DOCSLIB.ORG

The Phonological Processes in Olumarama: Nc Effects and Vowel Hiatus

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Phonological Processes in Olumarama: Nc Effects and Vowel Hiatus THE PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSES IN OLUMARAMA: NC EFFECTS AND VOWEL HIATUS BY GEORGE NANJIRA MULAMA C50/CE/28074/2013 A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN ENGLISH AND LINGUISTICS OF KENYATTA UNIVERSITY FEBRUARY, 2019. ii DECLARATION iii DEDICATION To my dearest mother, Jane Sekokhe Manyani, My father, Fredrick Godfrey Nanjira Mulama: Your pursuit of knowledge lives on in us iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS God has been at the centre of every milestone reached and He has propelled me to the finish line. I am extremely grateful to my supervisors; Dr. Nandelenga and Dr. Ayieko, for their great insights that have helped shape this work into its present form. I also thank Professor Marlo of the University of Missouri for his insights and resources that have been of immeasurable value. I thank Dr. Hilda Kebeya for her invaluable input throughout this whole process. I thank Dr. Ndung’u for fostering my interest in OT through a class presentation that we made on the theory. I cannot forget both the academic and support staff, in the department of Literature, Languages and Linguistics for their help. I also thank my uncle Washington, aunt Sarah, Samuel, Ann, Brian, Jackline, Roselyn, Victor, Rumona, Francis, Miriam, Leah, Mary, Catherine, Lilian, Javan, Amukoya for their encouragement and support. I am, however, responsible for the shortcomings in this research work. v TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ............................................................................................... ii DEDICATION ................................................................................................. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................... v ABBREVIATIONS ....................................................................................... viii LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................ ix LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................... x OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS .................................................. xi ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................... xii CHAPTER ONE .............................................................................................. 1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................ 1 1.0 Introduction .................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background to the Study .............................................................................. 1 1.2 Statement of the Problem ........................................................................... 11 1.3 Research Objectives ................................................................................... 12 1.4 Research Questions .................................................................................... 12 1.5 Research Assumptions ............................................................................... 13 1.6 Justification and Significance of the Study ................................................ 13 1.7 Scope and Limitations of the Study ........................................................... 14 1.8 Chapter Summary ...................................................................................... 15 CHAPTER TWO ........................................................................................... 16 LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ........ 16 2.0 Introduction ................................................................................................ 16 2.1 The Syllable and Phonological Processes .................................................. 16 vi 2.1.1 The Bantu and the Luhya Syllable Structure .......................................... 20 2.1.2 Olumarama Syllable Structure ................................................................ 23 2.1.3 NC Effects ............................................................................................... 27 2.1.4 Vowel Hiatus Resolution ........................................................................ 33 2.2 Theoretical framework ............................................................................... 37 2.3 Chapter Summary ...................................................................................... 42 CHAPTER THREE ....................................................................................... 43 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ................................................................. 43 3.0 Introduction ................................................................................................ 43 3.1 The Research Design ................................................................................. 43 3.2 Location of the Study ................................................................................. 43 3.3 The Study Population ................................................................................. 44 3.4 The Sample and Sampling Procedure ........................................................ 44 3.5 Research Instruments ................................................................................. 45 3.6 Data Collection .......................................................................................... 46 3.7 Data Analysis and Presentation ................................................................. 47 3.8 Data Management and Ethical issues ........................................................ 47 3.9 Chapter Summary ...................................................................................... 48 CHAPTER FOUR .......................................................................................... 49 DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION ...................................................... 49 4.0 Introduction ................................................................................................ 49 4.1 NC Effects and Related Processes ............................................................. 49 4.1.1 Nasal + Voiceless Stops .......................................................................... 54 4.1.2 Nasal + Voiceless Fricative .................................................................... 63 4.1.3 Nasal + Voiced Fricative ........................................................................ 68 4.1.4 Nasal + Liquids ....................................................................................... 78 vii 4.1.5 Nasal + Affricate ..................................................................................... 90 4.1.6 Nasal + Nasal Sequence .......................................................................... 94 4.2 Vowel Hiatus Resolution and Related Processes....................................... 97 4.2.1 Glide Formation ...................................................................................... 99 4.2.2 Vowel deletion ...................................................................................... 109 4.2.3 Vowel Height Coalescence ................................................................... 117 4.2.4 Consonant Epenthesis ........................................................................... 124 4.3 Chapter Summary .................................................................................... 129 CHAPTER FIVE ......................................................................................... 130 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............. 130 5.0 Introduction .............................................................................................. 130 5.1 Summary of Research Findings ............................................................... 130 5.2 Conclusions from the Research Findings ................................................ 131 5.3 Recommendations for Further Research .................................................. 132 REFERENCES ............................................................................................. 135 APPENDICES .............................................................................................. 139 Appendix A1: Data Verification Form .......................................................... 139 Appendix A2: Data Collected ........................................................................ 147 Appendix A3: Research Clearance Permit .................................................... 155 Appendix A4: Research Authorization .......................................................... 156 viii ABBREVIATIONS C Consonant Co Coda CGV Consonant Glide Vowel CV Consonant Vowel I-O Input – Output mapping NC Nasal Consonant OCP Obligatory Contour Principle OT Optimality Theory P Prefix 1S First person singular 2S Second person singular SSP Sonority Sequencing Principle V Vowel V1 Vowel one in a vowel hiatus V2 Vowel two in a vowel hiatus ix LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: Olumarama Consonants…………………………………………....5 Table 1.2: Olumarama Vowel Trapezium……………………………………..7 Table 2.1: OT Symbols and their Representations…………………………...41 x LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1: CV(V) Syllable Structure……………………………………….24 Figure 2.2: CCV(V) Syllable Structure……………………………………...25 Figure 2.3: V(V) Syllable Structure………………………………………….26 Figure 2.4: Nasal + Voiceless Stop
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Phonetic, Phonological, and Morphosyntactic Analysis of the Mara Language
    San Jose State University SJSU ScholarWorks Master's Theses Master's Theses and Graduate Research Spring 2010 A Phonetic, Phonological, and Morphosyntactic Analysis of the Mara Language Michelle Arden San Jose State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/etd_theses Recommended Citation Arden, Michelle, "A Phonetic, Phonological, and Morphosyntactic Analysis of the Mara Language" (2010). Master's Theses. 3744. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31979/etd.v36r-dk3u https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/etd_theses/3744 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Master's Theses and Graduate Research at SJSU ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of SJSU ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A PHONETIC, PHONOLOGICAL, AND MORPHOSYNTACTIC ANALYSIS OF THE MARA LANGUAGE A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of Linguistics and Language Development San Jose State University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts by Michelle J. Arden May 2010 © 2010 Michelle J. Arden ALL RIGHTS RESERVED The Designated Thesis Committee Approves the Thesis Titled A PHONETIC, PHONOLOGICAL, AND MORPHOSYNTACTIC ANALYSIS OF THE MARA LANGUAGE by Michelle J. Arden APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS AND LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT SAN JOSE STATE UNIVERSITY May 2010 Dr. Daniel Silverman Department of Linguistics and Language Development Dr. Soteria Svorou Department of Linguistics and Language Development Dr. Kenneth VanBik Department of Linguistics and Language Development ABSTRACT A PHONETIC, PHONOLOGICAL, AND MORPHOSYNTACTIC ANALYSIS OF THE MARA LANGUAGE by Michelle J. Arden This thesis presents a linguistic analysis of the Mara language, a Tibeto-Burman language spoken in northwest Myanmar and in neighboring districts of India.
    [Show full text]
  • Building a Universal Phonetic Model for Zero-Resource Languages
    Building a Universal Phonetic Model for Zero-Resource Languages Paul Moore MInf Project (Part 2) Interim Report Master of Informatics School of Informatics University of Edinburgh 2020 3 Abstract Being able to predict phones from speech is a challenge in and of itself, but what about unseen phones from different languages? In this project, work was done towards building precisely this kind of universal phonetic model. Using the GlobalPhone language corpus, phones’ articulatory features, a recurrent neu- ral network, open-source libraries, and an innovative prediction system, a model was created to predict phones based on their features alone. The results show promise, especially for using these models on languages within the same family. 4 Acknowledgements Once again, a huge thank you to Steve Renals, my supervisor, for all his assistance. I greatly appreciated his practical advice and reasoning when I got stuck, or things seemed overwhelming, and I’m very thankful that he endorsed this project. I’m immensely grateful for the support my family and friends have provided in the good times and bad throughout my studies at university. A big shout-out to my flatmates Hamish, Mark, Stephen and Iain for the fun and laugh- ter they contributed this year. I’m especially grateful to Hamish for being around dur- ing the isolation from Coronavirus and for helping me out in so many practical ways when I needed time to work on this project. Lastly, I wish to thank Jesus Christ, my Saviour and my Lord, who keeps all these things in their proper perspective, and gives me strength each day.
    [Show full text]
  • Glossopoeia a Contrastive Phonological Study Of
    DEPARTAMENT DE FILOLOGIA ANGLESA I DE GERMANÍSTICA Glossopoeia A Contrastive Phonological Study of Sindarin and Klingon Treball de Fi de Grau Author: Mónica Malvárez Ocaña Supervisor: Hortènsia Curell Gotor Grau d’Estudis Anglesos June 2020 jyE qhE5 `B 7r$`B6E tiT16E lE5 Law pain i reviar mistar aen. Not all those who wander are lost. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my appreciation to Dr. Hortènsia Curell, not only for her help and support during these difficult months that I have been abroad, but also for giving me the opportunity and the freedom to explore other fascinating linguistic areas, such as glossopoeia. I would also like to thank my friends and family for always pushing me to go one step further and to think outside the box. I discovered the universe of Middle-Earth during my childhood, and for that reason, it will always have a special place in my heart. Before going to bed, my father used to read The Hobbit to me. I remember being mesmerized by the story and the characters, and even now, as an adult, I am still mesmerized by what J.R.R. Tolkien created. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 2 2. Constructed Languages ............................................................................................... 3 2.1. Classification of Conlangs ................................................................................ 3 2.1.1. Historical Classification ....................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Variation and Change in the Rhotics of Brazilian Portuguese
    Iiris Emilia Rennicke Variation and Change in the Rhotics of Brazilian Portuguese Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Estudos Linguísticos da Faculdade de Letras da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Doutor em Linguística Teórica e Descritiva Área de Concentração: Linguística Teórica e Descritiva Linha de Pesquisa: Fonologia Orientadora: Prof.a Dr.a Thaïs Cristófaro Alves da Silva Co-orientador: Prof. Dr. Timo Riiho Belo Horizonte Faculdade de Letras da UFMG 2015 Resumo Oobjetivodestateseédescreverostatus eclassefonológicosdosróticosnopor- tuguês brasileiro (PB) falado em Minas Gerais, explorar os fatores que causam mudança sonora, e discutir a direção da mudança. A hipótese adotada é a de que mudanças em vários sub-sistemas da língua contribuem para uma trajetória geral de mudança sonora que atua principalmente através da redução atriculatória e re- alinhamento articulatório em palavras e construções frequentes no uso (conforme previsto pelos Modelos de Exemplares). A premissa desta tese é que a língua é um Sistema Adaptativo Complexo que consiste em vários sub-sistemas em con- stante mudança, podendo contribuir simultaneamente para mudanças graduais no sistema como um todo. Entrevistas semi-estruturadas e uma tarefa de preenchimento de lacunas foram realizadas com 14 falantes do Sul e Centro-Oeste de Minas Gerais, gerando no total 7,765 contextos para róticos. Os róticos do PB incluem vibrantes, tepes, fricativas, aproximantes e aproximantes aspiradas em ponto de articulação alve- olar, palatal, retroflexo/arqueado, uvular, e glotal. O cancelamento dos róticos também é frequente. Os róticos do PB seguem duas trajetórias de lenição divergentes: uma an- terior (alveo-palatal) e uma posterior (uvular e glotal).
    [Show full text]
  • The Dravidian Languages
    This page intentionally left blank THE DRAVIDIAN LANGUAGES The Dravidian languages are spoken by over 200 million people in South Asia and in diaspora communities around the world, and constitute the world’s fifth largest language family. It consists of about twenty-six lan- guages in total including Tamil, Malay¯alam,. Kannada. and Telugu,as well as over twenty non-literary languages. In this book, Bhadriraju Krishnamurti, one of the most eminent Dravidianists of our time and an Honorary Member of the Linguistic Society of America, provides a comprehensive study of the phonological and grammatical structure of the whole Dravidian family from different aspects. He describes its history and writing system, dis- cusses its structure and typology, and considers its lexicon. Distant and more recent contacts between Dravidian and other language groups are also discussed. With its comprehensive coverage this book will be welcomed by all students of Dravidian languages and will be of interest to linguists in various branches of the discipline as well as Indologists. is a leading linguist in India and one of the world’s renowned historical and comparative linguists, specializing in the Dravidian family of languages. He has published over twenty books in English and Telugu and over a hundred research papers. His books include Telugu Verbal Bases: a Comparative and Descriptive Study (1961), Kon. da. or K¯ubi, a Dravidian Language (1969), A Grammar of Modern Telugu (with J. P. L. Gwynn, 1985), Language, Education and Society (1998) and Comparative Dravidian Linguistics: Current Perspectives (2001). CAMBRIDGE LANGUAGE SURVEYS General editors P. Austin (University of Melbourne) J.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Morphological Influences on Categorical Perception of Stop
    2018. Proc Ling Soc Amer 3. 14:1-10. https://doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v3i1.4294 Morphological influences on categorical perception of stop voicing in Welsh Skye Anderson & Elise Bell* Abstract. Listeners integrate a wide variety of cues when categorizing speech sounds, including lexical, syntactic, semantic and pragmatic information. We investigate the influence of Initial Consonant Mutation, a morphosyntactically- triggered alternation in the modern Celtic languages, on the categorical perception of stop voicing in Welsh. Once sandhi processes, Celtic mutations are now lexically and morphosyntactically triggered; in particular, Welsh Soft Mutation causes word- initial voiceless stops to become voiced when they are preceded by a triggering word or construction. This paper reports the results of a two-alternative forced choice task that tests the hypothesis that Welsh listeners integrate their knowledge of mutation- triggering environments during speech perception, accepting more ambiguous segments as voiced when preceded by a Soft-Mutation-triggering word relative to a non-triggering word. While the results of the experiment demonstrate categorical perception of stop voicing, no robust effect of mutation environment was found. Several hypotheses as to why the predicted result was not found are considered. Keywords. categorical perception; voice onset time; morphology; initial consonant mutation; Celtic; Welsh 1. Introduction. Natural speech is characterized by extreme variability (c.f. Warner & Tucker 2011), requiring listeners to integrate a wide variety of cues when categorizing speech sounds in- context. In addition to phonetic cues, listeners recruit lexical, syntactic, semantic and pragmatic information to adjust their perceptual boundaries. We extend this line of research by investigat- ing the influence of Initial Consonant Mutation (ICM) on the categorical perception of stop voicing in Welsh.
    [Show full text]
  • The Dravidian Languages
    This page intentionally left blank THE DRAVIDIAN LANGUAGES The Dravidian languages are spoken by over 200 million people in South Asia and in diaspora communities around the world, and constitute the world’s fifth largest language family. It consists of about twenty-six lan- guages in total including Tamil, Malay¯alam,. Kannada. and Telugu,as well as over twenty non-literary languages. In this book, Bhadriraju Krishnamurti, one of the most eminent Dravidianists of our time and an Honorary Member of the Linguistic Society of America, provides a comprehensive study of the phonological and grammatical structure of the whole Dravidian family from different aspects. He describes its history and writing system, dis- cusses its structure and typology, and considers its lexicon. Distant and more recent contacts between Dravidian and other language groups are also discussed. With its comprehensive coverage this book will be welcomed by all students of Dravidian languages and will be of interest to linguists in various branches of the discipline as well as Indologists. is a leading linguist in India and one of the world’s renowned historical and comparative linguists, specializing in the Dravidian family of languages. He has published over twenty books in English and Telugu and over a hundred research papers. His books include Telugu Verbal Bases: a Comparative and Descriptive Study (1961), Kon. da. or K¯ubi, a Dravidian Language (1969), A Grammar of Modern Telugu (with J. P. L. Gwynn, 1985), Language, Education and Society (1998) and Comparative Dravidian Linguistics: Current Perspectives (2001). CAMBRIDGE LANGUAGE SURVEYS General editors P. Austin (University of Melbourne) J.
    [Show full text]
  • The Phonemic System of a Lebanese Arabic Dialect
    The Phonemic System of a Lebanese Arabic Dialect B.A. (Hons.), Simon Fraser University, 1968 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL 'FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in the Department Modern Languages @ MICHEL OB~GI,1971 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY April, 1971 % APPROVAL Name: Michel Obegi Degree : Master of Arts Title of Thesis : The Phonemic System of a Lebanese Arabic Dialect Examining Committee: Chairman: Neville J. Lincoln Edward R. Colhoun Senior Supervisor Barrie E. Bartlett Ross Saunders Brian E. Newton External Examiner Associate Professor Simon Fraser University Burnaby 2, B. C. Date Approved :30 & /$-'+I 1/ iii --Abstract of Xaster's Thesis 12 March', 1971 The Phonemic System of a Lebanese Arabic Dialect Michel Obegi The thesis is a descriptive analysis of the segmental phonemes of a social dialect of Lebanese Arabic. It is defined as the speech of the educated urban community whose members are almost exclusive~yChristians and who have received their formal education in French. The thesis begins with a statement of the questionnaires and field work techniques used in collecting the corpus for analysis, including relevant information on the informants - all natives of Beirut. The results of the analysis are presented in the form of a structural sketch detailing the character and distribution of the phonemes and their allo- phones. - In cor.clusion, the thesis states that, in spite of the bi-lingual nature of the informants, there is no indication of marked influence from French in the phonology of the Arabic spoken by the educated Christian community of Beirut. TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction........................................
    [Show full text]
  • University Microfilms International 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 USA St
    A PHONOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE SPANISH SPOKEN IN LA REFORMA NEIGHBORHOOD IN TUCSON, ARIZONA Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Merz, Geri Willwerscheid, 1931- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 06/10/2021 00:01:48 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/289650 INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Itunyoso Trique
    ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE IPA Itunyoso Trique Christian T. DiCanio Laboratoire Dynamique du Langage/CNRS, UniversiteLyon2´ [email protected] Itunyoso Trique /itun"joso "tɾiki/ is an Oto-Manguean language (Mixtecan branch) spoken in the town of San Mart´ın Itunyoso, Oaxaca, Mexico. It is one of three Trique languages, all of which are spoken in Oaxaca, Mexico. According to the 2005 census (INEGI 2005), there are 1,345 inhabitants in the town, virtually all of whom speak Itunyoso Trique as a native language. However, this number does not reflect the total number of speakers, as approximately 30%–50% of the population lives outside of San Mart´ın Itunyoso at any given time.1 The population of the nearby town of Concepcion´ Itunyoso, with a population of 261 (ibid.), is considered to speak the same dialect. The remaining populations of speakers are found in Oaxaca City, Mexico City, and the United States. Unless otherwise noted, the generalizations, acoustic measurements, and statistics in this paper are based on the work of DiCanio (2008) and the lexical data is taken from a vocabulary of 1,650 Trique words, compiled by the author. The acoustic data used for measuring vowel formants was taken from field recordings of three male speakers, made in 2004, during lexical elicitation. The transcriptions of the text ‘North Wind and the Sun’ are based on the recording of a male speaker, age 27, made in 2009. Throughout this paper, tone is marked using Chao tone letters, where 5 indicates the highest level and 1 the lowest. It should be noted that the tone transcription used here is different from the Americanist tradition with four levels and the tone height inversely correlated with numbering.
    [Show full text]
  • Aspects of the Phonology of the Sinhalese
    ASPECTS OF THE PHONOLOGY OF THE SINHALESE VERB; A PROSODIC ANALYSIS Rajapaksa Mudiyanselage Wilson Rajapaksa Thesis submitted for the degree of Ph.D., Department of Phonetics and Linguistics, School of Oriental and African studies, University of London July 1988 ProQuest Number: 10731644 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10731644 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 ABSTRACT The purpose of the thesis is to study Sinhalese verb forms in relation to slow and rapid styles. The theory used in the analysis is that of Prosodic Phonology. The thesis is presented in seven chapters and an appendix. Discussed in Chapter 1 are styles., speech situations, the theory used in the analysis, the choice of the theory as the theoretical background, the nature of the analysis, research procedure, data, informants, and new information arising from the research. Chapter 2 is divided into tw o parts. Part 1 is an outline description of vowel and cons onant sounds. The physical characteristics of these sounds and their distribution are given here.
    [Show full text]
  • Phonetics the Science of Speech
    Phonetics This page intentionally left blank Phonetics The Science of Speech Martin J. Ball School of Psychology and Communication, University of Ulster at Jordanstown and Joan Rahilly School of English, The Queen's University of Belfast First published in Great Britain in 1999 by Arnold, a member of the Hodder Headline Group, Published in 2013 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN 711 ThirdAvenue,New YorkNY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 1999 Martin J. Ball and Joan Rahilly All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronically or mechanically, including photocopying, recording or any information storage or retrieval system, without either prior permission in writing from the publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying. In the Uni ted Kingdom such licences are issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency: 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 9HE. The advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of going to press, but neither the authors nor the publisher can accept any legal reponsibility or li ability for any errors or omissions. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN 978-0-340-70009-9 (hbk) ISBN 978-0-340-70010-5 (pbk) Production Editor:
    [Show full text]