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© 2010 Patricia Ferrer-Medina ALL RIGHTS RESERVED © 2010 Patricia Ferrer-Medina ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ECOLOGICAL DIFFERENCE AND THE ECOLOGY OF SUBJECTIVIZATION IN SIXTEENTH CENTURY NONFICTION TRAVEL NARRATIVE TO THE CARIBBEAN by PATRICIA FERRER-MEDINA A Dissertation submitted to the Graduate School-New Brunswick Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in Comparative Literatures Written under the direction of Jorge T. Marcone and approved by M. Josephine Diamond Yolanda Martínez-San Miguel Gustavo Verdesio New Brunswick, New Jersey May, 2010 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION ECOLOGICAL DIFFERENCE AND THE ECOLOGY OF SUBJECTIVIZATION IN SIXTEENTH CENTURY NONFICTION TRAVEL NARRATIVE TO THE CARIBBEAN By Patricia Ferrer-Medina Dissertation Director: Jorge T. Marcone This study seeks to identify and analyze the representation of Amerindian ecology or relationship to nature found in sixteenth century nonfiction travel narratives to the Caribbean. The purpose of the study is first, to explore the textual representation of Amerindian ecology as a type of cultural difference, and second, to uncover the link between said representation and the textual construction of the European traveler writer as a modern subject. The main argument is that the colonial discourse of the sixteenth century travel narrative to the Caribbean features an ecological difference that is constitutive of European modern subjectivity within the text. Ecological difference is seen as the textual representation and production of cultural difference articulated in ecological terms or those that refer to the human/nature relation. Following Jean Joseph Goux‟s critique of the Freudian-Lacanian model for the process of the construction of modern subjectivity, subjectivization is shown to occur textually and to imply a specific ecology befitting the colonial and capitalist context of the 1500‟s. The term ecology of subjectivization emerges as a useful term pointing to the significance of the human to ii nature relation in the process of the textual construction of the subject. Methodologically, the study hinges on the identification and analysis of the travel narrative‟s colonial discourse relating to ecology and the imperial subject. The texts studied are various nonfiction travel narratives from the 1500‟s, but discussion centers on Cabeza de Vaca‟s Naufragios (1542), Walter Ralegh‟s Discoverie (1596), Jean de Léry‟s Histoire (1578), and Ramón Pané‟s Relación (1498). Chapters offer close readings of the depictions of indigenous ecological philosophies and practices, images of nakedness and cannibalism, and instances of conscious manipulations of the representation of the self. Throughout the discussion of these images, the textual construction of the traveler as subject and the other and his environment as object is fleshed out. Moreover, since these travel narratives were written with the express purpose of attaining improved legal or political status within the colonial system, the technology of writing is revealed as the best means to control not only the nature but also the body of the Caribbean other. iii DEDICATION I dedicate this dissertation as well as its immediate and direct result, my doctorate degree, to my parents Luis Manuel Ferrer Dávila and Gina Medina Murphy in whose tender care and sacrifice I was brought up to be all that I could be. I also wish to dedicate it to my husband and life partner, Harry Franqui Rivera, without whose patience and devotion I may never have survived this gargantuan task, and with whom I share the delicious responsibility of raising Alejandro Gaius and Olivia. In addition, to my sisters Viviana and Gina Ferrer Medina, as well as to my brother Luis Manuel Ferrer Medina, I owe time, energy and support. It was almost fifteen years ago that Professor Maria Teresa Bertelloni introduced me to Comparative Literature and the pleasures of reading comparatively, in the original, and within context. She inspired and nurtured the reader in me and though she passed before I could complete my degree, I feel I owe a significant part of it to her. Thank you, Maresa. This project was written in loving memory of my grandparents Tomás Medina Bennet, Georgina Murphy Rodríguez, and Josefina Medina Bennet. I thank you for spending time with me, and will always miss you. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Professor Jorge Marcone, the dissertation director, for his patience and faith in my abilities as well as for his mild mannered style. I also thank Professor M. Josephine Diamond who welcomed me to the program and to New Brunswick almost ten years ago, and who has been a constant source of support, knowledge and experience. I would also like to thank Professor Gustavo Verdesio who came into the project late and with no obligation gave me honest and useful feedback. It was an honor to have him read this project. Throughout it all Yolanda Martínez-San Miguel has been a friend, a model, a mentor and an invaluable careful reader. I thank her especially and warmly. Many friends supported me through this process, but in particular I would like to mention Anne Lambright, Guillermo Irizarry, Agustín Laó-Montes, Asela Rodríguez de Laguna, and Elpidio Laguna. They all shared their experiences and knowledge with me at some point or another encouraging to keep going. While I owe my first formal teaching experience to Rutgers U., it was at Trinity College in Hartford, CT and Amherst College in Amherst, MA that I learned what it means to teach professionally. I thank the faculty and students of the Modern Languages and Literatures department at Trinity and the Spanish department at Amherst for having me. Lastly, a project that purports to draw attention to the significance of the human relation to nature to our self-constructing process would be remiss if it made no mention of the physical and geographical context in which I originally fashioned myself. On this note, I wish to acknowledge the beaches of the south western coast of Puerto Rico in whose warm blue green waters and coarse golden sand I learned to live and love. v It should be noted that a good part of the main argument of this project as discussed in pages 98-105 was previously published in my article “Ecology, Difference and Utopia in the Portrayal of the Gypsy in Cervantes‟ La gitanilla” in Cervantes and/on/in the New World. (See Bibliography for details.) vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT.. ...................................................................................................................... ii DEDICATION ................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................v INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………...1 CHAPTER 1. ECOLOGICAL CRITICISM, NATURE, AND THE EARLY MODERN WORLD .................................................................................................................19 2. ECOLOGICAL DIFFERENCE AND THE ECOLOGY OF SUBJECTIVIZATION ..........................................................................................72 3. SIXTEENTH CENTURY TRAVEL NARRATIVE: COLONIALISM, IMPERIALISM, AND MODERN SUBJECTIVITY ..........................................111 4. THE NAKED HERO IN PAINFUL PILGRIMAGE: THE ECOLOGY OF SUBJECTIVIZATION ........................................................................................146 5. THE CULTURAL OTHER: THE ECOLOGY OF OBJECTIVIZATION .........179 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................219 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................223 CURRICULUM VITAE………………………………………………………………..229 vii 1 INTRODUCTION: NARRATIVIZING DIFFERENCE To be sure, under the equator and as far on both sides of the line as the sun moves, there lie vast empty deserts, scorched with perpetual heat. The whole region is desolate and squalid, grim and uncultivated, inhabited by wild beasts, serpents, and also by men no less wild and dangerous than the beasts themselves. But as they went on, conditions gradually grew milder. The heat was less fierce, the earth greener, men and even beasts less savage. At last they reached people, cities, and towns which not only traded among themselves and with their neighbors, but even carried on commerce by sea and land with remote countries. Raphael Hythloday in Thomas More‟s Utopia (published in 1516) Published in 1578, Jean de Léry‟s Histoire d‟un voyage faict en la terre du Brésil, is the narrative of the French Calvinist‟s 1556 travel to Rio de Janerio to establish the first Protestant mission in the Americas and his subsequent twelve month sojourn with the Tupinamba (Tupi) people. Chapter XIII of the narrative presents the reader with a dialogue between Léry and a Tupi elder concerning the collecting of brazilwood1, the tree that propelled Portuguese as well as French colonialism in the region. The dialogue goes as follows: The Tupi elder asks the reason why the French and Portuguese have come from so far away for wood. Is it to warm themselves? He wonders. Is there no wood 1 Also called Brasil Tree, Pau-Brasil, and Pernambuco (Caesalpinia echinata). It is the source of the South American country Brazil‟s name. 2 where they come from? Léry answers that there is indeed great quantity of wood but not of the same kind. He also explains that the brazilwood is
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