STAGE 1 AND 2 ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE MADAWASKA SHORES SUBDIVISION PART LOT 9, CONCESSION 7 GEOGRAPHIC TOWNSHIP OF MCNAB NOW TOWNSHIP OF MCNAB/BRAESIDE RENFREW COUNTY, ONTARIO

STAGE 1 AND 2 ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE MADAWASKA SHORES SUBDIVISION, PART LOT 9, CONCESSION 7, GEOGRAPHIC TOWNSHIP OF MCNAB, NOW TOWNSHIP OF MCNAB/BRAESIDE, RENFREW COUNTY, ONTARIO

Prepared for: Tracy Zander, M.Pl., MCIP, RPP Planning Consultant ZanderPlan Inc. P.O. Box 20148 Perth, ON K7H 3M6

Phone: 613-264-9600 E-mail: [email protected]

Re: Planning Act, Plan of Subdivision Application

Prepared by: Caitlyn Howard, B.A. Staff Archaeologist Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc. 4534 Bolingbroke Road, R.R. #3 Maberly, ON K0H 2B0

Phone: 613-267-7028 E-mail: [email protected]

PRAS Project No.: PR16-30

Licensee: Peter Sattelberger, M.A., Licence P111 Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

P.I.F. No.: P111-0032-2016

Date: September 23th, 2016 Original Report Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment Madawaska Shores Subdivision Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Ms. Tracy Zander, Planning Consultant at ZanderPlan Inc., provided project mapping and overall project direction. Mr. Bob Wachna of Madawaska Shores Development assisted with access to the property.

Thanks to archaeological colleagues Nick Adams of Adams Heritage, Jacquie Fisher of Fisher Archaeological Consulting, Bill Fox of Trent University, Nick Gromoff of Ground Truth Archaeology Limited and Ken Swayze of Kinickinick Heritage Consulting for sharing their insights regarding the biface found during this assessment.

PROJECT PERSONNEL

Project Manager Brenda Kennett, M.A. (P030)

Licence Holder Peter Sattelberger, M.A. (P111)

Field Director Caitlyn Howard, B.A. (R1074)

Field Crew Grace Harris Shyong En Pan, B.Sc. Adam Pollock, M.A. (P331) Andy Snetsinger, M.A. (R1089) Edward Thierry Ted Stewart Liam Bowman, B.A. Selena Barre Brenda Kennett

Artifact Processing Grace Harris

Artifact Inventory Caitlyn Howard

Draughting Caitlyn Howard

Report Writing Caitlyn Howard

Report Review Brenda Kennett

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc. was retained by ZanderPlan Inc. to undertake a Stage 1 and 2 archaeological assessment of Part Lot 9, Concession 7, in the geographic Township of McNab, Renfrew County (see Maps 1 to 3). The subject property consists of approximately 36.87 hectares (91.11 acres) of land along the north shore of the Madawaska River, southwest of Mill Ridge Road.

The purpose of the Stage 1 investigation was to assist with the future development of a subdivision through assessing the archaeological potential of the study area and presenting recommendations for the mitigation of any significant known or potential archaeological resources. To this end, historical, environmental and archaeological research was conducted in order to make a determination of archaeological potential. The results of this study deemed the subject property to possess potential for the recovery of both pre-Contact and post-Contact archaeological resources. A Stage 2 assessment of the entire property was recommended.

The purpose of the Stage 2 assessment was to determine whether archaeological resources, artifacts or sites with cultural heritage value or interest were present on the property and to determine whether these resources required further assessment. A Stage 2 property assessment of the study area consisting of both the pedestrian survey of ploughed fields as well as shovel test pit survey at 5 m intervals of unploughable areas was undertaken between August 17th and 31st, 2016. Two archaeological sites were identified during the course of this assessment. Findspot 1 was registered with Borden Number BiGc-9 and consisted of a single biface attributed to the Late Archaic period. The second site consisted of a scatter of late nineteenth century domestic refuse associated with the remains of a stone foundation and was registered with Borden Number BiGc-10.

This report forms the basis for the following recommendations:

1) It has been determined that the cultural heritage value or interest of Find Spot 1 (BiGc-9) has been sufficiently documented through the Stage 2 research conducted to date. Accordingly, no further assessment of this site is warranted.

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2) Site BiGc-10 has been determined to be of potential cultural heritage value or interest, meeting MTCS standards for sites requiring a Stage 3 site specific archaeological assessment. The Stage 3 archaeological assessment of site BiGc-10 should be conducted by a licensed archaeologist, in compliance with Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (MTCS 2011).

3) Given that the project proponent has indicated a desire to enact temporary avoidance and protection measures in order to delay the excavation of archaeological site BiGc-10 while development proceeds on the rest of the property, a strategy to ensure the archaeological site will not be impacted in the short term as well as a plan to carry out a Stage 3 archaeological assessment in the future has been prepared.

In support of this strategy, the following documentation has been included in the supplementary documentation of the report package:

• the draft plan of subdivision showing the extent of site BiGc-10, including the known limits of the site, a 20 metre protective buffer, and a 50 metre monitoring buffer.

• written confirmation from the project proponent of: (a) a desire to enact the short term avoidance and protection measures required to protect the site during construction; (b) a timeline for completing the Stage 3 archaeological fieldwork; (c) knowledge of the location of the site and of the outstanding concerns (i.e. that additional archaeological assessment is required before the area of the site can be disturbed or altered); (d) a commitment to erecting a temporary physical barrier (i.e. snow fencing) prior to and through the completion of any construction associated with the proposed subdivision; (e) a commitment to ensure that the area of the site and its protective buffers is avoided during construction by instructing all construction crews/contractors that no ground alterations (e.g. servicing, landscaping, etc.) will be permitted within the fenced area; (f) a commitment to have a licenced consultant archaeologist monitor any construction within the 50 metre monitoring buffer zone; and, (g) confirmation that the licenced consultant archaeologist will be empowered to stop construction if there are any concerns to impacts to the archaeological site.

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4) Following the long and short term avoidance and protection measures listed above, all of the proposed Madawaska Shores Subdivision apart from Lots 1 and 30, as shown on Map 3, should be considered clear of any further archaeological concerns. A letter confirming this is requested from MTCS.

5) The future Stage 3 archaeological assessment of site BiGc-10 should begin with the controlled and systematic excavation of one metre square test pits across the area of the site on a ten metre grid, with an additional 40% of the grid total placed to as to investigate areas of interest within the site.

The reader is also referred to Section 5.0 below to ensure compliance with the Ontario Heritage Act as it may relate to this project.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page No. Acknowledgments ii Project Personnel ii Executive Summary iii List of Maps viii List of Images ix List of Tables ix

1.0 Introduction 1

2.0 Project Context 2 2.1 Development Context 2 2.2 Access Permission 2

3.0 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment 3 3.1 Historical Context 3 3.1.1 Previous Historical Research 3 3.1.2 Regional Pre-Contact Cultural Overview 3 3.1.3 Regional Post-Contact Cultural Overview 6 3.1.4 Property History 10 3.2 Archaeological Context 12 3.2.1 Previously Recorded Archaeological Sites 12 3.2.2 Previous Archaeological Research 12 3.2.3 Identified Local Cultural Heritage Resources 12 3.2.4 Heritage Plaques and Monuments 13 3.2.5 Cemeteries 13 3.2.6 Local Environment 14 3.3 Analysis and Conclusions 15 3.3.1 Determination of Archaeological Potential 15 3.3.2 Stage 1 Recommendations 16

4.0 Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment 18 4.1 Fieldwork Methodology 18 4.2 Laboratory Methods 19 4.3 Fieldwork Results 20 4.4 Analysis and Conclusions 23 4.5 Recommendations 24

5.0 Advice on Compliance with Legislation 26

6.0 Limitations and Closure 27

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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

7.0 References 28

8.0 Maps 34

9.0 Images 47

Appendix 1: Photographic Catalogue 58 Appendix 2: Artifact Inventory 63 Appendix 3: Glossary of Archaeological Terms 70

LIST OF MAPS

Map No. Page No. 1 Location of the study area 34 2 Orthophotographic image of the study area 35 3 Development map 36 4 Segment of the 1863 Walling map of McNab Township showing the study area 37 5 Segment of the 1939 topographic map of Renfrew County showing the study area 38 6 Segment of the 1984 surficial geology map of Arnprior showing the study area 39 7 Segment of the Renfrew County soil map showing the study area 41 8 Archaeological potential and field testing methodologies of the study area 42 9 Locations and directions of photographs taken during the Stage 2 fieldwork 43 10 Results of the Stage 2 fieldwork 44 11 Map of Findspot 1 (BiGc-9) 45 12 Map of Findspot 2 (BiGc-10) 46

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LIST OF IMAGES

Image No. Page No. 1 View of crew performing the pedestrian survey of the north field, facing southwest 47 2 View of crew performing the pedestrian survey of the south field, facing east 47 3 View of crew performing the intensification survey around Findspot 1, facing northwest 48 4 Crew excavating a 1m square unit over the Archaic point findspot, facing northwest 48 5 Crew test pitting in the western end of the study area, facing northeast 49 6 Crew test pitting the manicured lawns in the eastern end of the study area, facing northeast 49 7 View looking east along the top of the former Champlain Sea shoreline, facing west 50 8 View from the top of the former Champlain Sea shoreline towards the centre field, facing south 50 9 Crew test pitting on a level, sandy terrace near the shoreline in the western end of the study area, facing east 51 10 View of a test pit along a relatively level terrace (now used as a walking trail) near the current shoreline, facing northeast 51 11 Test pit from the sandy, level terrace at the western end of the study area, facing east 52 12 View of a former strandline feature on the level, sandy terrace in the western end of the study area, facing east 52 13 View of the beaver pond near the centre of the study area, facing northeast 53 14 Crew test pitting near a bend in the creek, facing north 53 15 View of a small culvert crossing the westernmost creek in the study area, facing west 54 16 View of the dried up creek bed in the northeastern end of the property, facing east 54 17 Late Archaic biface from Findspot 1 (BiGc-9) 55 18 North profile of Unit 1 complete, facing north 55 19 View of the stone basement foundations at Findspot 2, facing northeast 56 20 View of the stone basement foundations at Findspot 2, facing east 56 21 Sample of mixed artifacts from Findspot 2 (BiGc-10) 57

LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Page No.

1 Summary of Fieldwork Methodologies 18 2 Inventory of the Stage 2 Documentary Record 19 3 Latitude and longitude coordinates for Find Spot 1 recorded by handheld GPS. 21 4 Latitude and longitude coordinates for Find Spot 2 recorded by handheld GPS 22

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc. (Past Recovery) was retained by ZanderPlan Inc. to undertake a Stage 1 and 2 archaeological assessment of Part Lot 9, Concession 7, along the north shore of the Madawaska River in the geographic Township of McNab, Renfrew County (Maps 1 to 3). The subject property consists of approximately 36.87 hectares (91.11 acres) of land. The archaeological assessment was undertaken as part of a subdivision planning process.

The objectives of a Stage 1 archaeological assessment were as follows:

• To provide information about the geography, history and current land condition of the study area; • To describe any previous archaeological fieldwork and evaluate the archaeological potential of the study area; • To recommend appropriate strategies for Stage 2 archaeological assessment in the event further assessment is warranted.

The objectives of the Stage 2 archaeological assessment were as follows:

• To determine whether archaeological resources, artifacts or sites with cultural heritage value or interest were present on the property; and • To determine whether these resources required further assessment.

This report presents the findings of both the Stage 1 and the Stage 2 assessments.

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2.0 PROJECT CONTEXT

This section of the report provides the context for the archaeological work undertaken, including a description of the study area, the related legislation or directives triggering the assessment, any additional development-related information, and the confirmation of permission to access the land.

2.1 Development Context

This report addresses approximately 36.87 hectares (91.11 acres) of land within Part Lot 9, Concession 7, along the north shore of the Madawaska River in the geographic Township of McNab, Renfrew County. The study area is roughly triangular in shape, and is bordered to the southeast by the Madawaska River, to the northeast by Mill Ridge Road, and to the northwest by a post and wire fence marking the boundary between Lots 9 and 10. Two private property parcels fronting on Mill Ridge Road and along the waterfront are excluded from the study area.

An archaeological assessment was required by Renfrew County under the Planning Act as part of a Plan of Subdivision application. The proponent wishes to subdivide the lower half of the property into 30 smaller parcels, with the option to develop the upper half at some future date (Map 3). The current assessment addresses both the upper and lower halves of the property.

The location and boundary of the study area, provided by ZanderPlan Inc., were plotted on recent high resolution orthophotographs and the resultant plan was used by Past Recovery staff for mapping related to this assessment (see Map 2).

2.2 Access Permission

Permission to access the study area and complete all aspects of the archaeological assessment activities, including excavation, photography, and collection of any artifacts encountered, was granted by Mr. Bob Wachna of Madawaska Shores Development.

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3.0 STAGE 1 ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT

3.1 Historical Context

This section of the report includes an overview of human settlement in the region with the intention of providing a context for the evaluation of known and potential archaeological sites, as well as a review of property-specific detailed archival research presenting a record of land use history.

Historical research was undertaken at the Arnprior/McNab/Braeside Archives (AMBA) in Arnprior, and online at Ancestry.com and at Archives Ontario.

3.1.1 Previous Historical Research

The history of Renfrew County and the Ottawa Valley has been the subject of various studies over recent decades. Many of these works have concentrated on the historical development of specific communities or townships. An excellent example of this genre, and one pertinent to this study, is Peter Hessel’s McNab: the Township (Hessel 1988).

Others have taken a more regional and broader temporal approach toward the history and archaeology of the Ottawa Valley. Ranking prominently within this group is the work of the late archaeologist, Clyde Kennedy. His book, The Upper Ottawa Valley: A Glimpse of History (Kennedy 1970) provides a comprehensive, well-illustrated overview of the geology and history of the upper Ottawa Valley from the early post-glacial period through to events of the twentieth century. Ottawa Valley Prehistory (Pilon 1999) published by the Outaouais Historical Society, also offers an excellent summary of the pre-Contact history and archaeology of the region. Robert Legget’s The Ottawa Waterway Gateway to a Continent (Legget 1975) examines the influence the Ottawa River has had in the historic development of eastern Ontario. The Illustrated Historical Atlas of Lanark and Renfrew Counties (Belden 1880-1881) remains a standard historical reference for the region. Notes on the History of Renfrew County by Mrs. Carl Price and Clyde Kennedy (1961) and Renfrew County People and Places by D.W. McCuaig and Carol Bennett (1989) include occasional references to McNab Township and the Madawaska River region in which the subject property is located.

3.1.2 Regional Pre-Contact Cultural Overview

Our understanding of the pre-Contact sequence of human activity in the area is very incomplete, stemming from a lack of systematic archaeological surveys in the region, as well as from the destruction of archaeological sites caused by development prior to legislated requirements for archaeological assessments to be completed. It is possible, however, to provide a general outline of pre-Contact occupation in the region based on archaeological, historical, and environmental research conducted in eastern Ontario.

The earliest human occupation of southern Ontario began approximately 11,000 years ago with the arrival of small groups of hunter-gatherers referred to by archaeologists as Palaeo-Indians (Ellis and Deller 1990:39). These groups gradually moved northward as the glacial ice of the last Ice Age retreated and the water levels of the meltwater-fed glacial lakes dropped. While very little is known about their lifestyle, it is likely that Palaeo-Indian groups travelled widely

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relying on the seasonal migration of caribou as well as small animals and wild plants for subsistence in a sub-arctic environment. They produced a variety of distinctive stone tools including fluted projectile points, scrapers, burins and gravers. Most archaeological evidence for the Palaeo-Indian period has been found in south-western and south-central Ontario at sites located on the former shorelines of glacial Lake Algonquin. First Nations settlement of eastern Ontario was late in comparison to these other parts of the province as a result of the high water levels of the St. Lawrence Marine Embayment of the post-glacial Champlain Sea (Hough 1958:204).

The Ottawa Valley remained very much on the fringe of the portions of the province occupied by Palaeo-Indian colonizers. The ridges and old shorelines of the Champlain Sea and the emerging Ottawa River channels would be the most likely areas to find evidence of Palaeo-Indian occupation. Traces of a Late Palaeo-Indian presence in the general region include two fluted points from the Rideau Lakes area, two lanceolate points from un-specified locations in Lanark County, and a chipped stone semi-lunar ulu from Bob’s Lake in Bedford Township (Watson 1999a). Late Palaeo-Indian non-fluted lanceolate points have been found in the Thousand Islands and along the Cataraqui River just north of Kingston (Heritage Quest 2000). In recent years, Ken Swayze has found possible Palaeo-Indian or Early Archaic material in several locations in the City of Ottawa, including near Greenbank Road (Kinickinick Heritage Consultants 2003a; Swayze and McGhee 2011), near the intersection of Albion Road and Rideau Road (Kinickinick Heritage Consultants 2004) and along the Carp Ridge (Swayze and McGhee 2011). The presence of beach deposits likely associated with the Champlain Sea at several locations in western Lanark, southeastern Renfrew and central Frontenac Counties, as well as earlier channels of the Ottawa River up the Ottawa Valley, hint at the potential for more sites of this age to be found in this region (Watson 1999a:35-38).

During the succeeding Archaic period (c. 7000 to 1000 B.C.), the environment of southern Ontario approached modern conditions and more land became available for occupation as water levels in the glacial lakes dropped (Ellis, Kenyon, and Spence 1990:69). Populations continued to follow a mobile hunter-gatherer subsistence strategy, although there appears to have been a greater reliance on fishing and gathered food (e.g. plants and nuts) and more diversity between regional groups. The tool kit also became increasingly diversified, reflecting an adaptation to environmental conditions similar to those of today. This included the presence of adzes, gouges and other ground stone tools believed to have been used for heavy woodworking activities such as the construction of dug-out canoes, grinding stones for processing nuts and seeds, specialized fishing gear including net sinkers, and a general reduction in the size of projectile points. The middle and late portions of the Archaic period saw the development of trading networks spanning the Great Lakes, and by 6,000 years ago copper was being mined in the Upper Great Lakes and traded into southern Ontario. There is increasing evidence of ceremonialism and elaborate burial practices and a wide variety of non-utilitarian items such as gorgets, pipes and ‘birdstones’ were being manufactured.

More extensive First Nations settlement of eastern Ontario began during this period, sometime between 5,500 and 4,500 B.C. (Clermont 1999; Kennedy 1970:61; Ellis, Kenyon and Spence 1990:93). Artifacts from Archaic sites in eastern Ontario suggest a close relationship to the Laurentian Archaic stage peoples of New York State. Laurentian peoples occupied the Canadian biotic province transition zone between the deciduous forests to the south and the boreal forests

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to the north. The Laurentian Archaic artifact complex contains large, broad bladed, chipped stone and ground slate projectile points, and heavy ground stone tools. This stage is also known for the extensive use of cold-hammered copper tools including “bevelled spear points, bracelets, pendants, axes, fishhooks, and knives” (Kennedy 1970:59). The first significant evidence for occupation of this region appears at this time. Archaic sites have been located at Leamy Lake Park in Gatineau (Laliberté 2000; Laliberté et al. 1998) and on Allumette and Morrison Islands on the Ottawa River near Pembroke (Clermont, Chapdelaine and Cinq-Mars, eds. 2003). Over 1,000 copper artifacts and other exotic materials were recovered from the Allumette Island-1 Site (Kennedy 1966). Burial features excavated on the Allumette Island-1 and Morrison Island-6 sites, dating to the Middle Archaic period, are some of the earliest recorded human burials found in eastern Ontario (Kennedy 1962, 1964, 1965, 1966). Late Archaic sites have also been identified in the Rideau Lakes, and at Jessups Falls and in the Pendleton area along the South Nation River (Watson 1982; Daechsel 1980). A few poorly documented finds of Archaic artifacts have been made within the current boundaries of Ottawa (Jamieson 1989; Kinickinick Heritage Consultants 2004, 2003b.

The introduction of ceramics to Ontario marked the beginning of the Woodland period (c. 1000 B.C. to A.D. 1550). Local populations continued to participate in extensive trade networks that, at their zenith c. A.D. 200, spanned much of North America and included the movement of conch shell, fossilized shark teeth, mica, copper and silver. Social structure appears to have become increasingly complex, with some status differentiation evident in burials. It was in the Middle Woodland period (c. 300 B.C. to A.D. 900) that distinctive trends or ‘traditions’ evolved in different parts of Ontario for the first time. The Middle Woodland tradition found in eastern and south-central Ontario has become known as ‘Point Peninsula’ (Spence, Pihl and Murphy 1990:157). Investigations of sites with occupations dating to this time period have allowed archaeologists to develop a better picture of the seasonal round followed in order to exploit a variety of resources within a home territory. Through the late fall and winter, small groups would occupy an inland ‘family’ hunting area. In the spring, these dispersed families would congregate at specific lakeshore sites to fish, hunt in the surrounding forest and socialize. This gathering would last through to the late summer when large quantities of food would be stored up for the approaching winter.

Towards the end of the Woodland period (c. A.D. 800) domesticated plants were introduced in areas to the south of the Canadian Shield. Initially only a minor addition to the diet, the cultivation of corn, beans, squash, sunflowers and tobacco gained economic importance for late Woodland peoples. Along with this shift in subsistence, settlements located adjacent to corn fields began to take on greater permanency as sites with easily tillable farmland became more important. Eventually, semi-permanent and permanent villages were built, many of which were surrounded by palisades, evidence of growing hostilities between neighbouring groups.

The proliferation of sites suggests an increase in the population of eastern Ontario, although the Renfrew County area has yet to yield as many sites as other parts of southeastern Ontario. Significant Middle Woodland components have been found at the Leamy Lake sites (Laliberté 2000) and at a recently discovered site in Ottawa (which also contains Late Archaic material) (Fisher Archaeological Consulting 2012). Fragments of an early ceramic vessel were recovered from the Deep River Site (CaGi-1) on the Quebec side of the Ottawa River across from Chalk River (Mitchell 1963). The Meath Sites (BkGg 1-10), located on Mud Lake in the Muskrat

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River Basin south of Pembroke, have yielded a range of occupations from the Archaic through to the Middle Woodland (Robertson and Croft 1975, 1974, 1973, 1971; Croft 1986). The Wilbur Lake sites on the Bonnechere River near Eganville are centered around the Kant Site (BjGg-1), which is primarily related to aspects of the Middle Woodland cultural period, although the cluster also contains elements spanning the Late Archaic to Late Woodland periods (Mitchell 1990, 1989, 1988, 1987; Pendergast 1957). Middle Woodland sites have been noted in the South Nation Drainage Basin and along the Ottawa River including the northwest part of Ottawa at Marshall’s and Sawdust Bays (Daechsel 1981, 1980). Late Woodland sites have been recorded throughout the Ottawa Valley.

Three distinct tribal groups are known to have occupied eastern Ontario in the final decades prior to the arrival of Europeans. A number of Algonquin groups occupied the Ottawa Valley. Agricultural villages, dating to A.D. 1400, of an Iroquoian people referred to as ‘proto-Huron’ have been found in southern Hastings and Frontenac Counties; by A.D. 1500, however, the easternmost settlements of the Huron were located between Balsam Lake and Lake Simcoe (Pendergast 1972). Finally, St. Lawrence Iroquois occupied the upper St. Lawrence River Valley (Day and Trigger 1978:793).

3.1.3 Regional Post-Contact Cultural Overview

Samuel de Champlain was the first European to document his explorations of eastern Ontario, although he was preceded in the region by two of his emissaries, Étienne Brûlé around 1610 and Nicholas de Vignau in 1611. While searching for the Northwest Passage in 1613, Champlain explored the Ottawa Valley as far north as Morrison and Allumette Islands (Trigger 1976). These French explorers encountered groups of people speaking different dialects of the Algonquin language throughout this region, including the Matouweskarini along the Madawaska River, the Kichespirini at Morrison Island, the Otaguottouemin along the Ottawa River northwest of Morrison Island, the Onontchataronon in the Gananoque River basin, and the Weskarini in the Petite Nation River basin (Pendergast 1999; Trigger 1976). These loosely aligned bands subsisted by hunting, fishing and gathering, and undertook limited horticulture.

Since at least the late sixteenth century, all of these Algonquin peoples were at war with the Mohawk, the easternmost Five Nations Iroquois group, over control of the St. Lawrence River trade. While prolonged occupation of the region may have been avoided as a result of hostilities with Iroquoian speaking populations to the south, at least the northern reaches of the South Nation River basin were undoubtedly used as hunting territories by the Algonquin at this time.

The first centuries of contact between First Nations and Europeans contributed to a period of significant change in the region. The endemic warfare of the age and severe smallpox epidemics in 1623-24 and again between 1634 and 1640 resulted in a drastic population decline among all First Nation peoples (Hessel 1993:63-65). Between 1640 and 1650, French unwillingness to provide direct military support led to the dispersal of the Algonquin and Huron by the Five Nation Iroquois of New York State (Trigger 1976:610, 637-638). Survivors of the various groups often coalesced in settlements to the north and west of the Ottawa Valley, and at the French posts of Montreal, Sillery, and Trois Rivières. In the absence of these groups, the Cayuga came to occupy several sites along the north shore of Lake Ontario. Later, in the eighteenth and

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early part of the nineteenth centuries, Mississauga groups settled large parts of the region lying to the south of the height of land separating the Ottawa River watershed from that of Lake Ontario.

Following the dispersal of the Ontario Iroquois and the Ottawa Valley Algonquin, the Five Nations of New York State (Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca) eventually occupied a series of winter hunting bases and trading settlements near the mouths of the major rivers flowing into the north shore of Lake Ontario (Konrad 1981). The first recorded Five Nations settlements to relocate northward were two Cayuga villages established at the north- eastern end of Lake Ontario. Two French Sulpician missionaries joined the Cayuga in 1668 at their settlement known as Kente (now Carrying Place) near the narrows separating the western end of Prince Edward County from the Hastings County mainland. A second Cayuga settlement, known as Ganneious, may have been near the mouth of the Nappanee River, or further south on the Bay of Quinte (Edwards 1984:10). As a result of increased tensions between the Five Nations and the French, and declining population from disease and warfare, the Cayuga settlements were abandoned in 1680 (Edwards 1984:17). Subsequently, the Mississauga moved in to settle lands along the north shore of Lake Ontario through the late eighteenth and part of the nineteenth centuries.

In the wake of Champlain’s travels, the Ottawa River became the principal route to the interior for explorers, missionaries, and fur traders. Throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries this route remained an important link in the French fur trade. In 1673, Fort Frontenac was established at the present site of Kingston, and a fort was erected at La Presentation (Ogdensburg, New York) in 1700. These forts were constructed to solidify the French hold on the lucrative fur trade and to enhance their ties with the local Native population. The recovery of European trade goods (e.g. iron axes, copper kettle pieces and glass beads) from Native sites throughout the Ottawa River drainage basin provides evidence of the extent of contact between Natives and the fur traders during this period. Since the fur trade in New France was Montreal- based, Ottawa River navigation routes were of strategic importance in the movement of trade goods inland and furs down to Montreal. The English continued to use the Ottawa River as an important transportation corridor after they took possession of New France following the end of the Seven Years War in 1763.

The emergence of the lumber industry at the turn of the nineteenth century saw an intensification in the use of the Ottawa River and its tributaries. In 1800 Philemon Wright, a United Empire Loyalist, established a settlement at Hull on the north shore of the Ottawa River at the Chaudière Falls. Wright was drawn to the area by the rich timber resources along the Ottawa and the immense water power provided by the falls. By 1812, the McConnell brothers of Hull had begun seasonal lumbering activities along the lower Madawaska River although there is no evidence of permanent settlement near the river by this date. As Belden notes, “the banks of the Madawaska were denuded of their choicest timber before the advent upon the scene of the pioneer settler” (Belden 1881:51).

In 1815, the British government issued a proclamation in Edinburgh to further encourage settlement in British North America. The offer included free passage and 100 acres of land for each head of family with each male child to receive his own 100 acre parcel upon reaching the age of 21 (Belden 1881:16). Initially, settlement in this region was driven by the demands of the lumber economy. Farmers, squatters in many cases, followed in the wake of the lumber camps

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that crept steadily up the valley and into the Madawaska Highlands (present day Algonquin Park) in their constant quest for big timber. These farmers cleared and worked small tracts of land to supply the lumber camps with hay and basic foodstuffs. Permanent settlement in the region quickly followed suite, often taking hold around early mill sites and transportation links. This period marked the founding of many of the present communities in Renfrew County, among them Renfrew (1820), Pembroke (1828), Arnprior (1831), and Cobden (1849). At the same time, the government was seeking land on which to resettle disbanded soldiers from the War of 1812. Demobilized forces, it was theorized, would act as a force-in-being to oppose any possible future incursions from the United States. To this end veterans were encouraged to take up residence within a series of newly created ‘military settlements’ established at Perth (1816) and Richmond (1818).

With the settlement of the region underway, somewhat after the fact, Lieutenant Governor Gore ordered Captain Ferguson, the Resident Agent of Indian Affairs at Kingston, to arrange the purchase of four or five townships to the rear of Crosby, Burgess, Elmsley, Montague and Marlborough from the chiefs of the Chippewa and Mississauga Nations (Ebbs 1999:5). The resulting treaty in which Native rights to the district were surrendered, covering a much larger area than originally proposed, was signed by the Mississauga in 1819 and confirmed in 1822.1 The approximately 2,748,000 acres acquired corresponded to much of what would become Lanark County, the north-western townships in Carleton County, the southeastern part of Renfrew County as far north as Pembroke, and several townships to the north of the previously acquired lands in the counties of Frontenac, Addington and Hastings (Canada 1891:62).

Understandably, as they moved onto their allotted parcels of land, the early settlers found Native groups still residing in the area. They also found evidence of the former extent of Native occupation. In 1819, Andrew Bell wrote from Perth:

All the country hereabouts has evidently been once inhabited by the Indians, and for a vast number of years too. The remains of fires, with the bones and horns of deers (sic) round them, have often been found under the black mound... A large pot made of burnt clay and highly ornamented was lately found near the banks of the Mississippi, under a large maple tree, probably two or three hundred years old. Stone axes have been found in different parts of the settlement. Skeletons of Indians have been several times found, where they had died suddenly or had been killed by accident in the woods. (cited in Brown 1984:8)

As European settlement spread, the Natives were increasingly pushed out of the region, generally moving further to the north and west, although some families remained in their traditional lands including along the Madawaska waterway, at least seasonally.

1 This, and the earlier ‘Crawford Purchase,’ ignored the fact that Native groups other than the Mississauga had legitimate claims to much of eastern Ontario. The British chose only to deal with the Mississauga, with whom they had relatively good relations.

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Throughout much of the nineteenth century, transportation in the Upper Ottawa Valley remained dependent upon the Ottawa River and its tributaries. Local roads were few, crudely built and poorly maintained. Water transport remained the preferred alternative until the introduction of the railway, which entered the region in the early 1860s, eventually reaching Pembroke by 1876.

Land usage within the southern reaches of Renfrew County remained essentially agricultural with a scattering of light industrial activity. Non-arable lands bounding the various waterways in the region have, in recent decades, been under increasing demand for permanent and seasonal residential and recreational use. This is certainly the case with the Madawaska watershed where a mixture of cottages, recreational properties, and permanent homes dot the shorelines of its lakes and rivers.

Permanent settlement of McNab Township in Renfrew County began in the 1820s with the arrival of Joseph Brunette at what would become Renfrew and of the Laird of McNab and his group of Scottish settlers near Arnprior (Belden 1881:48). Some of these settlers soon moved west into Bagot Township, often fleeing McNab’s extremely autocratic rule.

Although the Madawaska River had plentiful timber, the numerous falls, rapids and shallows made transportation difficult. As a result, the various lumbermen working the river cooperated to build the necessary slides, booms, piers and dams and, eventually, the Madawaska Improvement Company was formed to undertake this work. By the late 1830s, much of the river had been improved for logging (Kennedy 1970:157-161). Small hamlets developed along the lower Madawaska River upriver from Arnprior soon after Laird McNab settled McNab Township in 1823. These were generally stopping places to serve the lumbermen and included Balmers Island (Stewartville), Johnston’s Rock (Burnstown), Springtown (Bagot Post Office) and Calabogie (Kennedy 1970:178). By the 1880s, lumber companies working in the Madawaska drainage included the McLachlin Bros., Perley & Patee, J.R. Booth, Bronson & Weston, William Mason and the E.B. Eddy Mfg. Co. Ltd; by the 1890s, the Gillies Bros. were also working the watershed (Kennedy 1970:170).

In February of 1840 Reverend William Bell of Perth described how treacherous was the terrain adjacent to the Madawaska:

…we soon came to the Madawaska which was the only river we had to cross. We found a powerful and rapid stream, with steep banks two or three hundred feet high. The road is cut down the bank on both sides in a slanting direction, but yet is at some places dangerous when covered with ice.

At the bottom of the glen we found a safe and well constructed bridge by which we crossed the river. How the settlers managed to cross before the construction of this road and bridge it is difficult to conceive. My guide pointed out the place at which two men and a child were drowned by the upsetting of a canoe three years before, when on their way to hear Mr. Fairburn preach. The ascent on the western bank we found not quite so steep as the other. … (Robillard 1999)

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This account describes Rev. Bell’s trip from Pakenham to the home of James Morris, who lived on the south shore of the Madawaska on the second concession of McNab and illustrates the dangers of crossing the Madawaska River in a canoe before the first bridge was completed in December of 1837. He also notes that before reaching the house of James Morris there was a Native camp in the area:

On my way to the house of Mr. James Morris, the postmaster, where I was to lodge, I passed an Indian camp. They seemed to have been successful in hunting, for six large carcasses of deer were laid up on a stage near their wigwams, beside others they had cut up and sold. (Robillard 1999)

The current study area is located approximately three kilometres east of the hamlet of Stewartville, a small community which has received only passing mention in historical accounts. The Arnprior dam was completed in 1976/77, raising the water level adjacent to the current study area by 21 metres (Ontario Power Generation 2011).

3.1.4 Property History

Archival research was conducted in order to develop a general picture of the land use history of the study area through the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, particularly as it relates to the archaeological potential of the study area. Information was compiled from a variety of sources including census returns, rural directories, the Renfrew County Land Registry abstract index (RCLR), the 1863 Walling map of Renfrew County, the 1881 Belden map of McNab Township, as well as twentieth century topographic maps.

The original Crown patent for Lot 9, Concession 7 was granted to William McAdam on the 16th of September 1874, for a consideration or mortgage of $100. However, McAdam and his family had been squatting on the property for several years prior to this date. An 1863 map of Renfrew County illustrates the house of William McAdam on the subject lot facing onto the concession road (now called Mill Ridge Road; Map 4). There is, however, some confusion as to when McAdam first occupied the lot, as the 1861 census returns list him as holding 200 acres on Lot 8 rather than on Lot 9. This return also indicates that William, age 21, his wife Margaret, age 20, and their two year old son, William Jr., lived in a one-storey log cabin at that time. Therefore, it is possible that the young McAdam family spent at least their first winter in a log cabin on Lot 8, before moving to a more permanent abode on Lot 9.

As mentioned above, by 1863 the McAdam family was certainly occupying the current study area in a home facing onto what is now Mill Ridge Road (see Map 4). On December 6th of 1864 (note- 10 years before McAdam legally owned the property), William sold the 200 acre lot to one John McIntyre for $80, although this is interpreted as having been more of a mortgage than an outright sale, given that the McAdams continued to live on the property (RCLR Inst. #B542). In 1874, following the death of John McIntyre, a Quit Claim Deed transferred the property back to William McAdam for $1 (RCLR Inst. #D1447).

The 1871 census lists William (now age 32), Margaret, and their five children as residing upon Lot 9 of Concession 7. They had one dwelling house and two barns or stables on the 200 acre

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lot, of which only 20 acres had been cleared. William’s occupation was listed as foreman. Beginning in 1876, it would appear that the McAdams were struggling financially, as a series of mortgages were taken out against the 200 acre farm and subsequently repaid (RCLR Inst. #E2005, F2403, G3056, H3593). By 1881, the family had grown to include eight children between the ages of three and twenty-one years. No information survives regarding the dwelling house which accommodated the clan at that time, although in 1891 the McAdams are listed as residing in a two-story, six room wood house.

One final mortgage was registered against the McAdam farm to Catherine Forgie for $1500 in 1891 (RCLR Inst. #J4235), attesting to the continued financial hardship of the family. It is uncertain exactly what happened to Ms. Forgie, but a Certificate of Vesting Order was registered against her in 1896 (RCLR Inst. #L4954) which yielded the McAdam farm into the hands of Mr. August Michelson, who had moved to McNab Township by 1881 from Wilberforce Township in Renfrew North. The census records for 1901 and 1911 do not list specific addresses for residents, although Michelson was listed as living in McNab Township within a two-storey, five- room, wood house, and the McAdams appear to have left the country. Unfortunately, no mapping is available for the end of the nineteenth century which would illustrate which lot Michelson occupied within McNab Township.

The Michelson family stayed in McNab Township for several decades, although it appears doubtful that they ever resided upon Lot 9 of Concession 7. A 1917 rural directory for McNab Township lists August Michelson as living on Lot 7 of Concession 8, while his son Frank lived on Lot 8 of Concession 9. It is likely, then, that August Michelson was in the habit of acquiring as much property in the general vicinity as he could, likely to have land which he could farm and pass on to his sons. In 1920 August Michelson moved to Arnprior where he died six years later (AO MS935:340). Charles Michelson (son of August) inherited Lot 9, Concession 11 in 1927, although it is uncertain where exactly he resided.

In 1919, the waterfront portion of Lot 9 was acquired by M.J. O’Brien Ltd., who sold it to the Ontario Hydro-Electric Commission in 1929. An aerial survey performed in 1927 located a house and barn roughly in the same place as the 1863 Walling map had indicated the McAdam house, and this was plotted on an early topographic map published in 1939 (Map 5). The Arnprior dam was completed in 1976/77, raising the water level adjacent to the current study area by 21 metres (Ontario Power Generation 2011). A soils map published in 1964 shows the same house and barn still standing, although this was likely because the base map used was simply an earlier topographic map, and reflected the 1927 aerial survey conditions.

The current owner of the property informed Past Recovery that the property has been in her family for quite some time, her father having built the red brick house that now stands at 864 Mill Ridge Road (excluded from the present study area). The informant showed colour photographs of the brick house and an old barn (since removed) to Past Recovery staff, and pointed out the location of the stone foundations of the “old farmhouse”, which lay approximately 60 metres northwest of the modern brick house, within the current study area. The informant indicated that the relict farmhouse had never been standing within her lifetime, so the structure shown on the 1964 soils map was certainly carried over from the earlier topographic base maps reflecting the property conditions during the 1927 aerial survey.

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3.2 Archaeological Context

This section describes the environmental and archaeological context of the study area which, combined with the historical context outlined above, provides the necessary information to assess the archaeological potential of the property.

3.2.1 Previously Recorded Archaeological Sites

The primary source for information regarding known archaeological sites is the Archaeological Sites Database maintained in Ontario by the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport (MTCS). The database largely consists of archaeological sites discovered by professional archaeologists conducting archaeological assessments required by legislated processes under land-use development planning (mostly since the late 1980s). A search of the database for all registered sites located within a five kilometre radius of the study area was made on August 16th, 2016. Only one site was listed within a five kilometre radius, this being the McNee Site (BiGc-5), a nineteenth century historic scatter located north of Highway 417 in Arnprior. No previously identified archaeological sites were located within or immediately adjacent to the current study area.

3.2.2 Previous Archaeological Research

Our current understanding of the archaeology of the Ottawa Valley is fairly limited. The relatively few archaeological research projects undertaken in Renfrew County have provided information on sites along several waterways within the region including the Bonnechere (Mitchell 1995, 1996, 1997), the Petawawa (Mitchell 1969), the Mud Lake/Muskrat River (Robertson & Croft 1976; Croft 1986) and the Madawaska (Jamieson 1981). An initial archaeological survey of parts of the Madawaska River was completed in the 1970s by Philip Wright; this study did not, however, examine the river below Calabogie (Wright 1977). Earlier work undertaken around Calabogie Lake by J.V. Wright appears to have resulted in the identification of several sites but no details concerning his investigations could be located.

Over the past twenty years, most archaeology in the area has been done as cultural resource management studies for specific development projects. The closest known archaeological assessments to the present study area include a Stage 1 and 2 assessment for a proposed aggregate pit on part of Lot 14, Concession 2, McNab/Braeside Township (Past Recovery 2012) and a Stage 1 and 2 assessment for a proposed subdivision on the south shore of the Madawaska at Burnstown (Past Recovery 2014). No archaeological resources were found during either assessment.

No other known archaeological assessments have been undertaken within or immediately adjacent to the property.

3.2.3 Identified Local Cultural Heritage Resources

The recognition or designation of cultural heritage resources (here referring only to built heritage features and cultural heritage landscapes) may provide valuable insight into aspects of local heritage, whether identified at the local, provincial, national, or international level. Some of these cultural heritage resources may be associated with significant archaeological features or

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deposits. Accordingly, the Stage 1 archaeological assessment included the compilation of a list of cultural heritage resources that have previously been identified within or immediately adjacent to the current study area. The following sources were consulted:

• Federal Heritage Buildings Review Office online Directory of Heritage Designations (http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/progs/beefp-fhbro/index.aspx); • Canada’s Historic Places website (http://www.historicplaces.ca/en/home-accueil.aspx); • Ontario Heritage Properties Database (http://www.hpd.mcl.gov.on.ca/scripts/hpdsearch/ english/default.asp); and, • Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport’s List of Heritage Conservation Districts (http://www.mtc.gov.on.ca/en/heritage/heritage_conserving_list.shtml)

No previously identified cultural heritage resources were found to be located within or immediately adjacent to the present study area.

3.2.4 Heritage Plaques and Monuments

The recognition of a place, person, or event through the erection of a plaque or monument may also provide valuable insight into aspects of local history, given that these markers typically indicate some level of heritage recognition. In order to generate a list of heritage plaques and/or markers in the vicinity of the study area, the following sources were consulted:

• An extensive listing of Ontario’s Heritage Plaques maintained by Alan Brown (http://www.ontarioplaques.com/); and, • An extensive listing of historical plaques of Ontario maintained by Wayne Cook (http://www.waynecook.com/historiclist.html).

No plaques or monuments were found to be located within or immediately adjacent to the present study area.

3.2.5 Cemeteries

The presence of historical cemeteries in proximity to a parcel undergoing archaeological assessment can pose archaeological concerns in two respects. First, cemeteries may be associated with related structures or activities that may have become part of the archaeological record, and thus may be considered features indicating archaeological potential. Second, the boundaries of historical cemeteries may have been altered over time, as all or portions may have fallen out of use and been forgotten, leaving potential for the presence of unmarked graves. For these reasons, a Stage 1 archaeological assessment also includes a search of available sources of information regarding historical cemeteries. For this study, the following sources were consulted:

• A complete listing of all registered cemeteries in the province of Ontario maintained by the Consumer Protection Branch of the Ministry of Consumer Services; • Field of Stones website (http://freepages.history.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~clifford/); • Ontario Cemetery Locator website maintained by the Ontario Genealogical Society (http://ogs.andornot.com/CemLocat.aspx);

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• Ontario Headstones Photo Project website (http://canadianheadstones.com/on/ cemeteries.php); and, • Available historical mapping and aerial photography.

No known cemeteries are located in or adjacent to the study area, although there is always the possibility of unrecorded burial plots on rural properties.

3.2.6 Local Environment

The assessment of present and past environmental conditions in the study area is a necessary component in determining the potential for past occupation. Factors such as nearness to water, soil types, forest cover and topography all contribute to the suitability of the land for exploitation and/or settlement. As well, an examination of the geophysical evolution of the study area provides an indication of the possible range in age of pre-Contact sites that potentially could be found on the property.

The study area lies within the Algonquin Highlands physiographic region, an extensive tract of shallow often acidic soils over granite or other hard Precambrian bedrock that dominates much of Renfrew County (Map 6; Chapman & Putnam 1984:211). This is a region of rough relief, with rounded knobs, ridges, and rock outcroppings. Generally considered unsuitable for agriculture, farming is viable within pockets of deeper till scattered throughout Renfrew and Lanark Counties, or in areas where less acidic soils can be found over crystalline limestone bedrock (Chapman & Putnam 1984:212). The northernmost portion of the study area contains remnants of the post-glacial Champlain Sea shoreline, characterized by fine to medium-grained deltaic and estuarine sands (see Map 6).

Soil mapping of the area indicates that approximately 29.72 hectares of the property adjacent to the Madawaska River contain poorly drained Ste. Rosalie Clay, while the remaining 7.15 hectares in the northernmost portion of the study area conform to White Lake Series (rocky phase) deposits. The latter are characterized as glacial kame or outwash deposits which have never been modified by lake water, and thus are found in very rough and uneven terrain. These deposits typically consist of sandy loam and gravel (Gillespie et al. 1964:37 & 43; Map 7).

The study area lies in the Middle Ottawa sub-region of the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Forest Region, characterized by mixed coniferous and deciduous tree species. The upland forest of the Middle Ottawa is comprised of sugar maple, beech, yellow birch, red maple and eastern hemlock, almost always accompanied by eastern white and red pine. Pine of course figured largely in the historic development of the Upper Ottawa Valley as the principle focus of the lumber economy throughout the nineteenth century. There are also smaller amounts of white spruce, balsam fir, trembling aspen, white birch, red oak, and basswood present throughout the sub-region. Rather common are hardwood and mixed wood swamps in which eastern white cedar, tamarack, black spruce, black ash, red maple and elm thrive. Much less common are a number of more southerly species, including butternut, bitternut hickory, burr oak, white ash and black cherry (Rowe 1972:100, 105).

The study area is within the Lower-Madawaska watershed, with the Madawaska River forming the southern boundary. There are a number of unnamed streams that flow across the property

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into the Madawaska River, along with several low-lying, seasonal drainage tracts which remain wet year-round. Throughout the twentieth century a series of logging dams and later hydro- electric dams were constructed in strategic locations along the Madawaska River, significantly altering the water levels in the area. Most relevant to the current study area was the opening of the Arnprior hydro-electric dam in 1977, which is said to have raised the water level along this section of the Madawaska River by 21 metres (Ontario Power Generation 2011).

3.3 Analysis and Conclusions

This section of the report includes an evaluation of the archaeological potential within the study area, in which the results of the background research and property inspection described above are synthesized to determine the likelihood of the property containing significant archaeological resources.

3.3.1 Determination of Archaeological Potential

A number of factors are used to determine archaeological site potential. For pre-Contact sites criteria are principally focused on topographical features such as the distance from the nearest source of water and the nature of that water body or stream, areas of elevated topography including features such as ridges, knolls and eskers, and the types of soils found within the area being assessed. For post-Contact sites, the assessment of archaeological site potential is more reliant on historical research (land registry records, census and assessment rolls, etc.), cartographic and aerial photographic evidence, and the inspection of the study area for possible above ground remains or other evidence of a demolished historical structure. Also considered in determining archaeological potential are known archaeological sites within or in the vicinity of the study area.

Archaeological assessment standards established by MTCS (Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists, 2011) specify factors to be considered when evaluating archaeological potential. Licensed consultant archaeologists are required to incorporate these factors into potential determinations and account for all features on the property that can indicate archaeological potential. If this evaluation indicates that any part of the subject property exhibits potential for archaeological resources, the completion of a Stage 2 archaeological assessment is required prior to any planned development in these areas.

Archaeological assessment standards established by MTCS (Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists, 2011) set minimum distances to be tested from features indicating archaeological potential. Areas that are considered to have pre-Contact site potential and therefore requiring testing include lands within 300 metres of water sources, wetlands or elevated features in the landscape including former river scarps. Areas of post-Contact archaeological site potential requiring testing include locations within 300 metres of sites of early Euro-Canadian settlement and 100 metres from historic transportation corridors. Further, areas within 300 metres of registered archaeological sites, designated heritage buildings or structures/ locations of local historical significance are considered to have archaeological potential requiring testing. These guidelines were refined and applied to the study area after the research described above, generating the Stage 1 recommendations presented below in Section 3.3.2.

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The study area exhibits characteristics that indicate potential for the presence of archaeological resources associated with pre-Contact settlement and/or land uses. Specifically:

• Portions of the study area are within 300 metres of a major waterway, the Madawaska River, which would have provided potable water, a diversity of food resources and served as a significant transportation corridor; • The study area contains part of a shoreline associated with the post-glacial Champlain Sea; • Soils in part of the study area are well drained and sandy; • Multiple intermittent streams and a wet marshy area could have served as additional sources of potable water and food resources.

These conditions would have made the study area ideal for pre-Contact campsites.

The study area also exhibits characteristics that indicate potential for the presence of archaeological resources associated with post-Contact settlement and/or land uses. Specifically:

• The factors noted above would have made the study area suitable for continued occupation by Native groups through the post-Contact period; • The factors noted above would also have made the study area a suitable stopping place for early explorers and loggers; • The study area is adjacent to a nineteenth century transportation corridor, Mill Ridge Road; • Documented historic settlement c. 1860s McAdams farmstead.

Some portions of the study area were determined not to have archaeological potential or to be un-testable. These include:

• Permanently water saturated areas; • Disturbed areas associated with a current residence and roadway; • Areas with steep slope and/or exposed bedrock, such as the sudden drop in elevation along the Madawaska River.

The archaeological potential of the study area along with the testing methodologies employed have been illustrated on Map 8.

3.3.2 Stage 1 Recommendations

The results of the Stage 1 assessment formed the basis for the following recommendations:

1) All portions of the study area determined to have archaeological potential (see Map 8) should be subject to a Stage 2 archaeological assessment prior to any proposed development that would result in below grade disturbance.

2) Any future Stage 2 archaeological assessment should be undertaken by a licensed consultant archaeologist, in compliance with Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (MTCS 2011). As per MTCS requirements, should it be possible to

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plough any portion of the open agricultural fields, these areas should be ploughed, allowed to weather, and be assessed by means of a pedestrian survey conducted at five metre intervals. All other portions of the subject property identified as having archaeological potential where ploughing is not possible should also be assessed by means of a shovel test pit survey conducted at five metre intervals.

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4.0 STAGE 2 ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT

4.1 Fieldwork Methodology

The Stage 2 archaeological assessment was undertaken between August 17th and 31st, 2016.. Weather conditions remained hot and sunny with excellent visibility permitting the accurate identification and recording of any archaeological deposits. The field assessment covered the entire study area but testing was limited to those areas where the ground was dry and level to moderately sloped. The archaeological field-testing methods are summarized below in Table 1 and illustrated in Map 8.

Table 1. Summary of Fieldwork Methodologies

Methodology Hectares Acres % of Total Shovel test pits at 5m intervals (where possible) 18.69 46.18 50.69% Pedestrian survey at 5m intervals 8.79 21.73 23.84% Not tested (excessive slope) 2.05 5.06 5.56% Not tested (wet) 6.59 16.28 17.87% Not tested (disturbed) 0.75 1.86 2.03% Total Area 36.87 91.11 100.00%

As per MTCS standards, all portions of the subject property consisting of actively or recently cultivated land were assessed by means of pedestrian survey (see Table 1; Map 8). In all instances, a surface visibility of at least 95% was achieved in pedestrian surveyed fields. Ploughed areas were weathered by several heavy rainfalls prior to the fieldwork to improve the visibility of archaeological resources. The pedestrian survey was conducted at five metre transects, with Past Recovery crew systematically walking ploughed areas and examining the ground surface for archaeological resources (Images 1 and 2). When archaeological resources were found, these items were flagged and the area re-walked more intensively at one metre intervals to clearly define the limits of the site (Image 3). In the case of Findspot 1 (see Section 4.2), the above intensification methodology did not yield any further artifacts but, given the potential significance of the find, a 1 m by 1 m unit (Unit 1) was excavated directly overtop of the findspot as extra diligence (Image 4). The excavation of Unit 1 likewise yielded no further archaeological resources. No further intensification was performed. Findspot 1 consisted of a single diagnostic artifact which was collected, bagged, and labelled according to provenience and GPS coordinates recorded.

All test pits were hand excavated by shovel and trowel and backdirt screened through 6 mm mesh (Images 5 and 6). Test pits averaged 35 cm in diameter and excavation continued 5 cm into sterile subsoil or to bedrock. All test pits were backfilled once any recording had been completed. Descriptions of the soil stratigraphy in specific test pits were maintained in the field log. Representative test pits were also digitally photographed. All artifacts were collected, bagged and labelled by test pit number, and the locations of all positive test pits were recorded on a site plan and with the GPS. The results of the 5 m test pit intervals were sufficient to make

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a recommendation for a Stage 3 archaeological assessment in one area where archaeological deposits were encountered; therefore no intensification test pits or units were excavated.

The limits of the areas requiring Stage 2 testing were determined in the field using printed maps showing recent high-resolution orthophotographic imagery of the subject property overlain with the parcel boundaries provided by the project proponent, as well as a Garmin GPSMAP 64st hand-held Geographic Positioning System (GPS) receiver loaded with the study area boundaries. The above materials and equipment allowed the Past Recovery field crew to ensure full coverage during the property survey. Archaeologically significant features, findspots, and positive test pits were recorded manually using the GPS receiver which allowed for consistent estimated probable error readings of +/– 3 metres throughout the course of the assessment.

The fieldwork was documented through general field notes and digital photographs. The complete photographic catalogue is included as Appendix 1 and the locations and orientations of all photographs taken during the Stage 2 assessment are shown in Map 9. As per the Terms and Conditions for Archaeological Licences in Ontario, curation of all field notes, photographs, and maps generated during the Stage 2 archaeological assessment is being provided by Past Recovery pending the identification of a suitable repository. An inventory of the records generated by the field assessment is provided below in Table 2.

Table 2. Inventory of the Stage 2 Documentary Record

Type of Document Description Number of Records Location

Field Notes Notes on the Stage 2 4 pages PRAS office – file PR16-30 fieldwork Photographs Digital photographs 109 photographs On PRAS computer network documenting the Stage 2 – file PR16-30 fieldwork Maps Printed maps with notations 5 maps PRAS office – file PR16-30 added

4.2 Laboratory Methods

Following the completion of the Stage 2 archaeological fieldwork, all artifacts recovered were cleaned, catalogued with their full provenience and inventoried. For post-Contact materials, the inventory used was based on a version of a database designed for post-Contact period sites by staff at Parks Canada. The Parks Canada Database and associated Artifact Inventory Guide (Christianson and Plousos n.d.) identifies artifacts according to functional Classes intended to allow specific types of activities and behaviours to be separated for analysis. The ‘Foodways’ class, for example, is used to identify types of artifacts associated with all aspects of food preparation, storage, and consumption. In a similar way, the ‘Architectural’ class is a catch-all category for items such as bricks, nails, window pane glass, etc. These Classes are further subdivided into Groups, reflecting more specialized activities/behaviours. Artifacts are further categorized by Object, Ware, and Datable Attribute, which are either functionally or temporally

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diagnostic. This type of artifact inventorying method facilitates the recognition of general trends in the dating and function of a site by allowing the assemblage to be conveniently organized for analysis.

A complete inventory of the Stage 2 artifact assemblage is included as Appendix 2. Sample artifacts were photographed for inclusion in this report. As per the Terms and Conditions for Archaeological Licences in Ontario, curation of all artifacts collected during the Stage 2 archaeological assessment is being provided by Past Recovery pending the identification of a suitable repository. The artifact assemblage resulting from this assessment consists of one pre- Contact artifact and 286 post-Contact, Euro-Canadian artifacts and is housed in one standard banker’s box (measuring 41.4 cm x 32.5 cm x 26.4 cm).

4.3 Fieldwork Results

The study area can be generally divided into two sections – an upper and lower section, essentially corresponding to the geomorphological characteristics described in Section 3.2.6 (see Map 7). The upper section consists of 7.15 hectares in the northernmost portion of the study area containing the White Lake Series (rocky phase) deposits, while the lower section is comprised of 29.72 hectares of the property adjacent to the Madawaska River containing poorly drained Ste. Rosalie Clay. The upper section conforms to a Champlain Sea shoreline and is elevated and relatively level (Image 7), while the lower portion consists of a large, generally level terrace in the north (Image 8) as well as a series of very small terraces interrupted by very steep slopes along the current Madawaska shoreline (Image 9). Typical test pits from both areas conform to the available soil mapping for the region, with test pits in the upper section containing 25 to 40 cm of coarse brown sandy loam over a coarse orange-brown sand subsoil, and the test pits from the lower section containing 10 to 15 cm of brown silty clay atop a grey clay subsoil (Image 10). Exceptions were noted around the current residence next to the Madawaska River, where several imported fill layers were also noted above the natural stratigraphy, and on one of the small terraces along the river near the western end of the study area (see Image 9). The latter small terraces contained deposits of c. 10 cm of brown sandy loam atop an orange-brown sand subsoil (Image 11). The presence of a possible glacial strandline consisting of a line of boulders next to a steeply sloped bedrock outcrop was also noted on this terrace (Image 12).

A large beaver pond was present in the centre of the study area, within the lower section, as were several intermittent streams (Images 13 and 14), one of which had dried out because of this year’s drought (Image 15). In the upper section of the study area was another creekbed found to be dry this year, appearing as a muddy, serpentine depression oriented roughly east to west, although a neighbour confirmed that in a normal year this area contains water (Image 16).

Previously unrecorded archaeological resources were discovered in two discrete locations within the subject property (Map 10). A description of the results of the Stage 2 archaeological investigation of each is provided below.

Findspot 1

Findspot 1 was located in a ploughed field approximately 240 m southwest of Mill Ridge Road and 150 metres southeast of the boundary between Lots 9 and 10 (see Map 10; Map 11; Table 3).

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The site was found during the pedestrian survey of a ploughed field in the upper section of the property and consisted of a single pre-Contact artifact (Image 17). This find was a narrow, asymmetrical, black argillite biface or projectile point with side notches to accommodate hafting. The biface measures 63 mm in total length, although part of the base has been broken off, and the blade length is 47 mm. The blade width measures 27 mm, while the tang width is 25 mm at the break. The biface has a maximum thickness of 8.5 mm. The tool is similar in shape and size to both the Orient Fishtail and Bare Island types within the Late Archaic Narrow Point tradition (Ritchie 1980:168-171; Roberts 1985:163), although the shores of the Madawaska River are further north than the currently known range for sites of this tradition. Unit 1 was excavated directly overtop of Findspot 1 (Image 18). This unit revealed stratigraphy consistent with the available soil mapping for the area. Lot 1 consisted of 24 cm of coarse, dark brown sandy loam topsoil above an orange-brown coarse sandy loam subsoil. No other artifacts or features were identified within Unit 1.

Table 3. Latitude and longitude coordinates for Find Spot 1 recorded by handheld GPS.

Feature Latitude Longitude Elevation EPE

Site Centroid 454025 m -7646277 m 126 ±3 metres

Site Datum2 454028 m -7646266 m 126 ±3 metres

As Find Spot 1 met criteria set by MTCS for archaeological sites requiring registration in the Ontario Archaeological Sites Database, the site has been formally registered with the Borden Number BiGc-9.

Findspot 2

Find Spot 2 was located approximately 20 m north of the current red brick house on Mill Ridge Road (see Map 10; Map 12). The site was found during the test pit survey of wooded and grassed areas near some stone basement foundations to the west of the road. The foundations are set back 6.4 m from the fence line which runs parallel to the road. The inside dimensions of the basement are 6.4 m by 5 m with a rear addition measuring 6 m by 4.2 m, and the walls themselves measure approximately 60 cm in thickness (Images 19 and 20). Refuse noted within the structure included metal strapping, bedsprings, barbed wire, frogged red bricks and a couple of concrete blocks, so it has evidently been used as a garbage dump throughout the twentieth century. Centred around the structure were a cluster of 50 positive test pits with one additional positive test pit from within the structure. The artifact scatter covered a relatively large area, measuring 60 m (southwest by northeast) by 60 m (northwest by southeast), for a total area of c. 3025 m2 (Map 12, Table 4).

The artifacts collected from the site are suggestive of a late nineteenth to early twentieth century date of occupation, and when considered along with the archival evidence compiled in Section 3.1.4, appear to be associated with the former McAdam household. In total, 286 items were

2 Site datum was a recent surveyor’s stake approximately 30.6 m north-northwest of Findspot 1.

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collected from this archaeological site, of which the dominant class was Architectural (55.59%), followed by Foodways (29.72%), Medical/Hygiene (3.50%), Unassigned (3.50%), Unidentified (3.50%), Furnishings (2.45%), Smoking (0.35%), Faunal/Floral (0.35%), Activities (0.35%) and Clothing (0.35%). A representative sample of the artifact assemblage has been photographed for inclusion in this report (Image 21).

Table 4. Latitude and longitude coordinates for Find Spot 2 recorded by handheld GPS

Feature Latitude Longitude Elevation EPE

Site Centroid 454028 m -7645973 m 124 ±3 metres

N Site Limit 454032 m -7645968 m 130 ±3 metres

E Site Limit 454029 m -7645919 m 130 ±3 metres

S Site Limit 454026 m -764598 m 125 ±3 metres

W Site Limit 454028 m -7646007 m 132 ±3 metres

Site Datum3 454029 m -7645912 m 130 ±3 metres

The Architectural class was dominated by nails (73) which included examples of both machine cut (62) and wire (8) nails. The construction materials group was represented by mortar fragments (25) and red brick fragments (9), and 52 fragments of pane glass were also attributed to the Architectural class. The Foodways class was represented largely by the ceramic tableware group, and contained examples of refined white earthenware (40), ironstone (13), coarse earthenware (5), yellowware (2), and coarse stoneware (2). Glass beverage containers included a turn paste moulded beer bottle fragment, three mould-blown bottle fragments and one hand-tooled bottle finish, while the glass tableware group contained three sherds of a solarized, pressed glass servingware dish. Notable artifacts from the remaining classes included eight sherds of a plain ironstone chamber basin, a fragment of a white clay smoking pipe bowl and a “voided” heart-shaped tobacco tag. The latter was produced by the W.C. McDonald Inc. company in Montreal between the years 1870 and 1922 (Springate 1997:11).

The number of Architectural-related artifacts possibly relates to the visible remains of a stone basement structure that forms a portion of the site. In 1891 the census returns listed the McAdam family in a two-storey, six room house built of wood, but whether this refers to a timber-framed or log house is unknown. The shape and size of the present basement foundations could easily conform to the house listed in the census records. The quantity of frogged red brick noted within the structure (above ground) may be the remains of a chimney. The Foodways-

3 Site datum was a surveyor’s standard iron bar located approximately 5 m east of Findspot 2, adjacent to Mill Ridge Road.

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related artifacts found in nearby test pits are consistent with a domestic site dating to the latter half of the nineteenth century. Further, the location of the structure on the Walling map does approximately correspond to the location of the stone basement (see Map 4).

As such, it would appear that the temporal and spatial range of artifacts collected from this site most likely relate directly to the c. 1861 to 1896 occupation of the McAdam household, and the stone basement remains are very likely what is left of that house. The lack of vitrified white earthenware and the paucity of wire nails and glass generally support an 1896 end-date for the occupation of the site.

As Find Spot 2 met criteria set by MTCS regarding archaeological sites requiring registration in the Ontario Archaeological Sites Database, the site has been formally registered with the Borden Number BiGc-10-9.

4.4 Analysis and Conclusions

Findspot 1 consisted of a single diagnostic artifact, namely, a black argillite or siliceous slate biface (see Map 11, Image 17). This tool does not fit handily into any particular point “type”, although it appears most similar to the Late Archaic Orient Fishtail and Bare Island types (Ritchie 1980:168), and advice was sought from multiple Eastern Ontario archaeologists in order to determine an approximate date range for this artifact.

Given that the biface was discovered on an obvious Champlain Sea shoreline composed of deltaic sands, particular attention was paid to identifying any typological characteristics which might indicate that the tool dates to the Early Archaic, or even Palaeo-Indian period. However, the irregular flaking pattern, the presence of a medial ridge, the lack of ground notches or alternate bevelling, and the overall shape and thickness all suggest a later timeframe, most likely within the Late Archaic period.

Given that the intensification methods yielded no further artifacts, and the continued survey of the former beach ridge did not produce any additional archaeological resources, the interpretation of the site as an isolated findspot related to a kill site or butchering event would appear most apt. For the above reasons, Findspot 1 has been registered within the Ontario Archaeological Sites Database and has been assigned the Borden Number BiGc-9.

Findspot 2 consisted of 51 positive test pits associated with the stone foundations of what is thought to be the late nineteenth century McAdam homestead (see Map 12, Image 21). While the artifacts found generally have known use-ranges from the late nineteenth into the early twentieth centuries, the archival records strongly suggest that the McAdam occupation of the site was contained between 1861 and 1896, and that the Michelson family who acquired the property in 1896 appear to have lived nearby, but not within the study area. The earliest available confirmation of this hypothesis is a 1917 rural directory which lists August Michelson on Lot 7 of Concession 8, his son Frank Michelson on Lot 8 of Concession 9, and no one on Lot 9 of Concession 7 (the subject property). On the basis of these results, Findspot 2 meets criteria set by MTCS for sites of potential cultural heritage value or interest requiring a Stage 3 archaeological assessment. The site has been registered within the Ontario Archaeological Sites Database and has been assigned the Borden Number BiGc-10.

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No other artifacts, features, or other cultural deposits of archaeological concern were noted during the Stage 2 assessment.

4.5 Recommendations

The Stage 2 archaeological assessment of the subject property resulted in the identification of two archaeological sites: a Late Archaic isolated findspot registered with Borden Number BiGc- 9, and a late nineteenth century domestic site registered with Borden Number BiGc-10 (see Map 10).

This report forms the basis for the following recommendations:

1) It has been determined that the cultural heritage value or interest of Find Spot 1 (BiGc-9) has been sufficiently documented through the Stage 2 research conducted to date. Accordingly, no further assessment of this site is warranted.

2) Site BiGc-10 has been determined to be of potential cultural heritage value or interest, meeting MTCS standards for sites requiring a Stage 3 site specific archaeological assessment. The Stage 3 archaeological assessment of site BiGc-10 should be conducted by a licensed archaeologist, in compliance with Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (MTCS 2011).

3) Given that the project proponent has indicated a desire to enact temporary avoidance and protection measures in order to delay the excavation of archaeological site BiGc-10 while development proceeds on the rest of the property, a strategy to ensure the archaeological site will not be impacted in the short term as well as a plan to carry out a Stage 3 archaeological assessment in the future has been prepared.

In support of this strategy, the following documentation has been included in the supplementary documentation of the report package:

• the draft plan of subdivision showing the extent of site BiGc-10, including the known limits of the site, a 20 metre protective buffer, and a 50 metre monitoring buffer. • written confirmation from the project proponent of: (a) a desire to enact the short term avoidance and protection measures required to protect the site during construction; (b) a timeline for completing the Stage 3 archaeological fieldwork; (c) knowledge of the location of the site and of the outstanding concerns (i.e. that additional archaeological assessment is required before the area of the site can be disturbed or altered); (d) a commitment to erecting a temporary physical barrier (i.e. snow fencing) prior to and through the completion of any construction associated with the proposed subdivision; (e) a commitment to ensure that the area of the site and its protective buffers is avoided during construction by instructing all construction crews/contractors that no ground alterations (e.g. servicing, landscaping, etc.) will be permitted within the fenced area; (f) a commitment to have a licenced consultant archaeologist monitor any construction within the 50 metre monitoring buffer zone; and, (g) confirmation that the licenced consultant

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archaeologist will be empowered to stop construction if there are any concerns to impacts to the archaeological site.

4) Following the long and short term avoidance and protection measures listed above, all of the proposed Madawaska Shores Subdivision apart from Lots 1 and 30, as shown on Map 3, should be considered clear of any further archaeological concerns. A letter confirming this is requested from MTCS.

5) The future Stage 3 archaeological assessment of site BiGc-10 should begin with the controlled and systematic excavation of one metre square test pits across the area of the site on a ten metre grid, with an additional 40% of the grid total placed to as to investigate areas of interest within the site.

The reader is also referred to Section 5.0 below to ensure compliance with the Ontario Heritage Act as it may relate to this project.

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5.0 ADVICE ON COMPLIANCE WITH LEGISLATION

In order to ensure compliance with the Ontario Heritage Act, the reader is advised of the following:

1) This report is submitted to the Minister of Tourism, Culture and Sport as a condition of licensing in accordance with Part VI of the Ontario Heritage Act, R.S.O. 1990, c 0.18. The report is reviewed to ensure that it complies with the standards and guidelines that are issued by the Minister, and that the archaeological fieldwork and report recommendations ensure the conservation, protection and preservation of the cultural heritage of Ontario. When all matters relating to archaeological sites within the project area of a development proposal have been addressed to the satisfaction of the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, a letter will be issued by the Ministry stating that there are no further concerns with regard to alterations to archaeological sites by the proposed development.

2) It is an offence under Sections 48 and 69 of the Ontario Heritage Act for any party other than a licensed archaeologist to make any alteration to a known archaeological site or to remove any artifact or other physical evidence of past human use or activity from the site, until such time as a licensed archaeologist has completed archaeological fieldwork on the site, submitted a report to the Minister stating that the site has no further cultural heritage value or interest, and the report has been filed in the Ontario Public Register of Archaeological Reports referred to in Section 65.1 of the Ontario Heritage Act.

3) Should previously undocumented archaeological resources be discovered, they may be a new archaeological site and therefore subject to Section 48 (1) of the Ontario Heritage Act. The proponent or person discovering the archaeological resources must cease alteration of the site immediately and engage a licensed consultant archaeologist to carry out archaeological fieldwork, in compliance with Section 48 (1) of the Ontario Heritage Act.

4) The Cemeteries Act, R.S.O. 1990 c. C.4 and the Funeral, Burial and Cremation Services Act, 2002, S.O. 2002, c.33 (when proclaimed in force) require that any person discovering human remains must notify the police or coroner and the Registrar of Cemeteries at the Ministry of Consumer Services.

5) Archaeological sites recommended for further archaeological fieldwork or protection remain subject to Section 48 (1) of the Ontario Heritage Act and may not be altered, or have artifacts removed from them, except by a person holding an archaeological licence.

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6.0 LIMITATIONS AND CLOSURE

Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc. has prepared this report in a manner consistent with that level of care and skill ordinarily exercised by members of the archaeological profession currently practicing under similar conditions in the jurisdiction in which the services are provided, subject to the time limits and physical constraints applicable to this report. No other warranty, expressed or implied, is made.

This report has been prepared for the specific site, design objective, developments and purpose prescribed in the client proposal and subsequent agreed upon changes to the contract. The factual data, interpretations and recommendations pertain to a specific project as described in this report and are not applicable to any other project or site location.

Unless otherwise stated, the suggestions, recommendations and opinions given in this report are intended only for the guidance of the client in the design of the specific project.

Special risks occur whenever archaeological investigations are applied to identify subsurface conditions and even a comprehensive investigation, sample and testing program may fail to detect all or certain archaeological resources. The sampling strategies in this study comply with those identified in the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport’s Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (2011).

The documentation related to this archaeological assessment will be curated by Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc. until such a time that arrangements for their ultimate transfer to an approved and suitable repository can be made to the satisfaction of the project owner(s), the Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport and any other legitimate interest group.

We trust that this report meets your current needs. If you have any questions of if we may be of further assistance, please do not hesitate to contact the undersigned.

Brenda Kennett, M.A. Principal Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

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7.0 REFERENCES

Belden, H. & Co. 1881 Illustrated Historical Atlas of Renfrew County. 1972, reprint. Richardson, Bond & Wright Limited, Owen Sound.

Chapman, L.J. and D.F. Putnam 1984 The Physiography of Southern Ontario. Third edition. Ontario Geological Survey, Special Volume 2. Toronto: Ministry of Natural Resources.

Christianson, D. and S. Plousos n.d. Parks Canada Database Artifact Inventory Guide. Parks Canada, Ottawa.

Clermont, Norman 1999 “The Archaic Occupation of the Ottawa Valley.” Ottawa Valley Prehistory. Hull: Outaouais Historical Society, pp. 43-54.

Clermont, N., C. Chapdelaine and J. Cinq-Mars, eds. 2003 Ile aux Allumettes. Collection Paleo-Quebec 2003. Musée Canadien des civilizations, Gatineau.

Croft, David 1986 Untitled Field Notes on the McLaren Site. On file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto.

Daechsel, Hugh 1981 Sawdust Bay 2: The Identification of a Middle Woodland Site in the Ottawa Valley. Unpublished MA Thesis, McMaster University. 1980 An Archaeological Evaluation of the South Nation River Drainage Basin. Unpublished report prepared for the South Nation River Conservation Authority, Berwick, Ontario.

Day, G.M. and Bruce G. Trigger 1978 “Algonquin.” Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 15, Northeast. Ed. B.G. Trigger. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, pp 792-797. Ebbs, John C. 1999 A History of Drummond Township. Burnstown: General Store Publishing House.

Edwards, F. B 1984 The Smiling Wilderness: An Illustrated History of Lennox and Addington County. Camden East: Camden House Publishing.

Ellis, C. J. and B. Deller 1990 “Paleo-Indians.” The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D. 1650. Ed. C. Ellis and N. Ferris. Occasional Publications of the London Chapter of the Ontario Archaeological Society, No. 5. London: Ontario Archaeological Society, pp. 37-74.

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Ellis, C., I. Kenyon and M. Spence 1990 “The Archaic.” The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D. 1650. Ed. C. Ellis and N. Ferris. Occasional Publications of the London Chapter of the Ontario Archaeological Society, No. 5. London: Ontario Archaeological Society, pp. 65-124.

Fisher Archaeological Consulting 2012 O-Train Vincent Massey Park Project, Ottawa, Limited Stage 4 Excavation of Site BiFw-101 (Areas 25 & 26), 2009 & 2010. On file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto.

Gillespie, J.E., R.E. Wicklund and B.C. Matthews 1964 Soil Survey of Renfrew County. Report No. 37 of the Ontario Soil Survey. Research Branch, Canada Department of Agriculture and Ontario Agricultural College Guelph, Ontario.

Heritage Quest Inc. 2000 Stage 1, 2 and 3 Archaeological Assessment of the Allen Point Subdivision, Part Lots 40 and 41, Concession V, City of Kingston (formerly Kingston Township). Report on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto.

Hessel, P. 1993 The Algonkin Nation: The Algonkins of the Ottawa Valley, A Historical Outline. Arnprior: Kichesippi Books. 1988 McNab - the Township: a history of McNab Township in Renfrew County, Ontario from earliest beginnings to World War II. Arnprior: Kichesippi Books.

Hough, J.L. 1958 Geology of the Great Lakes. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

Jamieson, J. B. 1989 An Inventory of the Prehistoric Archaeological Sites of Ottawa-Carleton. Paper submitted to the Ontario Archaeological Society, Ottawa Chapter. 1981 An Archaeological Survey of the Proposed Madawaska Waterway Park. Report on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto.

Kennedy, Clyde 1970 The Upper Ottawa Valley. Pembroke: Renfrew County Council. 1966 “Preliminary Report on the MN6 Site.” Contributions to Anthropology, 1963-1964. Part I. National Museum of Canada Bulletin 206. Ottawa. 1965 Summary of 1965 Field Work in the Ottawa and Related Areas. Report on file, Archives of the Canadian Museum of Civilization, Gatineau. 1964 Activities in Renfrew and Pontiac Counties, 1964. Report on file, Archives of the Canadian Museum of Civilization, Gatineau. 1962 “Archaic Hunters in the Ottawa Valley.” Ontario History 54(2):122-128.

29 Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment Madawaska Shores Subdivision Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

Kinickinick Heritage Consultants (Kinickinick) 2004 A Stage 1 & 2 Archaeological Assessment of Part of Proposed Central Canada Exhibition, Albion Road Site, On Parts of Lots 24 & 25, Concession 3, Gloucester Township (Geo), City of Ottawa. Report on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto. 2003a Stage 1 & 2 Archaeological Assessment of the Bradley Lands, Lot 24, Concession 12, Goulbourn Township, City of Ottawa. Report on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto. 2003b Stage 1 & 2 Archaeological Assessment of a Proposed Subdivision in Honeygables, Lot 18 Broken Front Concession, Gloucester Twp. (Geo.), City of Ottawa. Report on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto.

Konrad, V. 1981 An Iroquois Frontier: The North Shore of Lake Ontario During the Late 17th Century. Journal of Historical Geography, Vol. V11, pp. 129-144.

Laliberté, M. 2000 Synthèse des recherches archéologiques dans le Parc du Lac Leamy 1993-1999. Gatineau: Écomusée de Hull. 1998 Archaeological Resource Potential, Federal Lands in the National Capital Region, Volumes 1 and 2. Report prepared for the National Capital Commission.

Legget, R. 1975 The Ottawa Waterway Gateway to a Continent. University of Toronto Press, Toronto.

McCuaig D.W and Carol Bennett 1989 Renfrew County People and Places. Junniper Books, Renfrew Ontario.

Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport (MCTS) 2011 Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists. Toronto: Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport.

Mitchell, B. M. 1997 “Archaeology of the Bonnechere River, Wilber Lake Operations, Renfrew County, Ontario: 1995 Field Season.” Seventh (1996) Annual Archaeological Report Ontario. The Ontario Heritage Foundation, Toronto. 1996 “Archaeology of the Bonnechere River, Wilber Lake Operations, Renfrew County, Ontario: 1994 Field Season.” Sixth (1995) Annual Archaeological Report Ontario. The Ontario Heritage Foundation, Toronto. 1995 “Archaeology of the Bonnechere River, Wilber Lake Operations, Renfrew County, Ontario: 1993 Field Season.” Fifth (1994) Annual Archaeological Report Ontario. The Ontario Heritage Foundation, Toronto. 1990 Untitled Report on Field Work Relating to the Wilbur Lake Sites. Report on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto. 1989 Untitled Report on Field Work Relating to the Wilbur Lake Sites. Report on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto.

30 Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment Madawaska Shores Subdivision Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

Mitchell, B. M. (cont.) 1988 Untitled Report on Field Work Relating to the Wilbur Lake Sites. Report on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto. 1987 Untitled Report on Field Work Relating to the Wilbur Lake Sites. Report on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto. 1969 “Archaeology of the Petawawa River: The Second Site at Montgomery Lake.” Michigan Archaeologist, 15(1):1-53. 1963 “The Occurrence of Overall Corded Pottery in the Upper Ottawa Valley.” American Antiquity, 29(1), pp.114-115.

Ontario Power Generation 2011 Madawaska River. Electronic document, http://www.owl-mkc.ca/mkc-FP/document /2011/MKC-Part2.pdf, accessed 19 September, 2016

Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc 2014 Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of the KDSA Development, Burnstown, Part Lot 17, Concession 2, Geographic Township Of McNab, Now Township Of McNab/Braeside, Renfrew County, Ontario. Report on file, Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto. 2012 Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of the Proposed Aggregate Operation Part Lot 14, Concession 2 McNab/Braeside Township Renfrew County, Ontario. Report on file, Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto.

Pilon, J-L. (ed.) 1999 Ottawa Valley Prehistory. Société d'histoire de l'Outaouais, Hull.

Pendergast, J. 1999 “The Ottawa River Algonquin Bands in a St. Lawrence Iroquoian Context.” Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 23(1&2), pp.63-136. 1972 “The Lite Site: An Early Southern Division Huron Site near Belleville, Ontario.” Ontario Archaeology, No. 17:24-61.

Price, Carl and Clyde Kennedy 1961 Notes on the History of Renfrew County. Renfrew County Council. Pembroke.

Robertson, Donald and David Croft 1976 The Meath Site. Manuscript on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto. 1975- Untitled field notes relating to the Mud Lake Sites. Report on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto. 1974- Untitled field notes relating to the Mud Lake Sites. Report on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto. 1973- Untitled field notes relating to the Mud Lake Sites. Report on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto. 1971- Untitled field notes relating to the Mud Lake Sites. Report on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto.

31 Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment Madawaska Shores Subdivision Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

Robillard, I. 1999 Burnstown United Church, 1849-1999: 150 Years as a Congregation. General Store Publishing House, Renfrew, On, Canada.

Rowe, J.S. 1972 Forest Regions of Canada. Ottawa: Canadian Forestry Service and the Department of Fisheries and the Environment.

Spence, M., R. Pihl, and C. Murphy 1990 “Cultural Complexes of the Early and Middle Woodland Periods.” The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D. 1650. Ed. C. Ellis and N. Ferris. Occasional Publications of the London Chapter of the Ontario Archaeological Society, No. 5. London: Ontario Archaeological Society, pp 125-169.

Springate, M. 1997 Some Brief Notes on the Tobacco Tag. Arch Notes, New Series 2(6):10-12.

Swayze, K. and R. McGhee 2011 “The Heritage Hills Site and Early Postglacial Occupation of the Ottawa Valley.” In Archaeology of Eastern North America 39:131-152.

Trigger, Bruce G. 1976 The Children of Aataensic: A History of the Huron People to 1660. 2 Volumes. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press.

Watson, Gordon 1999a “The Paleo-Indian Period in the Ottawa Valley.” Ottawa Valley Prehistory. Hull: Outaouais Historical Society, pp. 27-42. 1982 Rideau Lakes Archaeology 1982. Report on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto.

Wright, Phillip J. 1977 A Preliminary Archaeological Survey of the Madawaska River from Combermere to Griffith. Unpublished report on file with Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Pembroke and the Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto.

32 Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment Madawaska Shores Subdivision Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

PRIMARY DOCUMENTS:

Archives Ontario (Toronto): 1926 Registration of Death, August Michelson MS 935, Reel 340

Library and Archives Canada (LAC):

Census Records – Microfilm Reels:

1851 Renfrew County, McNab/Braeside Township C-11751 1861 Renfrew County, McNab/Braeside Township C-1070 and C-1071 1871 Renfrew County, McNab/Braeside Township C-10020 1881 Renfrew County, McNab/Braeside Township C-13234 1891 Renfrew County, McNab/Braeside Township T-6366 1901 Renfrew County, McNab/Braeside Township T-6494 1911 Renfrew County, McNab/Braeside Township T-20326 to T-20460

Census Records – Statistics Canada Fonds: 1921 Renfrew County, McNab/Braeside Township RG31, Folder 84

National Map Collection (NMC): NMC 43061 H.F. Walling 1863 map of Renfrew County

Arnprior/McNab/Braeside Archives:

Renfrew County Land Registry (RCLR): Abstract Index for Lot 9, Concession 7 of McNab/Braeside Township

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8.0 MAPS

Map 1. Location of the study area.

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Map 2. Orthophotographic image of the study area.

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Map 3. Development map.

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Map 4. Segment of the 1863 Walling map of McNab Township showing the study area.

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Map 5. Segment of the 1939 topographic map of Renfrew County showing the study area. Note that this map reflects the landscape of 1927, when the aerial survey was performed . It also pre-dates the construction of the Arnprior Dam which raised the water levels adjacent to the study area by c. 21 m.

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Map 6. Segment of the 1984 surficial geology map of Arnprior showing the study area.

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Map 7. Segment of the Renfrew County soil map showing the study area.

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Map 8. Archaeological potential and field testing methodologies of the study area.

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Map 9. Locations and directions of photographs taken during the Stage 2 fieldwork.

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Map 10. Results of the Stage 2 fieldwork.

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Map 11. Map of Findspot 1 (BiGc-9).

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Map 12. Map of Findspot 2 (BiGc-10).

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9.0 IMAGES

Image 1. View of crew performing the pedestrian survey of the north field, facing southwest. (PR16-30D132)

Image 2. View of crew performing the pedestrian survey of the south field, facing east. (PR16-30D122)

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Image 3. View of crew performing the intensification survey around Findspot 1, facing northwest. (PR16-30D129)

Image 4. Crew excavating a 1m square unit over the Archaic point findspot, facing northwest. (PR16-30D086)

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Image 5. Crew test pitting in the western end of the study area, facing northeast. (PR16- 30D040)

Image 6. Crew test pitting the manicured lawns in the eastern end of the study area, facing northeast. (PR16-30D084)

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Image 7. View looking east along the top of the former Champlain Sea shoreline, facing west. (PR16-30D136)

Image 8. View from the top of the former Champlain Sea shoreline towards the centre field, facing south. (PR16-30D135)

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Image 9. Crew test pitting on a level, sandy terrace near the shoreline in the western end of the study area, facing east. (PR16-30D046)

Image 10. View of a test pit along a relatively level terrace (now used as a walking trail) near the current shoreline, facing northeast. (PR16-30D024)

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Image 11. Test pit from the sandy, level terrace at the western end of the study area, facing east. (PR16-30D053)

Image 12. View of a former strandline feature on the level, sandy terrace in the western end of the study area, facing east. (PR16-30D047)

52 Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment Madawaska Shores Subdivision Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

Image 13. View of the beaver pond near the centre of the study area, facing northeast. (PR16-30D061)

Image 14. Crew test pitting near a bend in the creek, facing north. (PR16-30D035)

53 Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment Madawaska Shores Subdivision Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

Image 15. View of a small culvert crossing the westernmost creek in the study area, facing west. (PR16-30D063)

Image 16. View of the dried up creek bed in the northeastern end of the property, facing east. (PR16-30D106)

54 Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment Madawaska Shores Subdivision Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

Image 17. Late Archaic biface from Findspot 1 (BiGc-9). a & b show both faces of the biface, WP 454 (#179)

Image 18. North profile of Unit 1 complete, facing north. (PR16-30D091)

55 Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment Madawaska Shores Subdivision Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

Image 19. View of the stone basement foundations at Findspot 2, facing northeast. (PR16- 30D142)

Image 20. View of the stone basement foundations at Findspot 2, facing east. (PR16-30D143)

56 Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment Madawaska Shores Subdivision Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

Image 21. Sample of mixed artifacts from Findspot 2 (BiGc-10). a: cut nail, WP 519 (#001); b: cut nail, WP 519 (#004); c: plain ironstone chamber vessel, WP 492 (#134); d: plain white clay smoking pipe bowl, WP 498 (#089); e: ferrous buckle, WP 479 (#170); f: Rockingham decorated yellowware tableware, WP 503 (#119); g: coarse red earthenware hollowware, WP 497 (#120); h: brown and blue banded refined white earthenware hollowware, WP 514 (#014); i: coarse earthenware hollowware, WP 511 (#058); j: finishing nail, WP 508 (#112); k: tobacco tag, WP 502 (#101); i: solarized glass serving tableware, WP 510 (#061); m: green mould blown glass bottle, WP 508 (#111); n: window pane, WP 492 (#133); o: amber turn-paste moulded beer bottle, WP 492 (#135)

57 Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment Madawaska Shores Subdivision Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

APPENDIX 1: Photographic Catalogue

Camera: Panasonic Lumix DMC-TS4

Catalogue No. Description Direction

PR16-30D001 View of concrete retaining wall and slope near residence SE PR16-30D002 View of slope in backyard of residence S PR16-30D003 View of slope in backyard of residence E PR16-30D004 View of artificial terrace in the backyard of the residence E PR16-30D005 View of concrete retaining wall and slope near residence NE PR16-30D006 View of the natural slope in the area of the residence N PR16-30D007 View of a test pit to the north of the residence, featuring clay soils SE PR16-30D008 View of a test pit to the north of the residence, featuring clay soils SE PR16-30D009 Crew test pitting to the north of the residence NE PR16-30D010 Crew test pitting to the north of the residence W PR16-30D011 View of eastern side of the residence, facing southwest SW PR16-30D012 Test pit to the east of the residence S PR16-30D013 Test pit to the east of the residence S PR16-30D014 Crew test pitting to the east of the residence S PR16-30D015 Crew test pitting to the southeast of the residence S PR16-30D016 View of artificial terrace in the backyard of the residence NW PR16-30D017 View of the residence, artificial terrace, and natural slope N PR16-30D018 View of a small patio stone terrace built to the south of the residence S PR16-30D019 View of the extreme slope near the shoreline to the south of the SW residence PR16-30D020 View of the extreme slope between the shoreline and the residence NW PR16-30D021 Test pit off to the side of the gravel packed laneway accessing the S residence PR16-30D022 Test pit off to the side of the gravel packed laneway accessing the S residence PR16-30D023 Crew test pitting a small, level terrace amongst very sloped territory NW PR16-30D024 View of a test pit along a relatively level terrace (now used as a NE walking trail) near the current shoreline PR16-30D025 View of a test pit along a relatively level terrace (now used as a NE walking trail) near the current shoreline PR16-30D026 View of a walking trail consisting of a relatively level, small terrace SW near the current shoreline PR16-30D027 View of extreme slope between terraces to the west of the residence SW PR16-30D028 View of the shoreline where a creek enters the Madawaska River SE PR16-30D029 View of the slope down to the creek mouth E PR16-30D030 View of the marsh vegetation growing up around the creek N PR16-30D031 View of the marsh vegetation growing up around the creek NW PR16-30D032 View of the shoreline where a creek enters the Madawaska River W PR16-30D033 View of the highly sloped shoreline where a creek enters the NE Madawaska River PR16-30D034 Crew test pitting to the west of a ploughed field N PR16-30D035 Crew test pitting near a bend in the creek N PR16-30D036 View of the Madawaska River from a level terrace at the westernmost S point of the study area

58 Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment Madawaska Shores Subdivision Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

Catalogue No. Description Direction

PR16-30D037 Test pit from the level terrace at the westernmost point of the study E area PR16-30D038 Test pit from the level terrace at the westernmost point of the study E area PR16-30D039 View a water well in the western end of the study area (within NE proposed lot 22) PR16-30D040 Crew test pitting in the western end of the study area E PR16-30D041 Crew test pitting on a level, sandy terrace near the shoreline in the E western end of the study area PR16-30D042 Crew test pitting on a level, sandy terrace near the shoreline in the SE western end of the study area PR16-30D043 Crew test pitting on a level, sandy terrace near the shoreline in the NE western end of the study area PR16-30D044 View of the Madawaska River from a level, sandy terrace near the SE western end of the study area PR16-30D045 View of the slope down to the river from the sandy, level terrace in E the western end of the study area PR16-30D046 Crew test pitting on a level, sandy terrace near the shoreline in the E western end of the study area PR16-30D047 View of a former strandline feature on the level, sandy terrace in the E western end of the study area PR16-30D048 View of a former strandline feature on the level, sandy terrace in the E western end of the study area PR16-30D049 View of a former strandline feature on the level, sandy terrace in the E western end of the study area PR16-30D050 Test pit from the sandy, level terrace at the western end of the study E area PR16-30D051 Test pit from the sandy, level terrace at the western end of the study E area PR16-30D052 Test pit from the sandy, level terrace at the western end of the study E area PR16-30D053 Test pit from the sandy, level terrace at the western end of the study E area PR16-30D054 Crew test pitting on a level, sandy terrace near the shoreline in the SE western end of the study area PR16-30D055 View of the creek to the south of the beaver pond N PR16-30D056 View of terrain to the south of the beaver pond (boulders and fallen NW trees covered with decomposing organic matter) PR16-30D057 View of terrain to the south of the beaver pond (boulders and fallen W trees covered with decomposing organic matter) PR16-30D058 View of terrain to the south of the beaver pond (boulders and fallen E trees covered with decomposing organic matter) PR16-30D059 View of the creek to the south of the beaver pond E PR16-30D060 Crew overlooking the outer limits of the beaver pond E PR16-30D061 View of the beaver pond near the centre of the study area NE PR16-30D062 View of the creek entering the beaver pond near the centre of the N study area PR16-30D063 View of a small culvert crossing the westernmost creek in the study W area PR16-30D064 View of the dried up creek bed and adjacent slopes SW

59 Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment Madawaska Shores Subdivision Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

Catalogue No. Description Direction

PR16-30D065 View of a walking path located in the wooded, western half of the E property PR16-30D066 View of a pile of twentieth century building rubbish to the northwest SW of the current red brick house PR16-30D067 View of a pile of twentieth century building rubbish to the northwest W of the current red brick house PR16-30D068 Crew at work near the current red brick house SW PR16-30D069 Crew setting up the GPS unit to record positive test pit locations NE PR16-30D070 Crew excavating a test pit within the footprint of a former building NE with stone foundations, facing onto Mill Ridge Road PR16-30D071 Crew excavating a test pit northwest of a former building with stone SE foundations, facing onto Mill Ridge Road PR16-30D072 View of a test pit located northwest of the former building E foundations which faces onto Mill Ridge Road PR16-30D073 View of a test pit located northwest of the former building E foundations which faces onto Mill Ridge Road PR16-30D074 View of a test pit within the footprint of the stone foundations E PR16-30D075 View of a test pit within the footprint of the stone foundations E PR16-30D076 View of a test pit within the footprint of the stone foundations E PR16-30D077 View of rubbish piled inside the abandoned building foundations SW PR16-30D078 View of rubbish piled inside the abandoned building foundations SW PR16-30D079 View of possible concrete and red brick chimney fragments within W the stone foundations PR16-30D080 View of concrete blocks and bed springs within the stone foundations W PR16-30D081 Crew test pitting along the eastern boundary of the study area NW PR16-30D082 Crew test pitting the manicured lawns in the eastern end of the study SW area PR16-30D083 Crew test pitting along a former glacial shoreline in the northernmost SE portion of the study area PR16-30D084 Crew test pitting the manicured lawns in the eastern end of the study NE area PR16-30D085 Crew re-examining the area around the Archaic point findspot in SE advance of laying out a 1m square unit PR16-30D086 Crew excavating a 1m square unit over the Archaic point findspot NW PR16-30D087 Unit 1 excavation in progress N PR16-30D088 North profile of Unit 1 complete N PR16-30D089 North profile of Unit 1 complete N PR16-30D090 North profile of Unit 1 complete N PR16-30D091 North profile of Unit 1 complete N PR16-30D092 Unit 1 complete N PR16-30D093 Unit 1 backfilled SW PR16-30D094 View of a dried up creek bed in the eastern end of the property NE PR16-30D095 View of a dried up creek bed in the eastern end of the property SW PR16-30D096 View of a dried up creek bed in the eastern end of the property E PR16-30D097 View of a test pit to the north of the creek bed in the northeastern E portion of the property PR16-30D098 View of a test pit to the north of the creek bed in the northeastern E portion of the property

60 Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment Madawaska Shores Subdivision Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

Catalogue No. Description Direction

PR16-30D099 View of a test pit to the north of the creek bed in the northeastern E portion of the property PR16-30D100 View of a test pit to the north of the creek bed in the northeastern E portion of the property PR16-30D101 View of the hummocky terrain immediately north of the creek bed in SE the northeastern portion of the property PR16-30D102 View of the hummocky terrain immediately north of the creek bed in SE the northeastern portion of the property PR16-30D103 View of the hummocky terrain immediately north of the creek bed in SW the northeastern portion of the property PR16-30D104 View of the hummocky terrain immediately north of the creek bed in NW the northeastern portion of the property PR16-30D105 View of the dried up creek bed in the northeastern end of the property E PR16-30D106 View of the dried up creek bed in the northeastern end of the property E PR16-30D107 View of the dried up creek bed in the northeastern end of the property SW PR16-30D108 View of a roadway with culvert built overtop of the creek bed in the NE northeastern end of the property PR16-30D109 Crew test pitting near a private residence in the northern end of the SW study area PR16-30D110 Crew performing a pedestrian survey of the centre field NE PR16-30D111 Crew performing a pedestrian survey of the centre field E PR16-30D112 Crew performing a pedestrian survey of the centre field SW PR16-30D113 View of marsh grasses and cattails growing along a creek next to the S centre field PR16-30D114 View of the ground visibility conditions in the centre field N PR16-30D115 View of some standing water in a depression in the centre field E PR16-30D116 View of a drainage trench for the centre field N PR16-30D117 View of grassed and wooded areas to the west of the centre field NW PR16-30D118 View of crew performing the pedestrian survey of the south field SE PR16-30D119 View of the creek between south and centre fields E PR16-30D120 View of a gravel roadway built across the creek between south and N centre fields PR16-30D121 View of crew performing the pedestrian survey of the south field SE PR16-30D122 View of crew performing the pedestrian survey of the south field E PR16-30D123 View of the ground visibility conditions in the south field W PR16-30D124 View of a gravel driveway and associated berm south of the south W field PR16-30D125 View of crew performing the pedestrian survey of the centre field NE PR16-30D126 View of crew performing the pedestrian survey of the centre field NE PR16-30D127 View of crew performing the pedestrian survey of the north field NW PR16-30D128 View of crew performing the intensification survey around Findspot 1 NW PR16-30D129 View of crew performing the intensification survey around Findspot 1 NW PR16-30D130 View overlooking Findspot 1 towards the former Champlain Sea S shoreline PR16-30D131 View of crew performing the pedestrian survey of the north field SW PR16-30D132 View of crew performing the pedestrian survey of the north field SW

61 Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment Madawaska Shores Subdivision Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

Catalogue No. Description Direction

PR16-30D133 View of crew performing the pedestrian survey of the north field SW PR16-30D134 View of crew performing the pedestrian survey of the north field NE PR16-30D135 View from the top of the former Champlain Sea shoreline towards the S centre field PR16-30D136 View looking west along the top of the former Champlain Sea W shoreline PR16-30D137 View looking east along the top of the former Champlain Sea E shoreline PR16-30D138 Crew test pitting small islands of trees within the north field SE PR16-30D139 Crew test pitting small islands of trees within the north field NW PR16-30D140 View of a grassed area featuring a drive shed and the current red SE brick house and garage PR16-30D141 View of the stone basement foundations at Findspot 2 N PR16-30D142 View of the stone basement foundations at Findspot 2 NE PR16-30D143 View of the stone basement foundations at Findspot 2 E

62 Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment Madawaska Shores Subdivision Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

APPENDIX 2: Artifact Inventory

63

Inv. WP # Material Class Group Object Datable Attribute Ware Alt. Comments 001 519 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut complete; 154mm long; pitted around head and upper shank; 002 519 2 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Wire complete; 30-35mm long, one is corroded 003 519 9 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut complete; 30-32mm long, mild corrosion 004 519 17 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut complete; 74-80mm long; some are mildly corroded; some have traces of red pigment 005 519 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Wire complete; corroded; c. 82mm long 006 514 8 Mortar Architectural Construction Wall Finishing Unidentifiable very small to large nodules of off-white mortar with coarse sand Materials aggregate 007 514 1 Ceramic Architectural Construction Construction CEW, red unglazed CEW small red brick fragment Materials Block 008 514 10 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Cylindrical Glass colourless 009 514 1 Glass Unidentified Unidentifiable Unidentifiable Unidentifiable very small colourless, patinated, mildly curved fragment 010 514 1 Glass Medical/Hygiene Pharmaceutical Pharmaceutical Unidentifiable small, aqua-tinted, near shoulder fragment Containers Bottle 011 514 1 Glass Furnishings Lighting Devices Oil Lamp Unidentifiable very small, colourless fragment 012 514 1 Glass Foodways Glass Beverage Bottle Unidentifiable very small green tinted fragment Containers 013 514 2 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Tableware Ironstone IRO very small to small partially delaminated sherds 014 514 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, slipware RWE small sherd with brown and blue bands on exterior 015 514 1 Ferrous Unassigned Miscellaneous Strapping Unidentifiable thin fragment of corroded strapping Material 016 527 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Tableware RWE, plain RWE very small partially delaminated sherd 017 528 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware Ceramic XEW B small, vitrified partial foot ring sherd of very thick ceramic (possibly ironstone, but fire has made it unidentifiable) 018 528 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut partial with head 019 528 1 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Cylindrical Glass small fragment clouded white 020 521 1 Glass Unidentified Unidentifiable Unidentifiable Unidentifiable B small, melted glass fragment, seemingly colourless originally 021 521 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Tableware Ceramic XEW B small, vitrified partial rim sherd of fairly thick plate(?), possibly ironstone; possibly same vessel as 017 022 521 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Utilitarian Hollowware Coarse Stoneware CSW very small partially delaminated sherd with buff-coloured paste Ware 023 520 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Wire complete; 27mm long 024 520 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut partial, no head; mildly corroded 025 520 4 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Tableware RWE, plain RWE very small to small, partially delaminated sherds 026 529 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Flatware RWE, moulded RWE very small sherd with possible floral mouldings 027 530 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Flatware Ironstone, moulded IRO small, partially delaminated, thick rim sherd with unidentifiable mouldings on interior 028 522 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut partial with head; corroded 029 522 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut partial no head; corroded 030 522 1 Mortar Architectural Construction Wall Finishing Unidentifiable very small grey nodule Materials 031 515 2 Ceramic Architectural Construction Construction CEW, red unglazed CEW small red brick fragments Materials Block 032 512 4 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Unidentifiable B small melted fragments, some white encrustations; still relatively flat 033 512 1 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Cylindrical Glass small colourless fragment 034 512 2 Glass Furnishings Lighting Devices Oil Lamp Unidentifiable small colourless fragment

Inv. WP # Material Class Group Object Datable Attribute Ware Alt. Comments 035 512 2 Mortar Architectural Construction Wall Finishing Unidentifiable small off-white nodules Materials 036 512 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Tableware Refined White EW RWE very small, totally delaminated 037 512 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut complete, 71mm long; corroded 038 512 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Wire complete, 41mm long; corroded 039 523 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Flatware RWE, plain RWE very small, partially delaminated sherd 040 524 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Tableware Ironstone IRO small, partially delaminated footring sherd of thick ceramic 041 516 1 Metal Unidentified Unidentifiable Unidentifiable Unidentifiable very small (less than 1cm) flat metal cut-out shaped like a police badge 042 516 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut partial no head, corroded 043 516 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut partial with head, corroded 044 516 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Tableware RWE, blue transfer RWE very small, partially delaminated with unidentifiable blue transfer on interior 045 516 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware Yellowware, plain YEW very small sherd 046 525 1 Mortar Architectural Construction Wall Finishing Unidentifiable small off-white nodule Materials 047 525 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Tableware RWE, plain RWE very small partially delaminated sherd 048 517 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut partial, no head. corroded 049 517 1 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Cylindrical Glass small colourless fragment 050 517 4 Ferrous Unassigned Miscellaneous Strapping Ferrous small thin corroded strapping Material 051 526 3 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Cylindrical Glass very small to small colourless fragments 052 518 1 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Cylindrical Glass very small colourless fragment 053 518 1 Glass Foodways Unid. Glass Unid. Bottle/Cont. Unidentifiable green tinted possible lip fragment of a large-mouthed bottle Containers Glass 054 518 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut complete, 76mm long, mildly corroded 055 518 1 Dentition Faunal/Floral Bone Mammal Bone Unidentifiable ungulate tooth 056 513 1 Ceramic Smoking Smoking Pipes White Clay, Plain Unidentifiable very small plain bowl fragment Bowl 057 513 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Tableware Ironstone IRO very small, partially delaminated sherd 058 511 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Utilitarian Hollowware CEW, glazed CEW small body sherd of jug or crock with dark brown slip glazed Ware interior and clear glaze exterior; buff paste 059 511 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut partial with head, corroded 060 511 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut complete; 29mm long 061 510 3 Glass Foodways Glass Tableware Serving Tableware Solarized/manganese three mending fragments of one vessel; solarized pink tinted, pressed glass (diamond pattern and diamond with stippling); probably part of a square cake stand or other platter 062 510 1 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Cylindrical Glass small colourless 063 510 4 Ceramic Architectural Construction Construction CEW, red unglazed CEW very small red brick fragments Materials Block 064 510 3 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, plain RWE small rim sherd and mending pieces, probably of one tea cup 065 510 2 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Tableware RWE, plain RWE very small partially delaminated sherds; not mending 066 510 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Flatware Ironstone, plain IRO small, partially delaminated rim sherd of a plate 067 510 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Utilitarian Hollowware CEW, glazed CEW very small mostly delaminated with on tiny speck of remnant Ware clear glaze; buff paste 068 509 3 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Tableware RWE, plain RWE very small partially delaminated, not mending 069 509 2 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Tableware RWE, plain RWE very small partially delaminated, two mending pieces

Inv. WP # Material Class Group Object Datable Attribute Ware Alt. Comments 070 509 2 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Tableware Ironstone, plain IRO very small, not mending 071 509 1 Ceramic Architectural Construction Construction CEW, red unglazed CEW very small red brick fragment Materials Block 072 509 1 Glass Foodways Unid. Glass Unid. Bottle/Cont. Unidentifiable very small, colourless curved fragment; possible a bottle Containers Glass 073 509 1 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Cylindrical Glass small, colourless bevelled glass 074 509 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut partial with head 075 504 1 Glass Foodways Unid. Glass Hollowware Unidentifiable B partially melted, curved, probably colourless glass with golden Containers patina on interior 076 504 1 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Unidentifiable B melted, pitted, colourless turned grey from fire 077 504 1 Glass Foodways Unid. Glass Unid. Bottle/Cont. Unidentifiable very small aqua-tinted fragment possibly of a condiment bottle Containers Glass 078 504 1 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Cylindrical Glass very small colourless fragment 079 504 1 Glass Foodways Unid. Glass Unid. Bottle/Cont. Machine Made small, colourless ribbed fragment Containers Glass 080 504 2 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Unidentifiable partial no head; very corroded 081 504 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Unidentifiable complete; 37mm long; very corroded 082 504 1 Ceramic Architectural Construction Construction CEW, red unglazed CEW small red brick fragment Materials Block 083 504 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware Ironstone, plain IRO small, thick rim sherd from a cup or bowl 084 504 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Tableware Ironstone, plain IRO very small partially delaminated 085 504 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Tableware Refined White EW RWE very small completely delaminated 086 504 2 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Tableware RWE, plain RWE very small to small partially delaminated sherds; not mending 087 498 1 Mortar Architectural Construction Wall Finishing Unidentifiable very small off-white nodule Materials 088 498 2 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Utilitarian Hollowware CEW, glazed CEW two mending sherds of large diameter jug or crock; brown glaze Ware interior and clear glaze exterior; buff paste 089 498 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Utilitarian Hollowware C Stoneware, salt- CSW large grey sherd; with dark brown/black glaze interior Ware glaze 090 498 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Tableware Refined White EW RWE small completely delaminated sherd 091 498 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Tableware RWE, plain RWE small partially delaminated sherd 092 505 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, plain RWE B mostly delaminated sherd of a cup or bowl 093 505 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, plain RWE mostly delaminated sherd of a cup or bowl 094 500 2 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Cylindrical Glass small colourless sherd 095 500 1 Mortar Architectural Construction Wall Finishing Unidentifiable very small off-white nodule Materials 096 500 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Wire complete, 40mm long, mildly corroded 097 500 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Tableware RWE, plain RWE B very small, partially delaminated rim sherd 098 500 1 Glass Unidentified Unidentifiable Unidentifiable Pressed very small colourless beaded piece 099 501 2 Mortar Architectural Construction Wall Finishing Unidentifiable very small off-white nodules Materials 100 507 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut partial with head, corroded 101 502 1 Ferrous Smoking Smoking Tobacco Tag Stamped corroded, "voided" heart shaped tobacco tag with two lugs; W.C. Accessories McDonald Inc (Montreal) 1870 - 1922 (Springate 1997:11) 102 502 1 Ferrous Unidentified Unidentifiable Unidentifiable Unidentifiable unusual tiny, plummet shaped object 103 502 1 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Cylindrical Glass small colourless 104 502 1 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Unidentifiable B small colourless, melted

Inv. WP # Material Class Group Object Datable Attribute Ware Alt. Comments 105 502 2 Glass Furnishings Lighting Devices Oil Lamp Unidentifiable small colourless lamp glass 106 502 2 Glass Foodways Glass Beverage Bottle Mould blown small dark green tinted curved fragments Containers 107 502 1 Slate Unidentified Unidentifiable Unidentifiable Unidentifiable small grey piece of slate 108 502 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut partial no head, corroded 109 502 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut complete, 67mm long; corroded 110 508 1 Ferrous Furnishings Hardware Unidentifiable Unidentifiable corroded ferrous strap hardware with small hole for a nail and a raised ridge in the centre 111 508 1 Glass Foodways Glass Beverage Bottle Mould blown small green-tinted shoulder fragment Containers 112 508 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Wire complete; 39mm long finishing (siding) nail 113 508 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut partial no head, corroded 114 508 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut partial with head, corroded 115 503 2 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut partial no head, corroded 116 503 1 Mortar Architectural Construction Wall Finishing Unidentifiable small grey nodule Materials 117 503 1 Glass Foodways Unid. Glass Unid. Bottle/Cont. Unidentifiable B small, aqua-tinted and moulded fragment Containers Glass 118 503 2 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Tableware RWE, plain RWE very small to small partially delaminated sherds; not mending 119 503 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Tableware Yellowware, YEW small partially delaminated sherd with brown Rockingham glaze Rockingham and moulding 120 497 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Utilitarian Hollowware CEW, red glazed CEW small partially delaminated sherd with yellow-brown glaze Ware exterior 121 495 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Tableware Ironstone, moulded IRO small partially delaminated sherd; probably basket-weave 122 495 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Tableware RWE, plain RWE very small partially delaminated sherd 123 494 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Flatware RWE, plain RWE small rim sherd 124 496 2 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Tableware RWE, plain RWE very small partially delaminated sherds; not mending 125 496 1 Ferrous Unassigned Miscellaneous Strapping Ferrous thin, bent, mildly corroded with two holes evident for fastening Material 126 493 1 Glass Furnishings Lighting Devices Lamp Machine Made colourless curved fragment of possible lamp with ribbing design 127 493 1 Copper- Clothing Fasteners Grommet Copper Alloy small shoe lace grommet alloy 128 493 1 Ferrous Unassigned Miscellaneous Staple Ferrous mildly corroded industrial staple Hardware 129 493 1 Slate Unidentified Unidentifiable Unidentifiable Unidentifiable small grey piece of slate 130 493 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Tableware Ironstone, plain IRO small, thick sherd with partial foot ring 131 493 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut partial with head; mildly corroded 132 493 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut complete, 82mm long, mildly corroded 133 492 2 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Cylindrical Glass colourless fragments 134 492 8 Ceramic Medical/Hygiene Grooming/Hygiene Chamber Set Ironstone, plain IRO B very small to large fragments of one vessel; probably a basin; some mending 135 492 1 Glass Foodways Glass Beverage Beer Bottle Turn Paste mould small amber-tinted body fragment Containers 136 489 2 Slate Unidentified Unidentifiable Unidentifiable Unidentifiable small grey pieces 137 489 2 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut partials no head, corroded 138 489 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Tableware Refined White EW RWE small, completely delaminated 139 489 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Flatware RWE, other transfer RWE very small partially delaminated with brown transfer print

Inv. WP # Material Class Group Object Datable Attribute Ware Alt. Comments landscape featuring houses, sheds or barns 140 488 1 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Cylindrical Glass very small colourless fragment 141 487 1 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Cylindrical Glass very small colourless fragment 142 487 3 Glass Foodways Unid. Glass Unid. Bottle/Cont. Unidentifiable small aqua-tinted and moulded fragments, probably of a Containers Glass condiment bottle 143 491 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Tableware RWE, moulded RWE very small partially delaminated sherd with unidentifiable mouldings on one side 144 490 1 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Unidentifiable B very small colourless fragment now cloudy yellow tint 145 490 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Tableware Ironstone, plain IRO small partially delaminated sherd 146 486 2 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Cylindrical Glass small colourless 147 486 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Wire complete 39mm long, corroded 148 486 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut partial with head, corroded 149 486 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut partial no head, corroded 150 485 3 Mortar Architectural Construction Wall Finishing Unidentifiable off-white nodules with tiny pebble/grit admixture Materials 151 485 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut partial no head, corroded 152 483 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut partial with head, corroded 153 483 6 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Cylindrical Glass small colourless 154 483 2 Mortar Architectural Construction Wall Finishing Unidentifiable off-white nodules with tiny pebble/grit admixture Materials 155 482 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut partial, no head, corroded 156 480 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut partial with head, corroded 157 480 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut complete, 35mm long, corroded 158 481 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut partial, no head, corroded 159 481 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut partial with head, corroded 160 481 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut complete; 85mm long; corroded 161 478 1 Ferrous Unassigned Hardware Ferrule Ferrous corroded; possibly the ferrule off the tip of an umbrella 162 478 1 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Cylindrical Glass small colourless 163 478 1 Glass Foodways Glass Beverage Bottle Hand tooled finish small aqua-tinted, down-tooled lip fragment Containers 164 478 1 Glass Foodways Unid. Glass Unid. Bottle/Cont. Unidentifiable small, colourless, moulded fragment, probably a pharmaceutical Containers Glass bottle 165 478 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Tableware RWE, plain RWE small partially delaminated sherd 166 479 9 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Cylindrical Glass very small to small colourless 167 479 1 Slate Unidentified Unidentifiable Unidentifiable Unidentifiable very small grey piece 168 479 2 Mortar Architectural Construction Wall Finishing Unidentifiable small off-white nodules Materials 169 479 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut partial with head, corroded 170 479 1 Ferrous Activities Stable/Barn Buckle/Buckle Ferrous corroded harness buckle Part 171 479 1 Ferrous Unassigned Miscellaneous Unidentifiable Ferrous corroded "Y"-shaped unidentified object; possibly part of an Hardware umbrella 172 477 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Tableware Ironstone, moulded IRO B rim sherd with wheat pattern moulding, partially delaminated 173 477 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Tableware Ironstone, plain IRO small, partially delaminated 174 477 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Tableware RWE, plain RWE small, partially delaminated 175 477 1 Copper- Unassigned Miscellaneous Rivet Copper Alloy small unused rivet alloy Hardware

Inv. WP # Material Class Group Object Datable Attribute Ware Alt. Comments 176 477 1 Glass Medical/Hygiene Unid. Glass Unid. Bottle/Cont. Unidentifiable tiny aqua-tinted and moulded probable pharmaceutical bottle Containers Glass 177 477 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut partial with head, corroded 178 477 1 Mortar Architectural Construction Wall Finishing Unidentifiable small off-white nodules Materials Abbreviations: Alt. Alteration B Burnt CEW Coarse Earthenware White Inv. Inventory Number IRO Ironstone RWE Refined White Earthenware WP Way Point XEW White Earthenware YEW Yellowware

Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment Madawaska Shores Subdivision Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

APPENDIX 3: Glossary of Archaeological Terms

Archaeology: The study of human past by excavation of cultural material.

Archaeological Sites: The physical remains of any building, structure, cultural feature, object, human event or activity which, because of the passage of time, are on or below the surface of the land or water.

Archaic: A term used by archaeologists to designate a distinctive cultural period dating between 8000 and 1000 B.C. in eastern North America. The period is divided into Early (8000 to 6000 B.C.), Middle (6000 to 2500 B.C.) and Late (2500 to 1000 B.C.). It is characterized by hunting, gathering and fishing.

Artifact: An object manufactured, modified or used by humans.

B.P.: Before Present. Often used for archaeological dates instead of B.C. or A.D. Present is taken to be 1951, the date from which radiocarbon assays are calculated.

Backdirt: The soil excavated from an archaeological site. It is usually removed by shovel or trowel and then screened to ensure maximum recovery of artifacts.

Chert: A type of silica rich stone often used for making chipped stone tools. A number of chert sources are known from southern Ontario. These sources include outcrops and nodules.

Contact Period: The period of initial contact between Native and European populations. In Ontario, this generally corresponds to the seventeenth and eighteen centuries depending on the specific area.

Cultural Resource / Heritage Resource: Any resource (archaeological, historical, architectural, artifactual, archival) that pertains to the development of our cultural past.

Cultural Heritage Landscapes: Cultural heritage landscapes are groups of features made by people. The arrangement of features illustrate noteworthy relationships between people and their surrounding environment. They can provide information necessary to preserve, interpret or reinforce the understanding of important historical settings and changes to past patterns of land use. Cultural landscapes include neighbourhoods, townscapes and farmscapes.

70 Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment Madawaska Shores Subdivision Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

Diagnostic: An artifact, decorative technique or feature that is distinctive of a particular culture or time period.

Disturbed: In an archaeological context, this term is used when the cultural deposit of a certain time period has been intruded upon by a later occupation.

Excavation: The uncovering or extraction of cultural remains by digging.

Feature: This term is used to designate modifications to the physical environment by human activity. Archaeological features include the remains of buildings or walls, storage pits, hearths, post moulds and artifact concentrations.

Flake: A thin piece of stone (usually chert, chalcedony, etc.) detached during the manufacture of a chipped stone tool. A flake can also be modified into another artifact form such as a scraper.

Fluted: A lanceolate shaped projectile point with a central channel extending from the base approximately one third of the way up the blade. One of the most diagnostic Palaeo-Indian artifacts.

Lithic: Stone. Lithic artifacts would include projectile points, scrapers, ground stone adzes, gun flints, etc.

Lot: The smallest provenience designation used to locate an artifact or feature.

Midden: An archaeological term for a garbage dump.

Mitigation: To reduce the severity of development impact on an archaeological or other heritage resource through preservation or excavation. The process for minimizing the adverse impacts of an undertaking on identified cultural heritage resources within an affected area of a development project.

Multicomponent: An archaeological site which has seen repeated occupation over a period of time. Ideally, each occupation layer is separated by a sterile soil deposit that accumulated during a period when the site was not occupied. In other cases, later occupations will be directly on top of earlier ones or will even intrude upon them.

71 Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment Madawaska Shores Subdivision Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

Operation: The primary division of an archaeological site serving as part of the provenience system. The operation usually represents a culturally or geographically significant unit within the site area.

Palaeo-Indian: The earliest human occupation of Ontario designated by archaeologists. The period dates between 9000 and 8000 B.C. and is characterized by small mobile groups of hunter-gatherers.

Profile: The profile is the soil stratigraphy that shows up in the cross-section of an archaeological excavation. Profiles are important in understanding the relationship between different occupations of a site.

Projectile Point: A point used to tip a projectile such as an arrow, spear or harpoon. Projectile points may be made of stone (either chipped or ground), bone, ivory, antler or metal.

Provenience: Place of origin. In archaeology this refers to the location where an artifact or feature was found. This may be a general location or a very specific horizontal and vertical point.

Salvage: To rescue an archaeological site or heritage resource from development impact through excavation or recording.

Stratigraphy: The sequence of layers in an archaeological site. The stratigraphy usually includes natural soil deposits and cultural deposits.

Sub-operation: A division of an operation unit in the provenience system.

Survey: To examine the extent and nature of a potential site area. Survey may include surface examination of ploughed or eroded areas and sub-surface testing.

Test Pit: A small pit, usually excavated by hand, used to determine the stratigraphy and presence of cultural material. Test pits are often used to survey a property and are usually spaced on a grid system.

Woodland: The most recent major division in the pre-Contact sequence of Ontario. The Woodland period dates from 1000 B.C. to A.D. 1550. The period is characterized by the introduction of ceramics and the beginning of agriculture in southern Ontario. The period is further divided into Early (1000 B.C. to A.D. 0), Middle (A.D. 0 to A.D. 900) and Late (A.D. 900 to A.D.1550).

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