of Egypt Kingdom of Morocco THE WORLD Republic of Tunisia BANK Climate Change Adaptation and Natural Disasters Preparedness in the Coastal Cities of North Africa Phase 1 : Risk Assessment for the Present Situation and Horizon 2030 – Alexandria Area Draft Final Version 31 January 2011 Project Web Site: http://www.egis-bceominternational.com/pbm/ AASTMT / Egis Bceom Int. / IAU-IDF / BRGM Document quality information Document quality information General information Author(s) AASTMT / Egis BCEOM International Project name Climate Change Adaptation and Natural Disasters Preparedness in the Coastal Cities of North Africa Document name Phase 1 : Risk Assessment for the Present Situation and Horizon 2030 – Alexandria Area Date 31 January 2011 Reference GED 80823T Addressee(s) Sent to: Name Organization Sent on (date): A. Bigio The World Bank 31 January 2011 Copy to: Name Organization Sent on (date): S. Rouhana The World Bank 31 January 2011 A. Tiwari The World Bank 31 January 2011 A. Amasha AASTMT 31 January 2011 History of modifications Version Date Written by Approved & signed by: AASTMT / Egis BCEOM Version 1 13 June 2010 International AASTMT / Egis BCEOM Version 2 06 August 2010 International 05 December AASTMT / Egis BCEOM Version 3 2010 International Climate Change Adaptation and Natural Disasters Preparedness Page 2 in the Coastal Cities of North Africa Draft Final Version AASTMT / Egis Bceom Int. / IAU-IDF / BRGM Document quality information Supervision and Management of the Study The present study is financed by the World Bank as well as the following fiduciary funds: NTF- PSI, TFESSD and GFDRR, which are administered by the World Bank. -
Bag of Geomorphological Words: a Framework for Integrating Terrain
International Journal of Geo-Information Article Bag of Geomorphological Words: A Framework for Integrating Terrain Features and Semantics to Support Landform Object Recognition from High-Resolution Digital Elevation Models Xiran Zhou 1,2 , Xiao Xie 3,* , Yong Xue 1,2, Bing Xue 3 , Kai Qin 1,2 and Weijiang Dai 4 1 School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China; [email protected] (X.Z.); [email protected] (Y.X.); [email protected] (K.Q.) 2 Artificial Intelligence Research Institute, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China 3 Key Laboratory for Environment Computation & Sustainability of Liaoning Province, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; [email protected] 4 Nuclear Industry Huzhou Engineering Investigation Institute, Huzhou 313000, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 7 July 2020; Accepted: 18 October 2020; Published: 23 October 2020 Abstract: High-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) and its derivatives (e.g., curvature, slope, aspect) offer a great possibility of representing the details of Earth’s surface in three-dimensional space. Previous research investigations concerning geomorphological variables and region-level features alone cannot precisely characterize the main structure of landforms. However, these geomorphological variables are not sufficient to represent a complex landform object’s whole structure from a high-resolution DEM. Moreover, the amount of the DEM dataset is limited, including the landform object. Considering the challenges above, this paper reports an integrated model called the bag of geomorphological words (BoGW), enabling automatic landform recognition via integrating point and linear geomorphological variables, region-based features (e.g., shape, texture), and high-level landform descriptions. -
Egypt State of Environment Report 2008
Egypt State of Environment Report Egypt State of Environment Report 2008 1 Egypt State of Environment Report 2 Egypt State of Environment Report Acknowledgment I would like to extend my thanks and appreciation to all who contributed in producing this report whether from the Ministry,s staff, other ministries, institutions or experts who contributed to the preparation of various parts of this report as well as their distinguished efforts to finalize it. Particular thanks go to Prof. Dr Mustafa Kamal Tolba, president of the International Center for Environment and Development; Whom EEAA Board of Directors is honored with his membership; as well as for his valuable recommendations and supervision in the development of this report . May God be our Guide,,, Minister of State for Environmental Affairs Eng. Maged George Elias 7 Egypt State of Environment Report 8 Egypt State of Environment Report Foreword It gives me great pleasure to foreword State of Environment Report -2008 of the Arab Republic of Egypt, which is issued for the fifth year successively as a significant step of the political environmental commitment of Government of Egypt “GoE”. This comes in the framework of law no.4 /1994 on Environment and its amendment law no.9/2009, which stipulates in its Chapter Two on developing an annual State of Environment Report to be submitted to the president of the Republic and the Cabinet with a copy lodged in the People’s Assembly ; as well as keenness of Egypt’s political leadership to integrate environmental dimension in all fields to achieve sustainable development , which springs from its belief that protecting the environment has become a necessary requirement to protect People’s health and increased production through the optimum utilization of resources . -
A Geomorphic Classification System
A Geomorphic Classification System U.S.D.A. Forest Service Geomorphology Working Group Haskins, Donald M.1, Correll, Cynthia S.2, Foster, Richard A.3, Chatoian, John M.4, Fincher, James M.5, Strenger, Steven 6, Keys, James E. Jr.7, Maxwell, James R.8 and King, Thomas 9 February 1998 Version 1.4 1 Forest Geologist, Shasta-Trinity National Forests, Pacific Southwest Region, Redding, CA; 2 Soil Scientist, Range Staff, Washington Office, Prineville, OR; 3 Area Soil Scientist, Chatham Area, Tongass National Forest, Alaska Region, Sitka, AK; 4 Regional Geologist, Pacific Southwest Region, San Francisco, CA; 5 Integrated Resource Inventory Program Manager, Alaska Region, Juneau, AK; 6 Supervisory Soil Scientist, Southwest Region, Albuquerque, NM; 7 Interagency Liaison for Washington Office ECOMAP Group, Southern Region, Atlanta, GA; 8 Water Program Leader, Rocky Mountain Region, Golden, CO; and 9 Geology Program Manager, Washington Office, Washington, DC. A Geomorphic Classification System 1 Table of Contents Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... 5 I. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................. 6 History of Classification Efforts in the Forest Service ............................................................... 6 History of Development .............................................................................................................. 7 Goals -
Rejuvenation of Dry Paleochannels in Arid Regions in NE Africa: a Geological and Geomorphological Study
Arab J Geosci (2017) 10:14 DOI 10.1007/s12517-016-2793-z ARABGU2016 Rejuvenation of dry paleochannels in arid regions in NE Africa: a geological and geomorphological study Bahay Issawi1 & Emad S. Sallam2 Received: 20 June 2016 /Accepted: 5 December 2016 # Saudi Society for Geosciences 2016 Abstract Although the River Nile Basin receives annually ca. and west of Aswan. The nearly flat Sahara west of the Nile 1600 billion cubic meters of rainfall, yet some countries within Valley rises gradually westward until it reaches Gebel the Basin are suffering much from lack of water. The great Uweinat in the triple junction between Egypt, Sudan, and changes in the physiography of the Nile Basin are well Libya. Gebel Uweinat has an elevation of 1900 m.a.s.l. sloping displayed on its many high mountains, mostly basement rocks northward towards the Gilf Kebir Plateau, which is that are overlain by clastic sediments and capped by volcanics 1100 m.a.s.l. The high mountains and plateaus in the southern in eastern and western Sudan. The central part of the Nile Basin and western Egypt slope gradually northward where the Qattara is nearly flat including volcanics in the Bayuda Mountains and Depression is located near the Mediterranean coast. The depres- volcanic cones and plateaus in southwestern Egypt. The high sion is −134 m.b.s.l., which is the lowest natural point in Africa. mountains bordering the Nile Basin range in elevation from All these physiographic features in Sudan and Egypt are related 3300 to 4600 m.a.s.l. in the Ethiopian volcanic plateau in the to (i) the separation of South America from Africa, which east to ca. -
Qattara Depression and Its Hydropower Potential Aly El Shafei
Qattara Depression and its Hydropower Potential Aly El Shafei, American University in Cairo, Egypt Amr Serag El Din, American University in Cairo, Egypt The IAFOR International Conference on Sustainability, Energy & the Environment – Hawaii 2018 Official Conference Proceedings Abstract The Qattara Depression in Egypt has been suggested to be used for hydropower production. This paper investigates the possibility of having a Hydropower plant in this location to solve the current energy problem in the region, by providing the most updated results that would be used in such a project compared to previous studies. Hydrological elements affecting the water balance of the Qattara Depression region are studied, as by predicting the level of the water with time, the nature of the operation of the station can be chosen efficiently. Salinity concentration, evaporation rate of the formed lake, and the water channel formed that leads to the lake, and inward and outward seepage are all factors that had either been neglected in previous studies or not studied in the level of detail necessary for an accurate estimation of the lifetime, energy and economic feasibility of the plant. Metrological data obtained from weather stations surrounding the region were used in the calculations. Also we needed information about the nature of the region’s soil and the hydraulic conductivity and studied the surrounding aquifers to obtain the best estimates when modelling the seepage values along with the years. The detailed calculation of the seepage and salinity have never been done and incorporated in the results making the results in this paper the most updated results. -
Map 73 Ammon Compiled by D.J
Map 73 Ammon Compiled by D.J. Mattingly, 1996 Introduction This map starkly reveals the long coastline and deep desert hinterland of Marmarica and Libya Inferior. In these respects, the region resembles Syrtica (Map 37). The harshness of the rock desert of the Qattara depression and the impermeability of the sand seas further south are self-evident obstacles to settlement and movement alike. Yet equally, another series of deep depressions in the desert plateau, where water is to be found close to the surface, has made a dynamic contribution to the character of desert living, allowing the creation of large oasis-dwelling communities and fostering the development of long-distance movement along desert tracks (Bates 1914; Rebuffat 1970; 1970a; see Giddy 1987 for a more detailed listing of the main routes of the western desert). The most important of these oases, called Ammon (modern Siwa) in honor of the desert god revered there, gives its name to the map. The oracle here was of significance for both the Saharan and Mediterranean worlds, a point confirmed (though not initiated) by Alexander’s famous visit to the oasis (Fakhry 1944; 1950; 1973; Abboudy Ibrahim 1992). Early modern travelers’ tales convey well the difficulty of desert travel (Sholz 1822; Pacho 1827; St John 1849). Archaeological research in the region as a whole is very underdeveloped. The impression to be gained from the available evidence, however, is of a sharp division between sedentary settlements in the coastal zone and oases in the desert proper. Pastoral groups, notoriously elusive in the archaeological record, no doubt provided a partial link between the two. -
METHODS and APPLICATIONS in SURFACE DEPRESSION ANALYSIS * Susan K. Jenson TGS Technology, Inc. Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57198 and Charles M
METHODS AND APPLICATIONS IN SURFACE DEPRESSION ANALYSIS * Susan K. Jenson TGS Technology, Inc. Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57198 and Charles M. Trautwein U.S. Geological Survey EROS Data Center Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57198 ABSTRACT Gridded surface data sets are often incorporated into digital data bases, but extracting information from the data sets requires specialized raster processing techniques different from those historically used on remotely sensed and thematic data. Frequently, the infor mation desired of a gridded surface is directly related to the topologic peaks and pits of the surface. A method for isolating these peaks and pits has been developed, and two examples of its application are presented. The perimeter of a pit feature is the highest-valued closed contour surrounding a minimum level. The method devised for finding all such contours is designed to operate on large raster surfaces. If the data are first inversely mapped, this algorithm will find surface peaks rather than pits. In one example the depressions, or pits, expressed in Digital Elevation Model data, are hydrologically signifi cant potholes. Measurement of their storage capacity is the objective. The potholes are found and labelled as polygons; their watershed boundaries are found and attributes are computed. In the other example, geochemical surfaces, which were interpolated from chemical analyses of irregularly distributed stream sediment samples, were analyzed to determine the magnitude, morphology, and areal extent of peaks (geochemical anomalies). Work performed under U.S. Geological Survey contract no. 14-08-0001-20129. Publication authorized by the Director, U.S. Geological Survey. Any use of trade names and trademarks in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not constitute endorsement by the U.S.