DOCSLIB.ORG

Arsenic in Groundwater in the Southern Lowlands of Nepal and Its Mitigation Options: a Review Barbara Mueller

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Arsenic in Groundwater in the Southern Lowlands of Nepal and Its Mitigation Options: a Review Barbara Mueller 296 REVIEW Arsenic in groundwater in the southern lowlands of Nepal and its mitigation options: a review Barbara Mueller Abstract: As in several other countries of Southeast Asia (namely Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, China, Vietnam, and Cambodia) arsenic (As) concentrations in the groundwater of the lowlands of Nepal (the so called Terai) can reach concentrations that are unsafe to humans using the groundwater as drinking water. Whereas Bangladesh has received much international attention concerning the As crisis, Nepal was more or less neglected. The first report about As contamination of the groundwater above toxic levels in Nepal was published in 1999. Twenty-four percent of samples analyzed (n = 18 635) from the Terai Basin exceeded the WHO guideline of 10 ␮g/L. Since the first overall survey from 2001, only sporadic information on the situation has been published. The geological and geochemical conditions favour the release of the contaminant as As can be easily solubilized in groundwaters depending on pH, redox conditions, temperature, and solution composition. The thin alluvial aquifers of the Terai are some of the most severely As contaminated. These sediments constituting a hugh proportion of the Terai aquifers are derived from two main sources: (i) sediments deposited by large rivers that erode the upper Himalayan crystalline rocks, and (ii) weath- ered meta-sediments carried by smaller rivers originating in the Siwalik forehills. The generally low redox potential and low 2− 3− − SO4 and high DOC, PO4 , and HCO3 concentrations in groundwater signify ongoing microbial-mediated redox processes favoring As mobilization in the aquifer. Other geochemical processes, e.g., Fe-oxyhydroxide reduction and carbonate dissolu- tion, are also responsible for high As occurrence in groundwaters. Originally, gagri filters (a two-filter system with chemical powder) and later iron (Fe)-assisted biosand filters were commonly used to remove As and Fe from well water in Nepal—these two options were believed to be the best treatment option at household levels. This review focus on the description of the overall situation, including geogenic issues, occurrence of As in the sediments of the Terai, mechanisms for the release of As to the groundwater, and mitigation options. Key words: arsenic, arsenic contamination, release of arsenic to the groundwater, removal of arsenic, mitigation. Résumé : Comme dans plusieurs autres pays de l’Asie du Sud-Est (a` savoir le Bangladesh, l’Inde, le Myanmar, la Chine, le Viêt-Nam, le Cambodge) les concentrations d’arsenic dans les eaux souterraines des plaines du Népal (connues sous le nom de Terai) peuvent atteindre des concentrations qui sont dangereuses pour les humains qui utilisent l’eau souterraine comme eau potable. Tandis que le Bangladesh a reçu beaucoup d’attention internationale concernant la crise d’arsenic, le Népal a été plus For personal use only. ou moins négligé. Le premier rapport sur la contamination des eaux souterraines par l’arsenic au-dessus des niveaux toxiques au Népal a été publié en 1999. Vingt-quatre pour cent des échantillons analysés (n = 18 635) du bassin de Terai excédait la ligne directrice de l’OMS, soit 10 ␮g/L. Depuis la première enquête globale de 2001, on a publié que des informations sporadiques sur la situation. Les conditions géologiques et géochimiques favorisent le rejet du polluant puisque l’arsenic peut être facilement solubilisé dans des eaux souterraines en fonction du pH, de la condition d’oxydo-réduction, de la température et de la compo- sition de solution. Les aquifères alluviaux minces du Terai sont parmi les plus sévèrement contaminés par l’As. Ces sédiments constituant une très grande partie des aquifères de Terai proviennent de deux sources principales, soit (i) des sédiments déposés par les grandes rivières qui érodent les roches cristallines du Haut-Himalaya, (ii) des sédiments métamorphisés météorisés portés par de plus petites rivières prenant leur source dans les contreforts du Siwalik. Le potentiel d’oxydo-réduction généralement bas, 2− 3− − les concentrations faibles de SO4 , et élevées de COD, de PO4 et d’HCO3 dans les eaux souterraines signifient qu’ilyades processus continus d’oxydo-réduction par intermédiaire microbien favorisant la mobilisation d’As dans l’aquifère. D’autres processus géochimiques, par exemple, la réduction des oxydes-hydroxydes de fer et la dissolution de carbonates sont aussi responsables de la présence élevée d’As dans les eaux souterraines. À l’origine, on utilisait généralement des filtres Gagri (système a` deux filtres avec poudre chimique) et par la suite des filtres de sable bio aidés de fer pour éliminer l’arsenic et le fer de l’eau de puits au Népal—ces deux options étaient censées être la meilleure option de traitement au niveau des ménages. Cette revue se penche sur la description de la situation globale (des questions géogéniques, la présence d’arsenic dans les sédiments du Terai, les mécanismes de rejet d’arsenic dans les eaux souterraines, les options d’atténuation). [Traduit par la Rédaction] Environ. Rev. Downloaded from www.nrcresearchpress.com by ETH Zuerich Gruene Bibliothek on 10/13/17 Mots-clés : arsenic, contamination a` l’arsenic, rejet d’arsenic dans les eaux souterraines, élimination de l’arsenic, atténuation. Introduction are hazardous to human health if geological and geochemical condi- In the groundwaters of several countries of Southeast Asia tions favour the release of this contaminant. The World Health (namely Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Myanmar, China, Vietnam, and Organisation (WHO) has imposed a drinking water guideline with Cambodia), arsenic (As) can naturally reach concentrations that a value of 10 ␮g/L for As. When this value is exceeded, health risks Received 3 August 2016. Accepted 16 December 2016. B. Mueller. Deptartment of Environmental Science, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland. Email for correspondence: [email protected]. Copyright remains with the author(s) or their institution(s). Permission for reuse (free in most cases) can be obtained from RightsLink. Environ. Rev. 25: 296–305 (2017) dx.doi.org/10.1139/er-2016-0068 Published at www.nrcresearchpress.com/er on 23 December 2016. Mueller 297 are likely to occur. Excess uptake of As causes a range of adverse stitutes less than 20% of Nepal’s surface, it contains over half of health effects like characteristic skin lesions including pigmenta- the total arable land and is home to about 50% of the Nepalese tion changes, mainly on the upper chest, arms, and legs, and population, i.e., 30 million inhabitants. Groundwater is the main keratoses of the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, and as source of water for drinking and irrigation in the Terai area. Over the most severe effect, cancer (Smith et al. 2000; Adhikari and 90% of the Terai population draws groundwater from tube wells Ghimire 2009). for drinking, household use, and irrigation (Guillot et al. 2015). Arsenic itself is not found in high abundance in the Earth’s According to some publications, 25 058 tube wells in the Terai continental crust; it is less abundant than several of the “rare-earth” region have been tested for As, of which 5686 tube wells (22.7%) elements. Unlike the rare-earth elements, however, As is com- exceed the WHO As guideline (As = 0.01 mg/L) and 1916 tube wells monly concentrated in sulphide-bearing mineral deposits, and it (7.6%) exceed the Nepal Interim As Standard (As = 0.05 mg/L) has a strong affinity for pyrite, one of the more ubiquitous min- (Panthi et al. 2006). It is estimated that there are perhaps 200 000 erals in the Earth’s crust. Arsenic is also concentrated in hydrous tube wells in the Terai region and that 3.5 million Nepalese have iron (Fe)-oxides and clay minerals. Arsenic can be easily solubi- no access to drinking water that does not exceed the WHO As lized in groundwaters depending on pH, redox conditions, tem- guideline (Mahat and Shrestha 2008; Mahat and Kharel 2009; perature, and solution composition. Many geothermal waters Pokhrel et al. 2009). In the most recent report from the National contain high concentrations of As. Natural As in groundwater at Arsenic Steering Committee/National Red Cross Society (NASC-NRCS ␮ concentrations above the drinking water guideline of 10 g/L is 2011), the total database covers 1.1 million wells tested between the not uncommon. A small number of source materials are now recog- years 2003 and 2008. Approximately 1.73% showed values above nized as significant contributors to As in water supplies: organic-rich the Nepal drinking water standard of 50 ppb, while approxi- or black shales, Holocene alluvial sediments with slow flushing mately 5.37% of tube wells contain 11–50 ppb of As concentration. rates, mineralized and mined areas (most often gold deposits), volca- The percentage of all tube wells exceeding 50 ppb varies from nogenic sources, and thermal springs. Two other environments can 0.05% of the wells in the district of Jhapa to 11.69% in the district of lead to high As: (i) closed basins in arid-to-semi-arid climates (espe- Nawalparasi. cially in volcanogenic provinces) and (ii) strongly reducing aqui- The most severe As contamination is prevalent in several dis- fers, often composed of alluvial sediments but with low sulphate tricts of the Terai, namely Nawalparasi, Bara, Parsa, Rautahat, concentrations. Young sediments in low-lying regions of low hy- Rupandehi, and Kapalivastu (Shrestha et al. 2014). Maharjan et al. draulic gradient are characteristic of many As-rich aquifers. Ordi- (2005) reported that 29% of more than 20 000 tube wells had As nary sediments containing 1–20 mg/kg (near crustal abundance) of concentrations exceeding the WHO guideline (10 ␮g/L), that the As can give rise to high levels of dissolved As (>50 ␮g/L) if initiated prevalence of arsenicosis varied between 1.3% and 5.1% (average of by one or both of two possible “triggers”—an increase in pH above 2.6%; see NRCS–ENPHO 2002; Yadav et al 2011) among four inde- 8.5 or the onset of reductive Fe dissolution.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Voice of Senior Citizens, Dec. Issue
    AGEING IN NEPALI PRESS (Nov. 1-30, 2015) ADVOCACY Participated in the Campaign Ageing Nepal Kathmandu, November, 2015 Ageing Nepal participated in the Global Climate March Campaign to mark the COP21 of 29th November. On 29th November the leaders and head of the state of more than 190 countries came together for climate talks in Paris. The world took part in the Global Climate March, calling on leaders to use the opportunity of the UN climate talks in Paris to accelerate progress in the fight against climate change. Ageing Nepal organized various supportive campaign activities like: TV Talk show, Radio Talk show, article publication on the importance of COP21, workshop, petition handover to the government authorities and so on before 29th Nov. Similarly in the major event of the 29th Nov. various activities were conducted in different districts. The following table presents campaign activities and related districts. S.N. Activities Districts 1. Rallies Elephant Horse Cart Chitwan Rickshaw Older Person Jhapa Student Kathmandu 2. Cultural Dance Syangja 3. Paragliding with Banners Kaski 4. Joined a Rally Lalitpur Each campaign activities was conducted under the main banner of COP21 and campaign materials like non- plastic bags, pamphlets, stickers were distributed to participants of the campaign. Ph: +977-01-4485827 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ageingnepal.org 1 Major Highlights of the Campaign Total media mobilization: Print media: 1; Television programme: 2; Radio programme: 1 Total people reached with Media: 9,000,000 Total
    [Show full text]
  • List of Publications WIN 1 Nov, 06
    WINROCK INTERNATIONAL POLICY ANALYSIS IN AGRICULTURE AND RELATED RESOURCE MANAGEMENT LIST OF PUBLICATIONS (Listed by Series Name/Author's Name/Title/Year) A. NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PAPER SERIES (until 1989): Office Copy 1. Bachchu Prasad Koirala, "Economics of Land Reform in Nepal: Case Study of Dhanusha District", July 1987. 2. Om Prasad Gurung, "Interrelationships among Pasture, Animal Husbandry and Agriculture: Case Study of Tara", July 1987. 3. C.M. Pokharel, "Community Fish Farming in Nepal Tarai: Case Study of Bhawanipur and Hanuman Nagar", July 1987. 4. Mahesh Prasad Pant, "Community Participation in Irrigation Management: Case Study of Solma Irrigation Project in East Nepal", August 1987. 5. Bandana Pradhan, "Animal Nutrition and Pasture Fodder Management: The Case of Mahespur", November 1987. 6. Prakash Dev Pant, "Socioeconomic Consequences of Land Ownership Polarization in Nepal: Case Study of Nemuwatole Village", November 1987. 7. Badri Jha, "Evaluation of Land Tenure System: Case Study of Jaisithok Village ", November 1987. 8. Upendra Gautam, "Institution Building and Rural Development in Nepal: Gadkhar Water Users' Committee", November 1987. 9. Parashar B. Malla, "Group Fish Farming Under the Small Farmers Development Project at Chandranagar", December 1987. 10. S.P. Shrestha, "Community-managed Irrigation Systems: Case Study of Arughat- Vishal Nagar Pipe Irrigation Project", December 1987. 11. Bimal Prasad Dhungel, "Sociocultural and Legal Arrangements for Grazing on Public Land: Case Study of Bahadurganj", December 1987. 12. Murari M. Aryal, "Participatory Irrigation Management: Case Study of Bhadrutar and Hakuwa Canals",December 1987. 1 13. Ramesh Bista, "Cross-Sectional Variations and Temporal Changes in Land Area under Tenancy and their Implications for Agricultural Productivity", January 1989.
    [Show full text]
  • Identity-Based Conflict and the Role of Print Media in the Pahadi Community of Contemporary Nepal Sunil Kumar Pokhrel Kennesaw State University
    Kennesaw State University DigitalCommons@Kennesaw State University Dissertations, Theses and Capstone Projects 7-2015 Identity-Based Conflict and the Role of Print Media in the Pahadi Community of Contemporary Nepal Sunil Kumar Pokhrel Kennesaw State University Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/etd Part of the International and Area Studies Commons, Peace and Conflict Studies Commons, and the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Pokhrel, Sunil Kumar, "Identity-Based Conflict and the Role of Print Media in the Pahadi Community of Contemporary Nepal" (2015). Dissertations, Theses and Capstone Projects. Paper 673. This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@Kennesaw State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses and Capstone Projects by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Kennesaw State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. IDENTITY-BASED CONFLICT AND PRINT MEDIA IDENTITY-BASED CONFLICT AND THE ROLE OF PRINT MEDIA IN THE PAHADI COMMUNITY OF CONTEMPORARY NEPAL by SUNIL KUMAR POKHREL A Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in International Conflict Management in the College of Humanities and Social Sciences Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia March 2015 IDENTITY-BASED CONFLICT AND PRINT MEDIA © 2015 Sunil Kumar Pokhrel ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Recommended Citation Pokhrel, S. K. (2015). Identity-based conflict and the role of print media in the Pahadi community of contemporary Nepal. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia, United States of America. IDENTITY-BASED CONFLICT AND PRINT MEDIA DEDICATION My mother and father, who encouraged me toward higher study, My wife, who always supported me in all difficult circumstances, and My sons, who trusted me during my PhD studies.
    [Show full text]
  • Solid Waste Management
    Technical Assistance Consultant’s Report Project Number: 36188 November 2008 NEPAL: Preparing the Secondary Towns Integrated Urban Environmental Improvement Project (Financed by the: Japan Special Fund and the Netherlands Trust Fund for the Water Financing Partnership Facility) Prepared by: Padeco Co. Ltd. in association with Metcon Consultants, Nepal Tokyo, Japan For Department of Urban Development and Building Construction This consultant’s report does not necessarily reflect the views of ADB or the Government concerned, and ADB and the Government cannot be held liable for its contents. (For project preparatory technical assistance: All the views expressed herein may not be incorporated into the proposed project’s design. TA 7182-NEP PREPARING THE SECONDARY TOWNS INTEGRATED URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT PROJECT Volume 3: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT in association with TA 7182-NEP PREPARING THE SECONDARY TOWNS INTEGRATED URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT PROJECT FINAL REPORT Volume 3: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT June 2010 Prepared for the Asian Development Bank and the Government of Nepal in association with Tsunashima No. 2 Building METCON Consultants 3-20-12 Yushima P.O. Box 4412 Bunkyo-ku 43 / 15 Dandibaba Marg, Tangal, Tokyo 113-0034 Kathmadu-2, Japan Nepal Tel: +81-3-5812-1091 Tel: +977-1-441-2902 Fax: +81-3-5812-1092 Fax: +977-1- 441-8478 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Acronyms ADB Asian Development Bank CBS Central Bureau of Statistics CCFUG Charpala Community Forest User Group CDM Clean Development Mechanism DDC
    [Show full text]
  • Nepal's Birds 2010
    Bird Conservation Nepal (BCN) Established in 1982, Bird Conservation BCN is a membership-based organisation Nepal (BCN) is the leading organisation in with a founding President, patrons, life Nepal, focusing on the conservation of birds, members, friends of BCN and active supporters. their habitats and sites. It seeks to promote Our membership provides strength to the interest in birds among the general public, society and is drawn from people of all walks OF THE STATE encourage research on birds, and identify of life from students, professionals, and major threats to birds’ continued survival. As a conservationists. Our members act collectively result, BCN is the foremost scientific authority to set the organisation’s strategic agenda. providing accurate information on birds and their habitats throughout Nepal. We provide We are committed to showing the value of birds scientific data and expertise on birds for the and their special relationship with people. As Government of Nepal through the Department such, we strongly advocate the need for peoples’ of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation participation as future stewards to attain long- Birds Nepal’s (DNPWC) and work closely in birds and term conservation goals. biodiversity conservation throughout the country. As the Nepalese Partner of BirdLife International, a network of more than 110 organisations around the world, BCN also works on a worldwide agenda to conserve the world’s birds and their habitats. 2010 Indicators for our changing world Indicators THE STATE OF Nepal’s Birds
    [Show full text]
  • Nepal: Phase II (1 April 2010 –31 March 2012)
    Final Report Small-Scale Aquaculture Program AwF-Nepal: Phase II (1 April 2010 –31 March 2012) Prepared by Ram C Bhujel1, Madhav K Shrestha2, Hare Ram Devkota3 and Agni Nepal3 1Asian Institute of Technology (AIT), Thailand 2Institute of Agriculture and Animal Sciences (IAAS), Chitwan, Nepal 3Nepal Agriculture Research Council (NARC) July 2012 Executive Summary This report is the summary of activities and outcomes of the AwF-Nepal Project Phase II accomplished during the project period (1 April 2010 – 31 March 2012). This project is the extension and expansion of the 2- year AwF-Nepal project initiated in Rainas Tar, Lamjung in 2008. Ninety (90) families were supported to incorporate small-scale aquaculture in their farming system in three districts; namely, Lamjung (Dhamilikuwa, Chakratirtha and Valayakharka), Gorkha (Putlikhet) and Nawal Parasi (Dedhgaon). Farmers were organized in five groups of 14, 15, 23, 22 and 16 respectively. Project was expanded to two locations namely; Valayakharka (Lamjung) and Dedhgaon (Nawal Parasi) in the second year after successful launching in three locations during the first year (2011). Overall average size of the pond was 49m2with a range of 29 - 75 m2. Total fish production per family ranged from 7.6 - 126 kg with the overall average of 37kg. Out of which over half (51%, range 18-61%) was sold. Without proper feeding, productivity of ponds remained reasonably high i.e. 7.2 ton per ha (range 1.9-21.2 ton/ha). Among the five groups, the group in Gorkha showed excellent results. Total production of the group reached to 1.9 to in 2010 which increased to 2.8 ton in 2011 with the productivity of 14.6 and 21.2 ton per ha respectively which demonstrated the possibility of earnings (up to US$3.38 per capita per day) required to cross the poverty bench mark (1.25) set by the World Bank.
    [Show full text]
  • Transmission Cov-Web
    MESSAGE FROM THE MANAGING DIRECTOR It gives me great pleasure to pen these words for the Transmission Directorate and the Project Management Directorate’s joint year book on the occasion of Nepal Electricity Authority’s 36th anniversary. Transmission and Project Management Directorate together have been essential in bridging the growth in generation and distribution in Nepal. With the growing infrastructure within these directorates, we have been able to evacuate large amounts of power being produced or purchased in the country to anywhere within the rapidly growing electricity network which is the Integrated Nepal Power System (INPS). Work in the field of transmission line can be exceptionally challenging especially this year with the Covid-19 pandemic still looming over us, but both the directorates have pulled through and I would like to congratulate the Transmission Directorate and PMD for yet another successful year adding 604.74 ckt. km and 2134 MVA . This fiscal year also marked the completion and inauguration of 400 kV Dhalkebar the first of its kind, marking the entry of Nepal in the Extra High Voltage 400 kV system. This has been regarded as a remarkable milestones in the Nepalese power system. The completion of Dana-Kushma 220 kV transmission line and 132 kV Samudratar -trishuli 3B hub transmission line in this year has also made the system robust. The long troubled Singati- Lamosaghu transmission line has also seen its 1st circuit completed this year. I am also glad to note that work is ongoing in these directorates to [insert what has been going on in planning and system improvement/ upgradation sector].
    [Show full text]
  • Accounts of Nepalese Mammals and Analysis of the Host-Ectoparasite Data by Computer Techniques Richard Merle Mitchell Iowa State University
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1977 Accounts of Nepalese mammals and analysis of the host-ectoparasite data by computer techniques Richard Merle Mitchell Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Zoology Commons Recommended Citation Mitchell, Richard Merle, "Accounts of Nepalese mammals and analysis of the host-ectoparasite data by computer techniques " (1977). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 7626. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/7626 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality s heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand rrarkings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image.
    [Show full text]
  • Working with the Winds of Change
    Working with the Toward Strategies for Responding to the Winds of Change Risks Associated with Climate Change and other Hazards Editors Second Edition Marcus Moench and Ajaya Dixit Contributors and their Institutions: Sara Ahmed Shashikant Chopde Ajaya Dixit, Anil Pokhrel and Deeb Raj Rai S. Janakarajan Fawad Khan Institute for Social and Winrock International India Institute for Social and Environmental Transition-Nepal Madras Institute of Institute for Social and Environmental Environmental Transition -India Development Studies Transition-Pakistan Marcus Moench Daanish Mustafa Madhukar Upadhya, Kanchan Mani Dixit Shiraz A. Wajih and Amit Kumar and Sarah Opitz-Stapleton King’s College London and Madav Devkota Gorakhpur Environmental Action Group Institute for Social and Environmental Transition- Nepal Water Conservation Foundation International Working with the Winds of Change Toward Strategies for Responding to the Risks Associated with Climate Change and other Hazards Second Edition Editors Marcus Moench and Ajaya Dixit Contributors and their Institutions: Sara Ahmed Shashikant Chopde Ajaya Dixit, Anil Pokhrel and Deeb Raj Rai S. Janakarajan Fawad Khan Institute for Social and Winrock International India Institute for Social and Environmental Transition-Nepal Madras Institute of Institute for Social and Environmental Environmental Transition -India Development Studies Transition-Pakistan Marcus Moench Daanish Mustafa Madhukar Upadhya, Kanchan Mani Dixit Shiraz A. Wajih and Amit Kumar and Sarah Opitz-Stapleton King’s College London and Madav Devkota Gorakhpur Environmental Action Group Institute for Social and Environmental Transition- Nepal Water Conservation Foundation International © Copyright, 2007 ProVention Consortium; Institute for Social and Environmental Transition-International; Institute for Social and Environmental Transition-Nepal This publication is made possible by the support of the ProVention Consortium.
    [Show full text]
  • Small-Scale Forest Enterprise Development in Nepal
    Small-scale forest enterprise development in Nepal Overview, issues and challenges Small-scale forest enterprise development in Nepal Overview, issues and challenges FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2018 Required citation: Paudel N.S., Adhikary A., Mbairamadji J. & Nguyen, T.Q. 2018. Small-scale forest enterprise development in Nepal: overview, issues and challenges. Rome, FAO. 84 pp. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. ISBN 978-92-5-131130-1 © FAO, 2018 Some rights reserved. This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc-sa/3.0/igo/legalcode/legalcode). Under the terms of this licence, this work may be copied, redistributed and adapted for non-commercial purposes, provided that the work is appropriately cited.
    [Show full text]
  • NEPAL NATIONAL LOGISTICS CLUSTER Standard Operating Procedure Transport and Storage Services December 2020
    NEPAL NATIONAL LOGISTICS CLUSTER Standard Operating Procedure Transport and Storage Services December 2020 OVERVIEW This document explains the scope of the logistics services provided by the National Logistics Cluster, in support of the COVID-19 response in Nepal, how humanitarian actors and Nepal Government may access these services, and the conditions under which these services will be provided. The objective of the transport and storage services is to support humanitarian organisations and Government to establish a supply chain of medicines, medical supplies and equipment and humanitarian relief supplies mandated by the Ministry of Health and Population (MoHP) for Prevention of COVID-19 transmission, control and treatment to the hospitals and primary healthcare facilities. These services are not intended to replace the logistics capacities of responding organisations, nor are they meant to compete with the commercial market. Rather, they are intended to fill identified gaps and provide an option as last resort in case private sector service-providers are limited or unable to provide services due to the lockdown. These services are planned to be available until 28 February 2020, with the possibility of further extension. The services may be withdrawn before this date in part or in full, for any of the following reasons: • Changes in the situation on the ground • No longer an agreed upon/identified gap in transport and storage • Funding constraints The Logistics Cluster in Nepal will provide storage services (non-Cold Chain) for medicines, medical supplies and equipment and humanitarian relief supplies for COVID-19 response at three Humanitarian Staging Areas (HSA's) at Kathmandu Airport, Nepalgunj Airport and Dhangadhi Airport and transport services, provided free-of-cost to the users from Kathmandu to the Provincial capitals and the two provincial HSA's and from the provincial capitals to the district headquarters, as specified below.
    [Show full text]
  • Statistices of Strategic Road
    Copyright © 2018 Department of Roads All rights reserved Cover: Strategic Road Network of Nepal Pie Chart Showing Various Pavement Types of Strategic Road of Nepal Stacked Bar Chart Showing Strategic Road Length in Various Development Regions Published by: HMIS-ICT Unit, Department of Roads GIS Data: HMIS-ICT Unit, Department of Roads Personnel Involved: Mr. Mukti Gautam, DDG, Planning and Design Branch, DOR Mr. Dinesh Aryal, Unit Chief, HMIS-ICT Unit, DOR Mrs. Sajana Pokharel, Engineer, HMIS-ICT Unit, DOR Ms. Salina Dangol, Computer Engineer, HMIS-ICT Unit, DOR Mr. Prashant Malla, Team Leader/GIS Programmer Mr. Gambir Man Shrestha, Civil Engineer Ms. Prashanna Talchabhandari, GIS Engineer GIS data processing, road status update using route feature class and final GIS map and data preparation is done by AVIYAAN Consulting (P) Ltd, Kathmandu, Nepal Foreword Better road planning is essential for safe, reliable and sustainable road development of the country. A good road data is of prime requirement for any effective road planning process. Availability of such data also reflects the performance of the road sector, which also helps in projecting overall growth of road network over the time. To disseminate this information Department of Roads (DoR) has been publishing Nepal Road statistics (NRS) every alternate years. Since 2004, the Nepal Road statistics (NRS) has been renamed as "Statistics of Strategic Roads Networks (SSRN)" focusing on data and information about strategic roads, while the local roads network (LRN) is now under the Department of Local Infrastructure Development and Agriculture Roads (DoLIDAR). The present version of the SSRN is an updated version of 2017/18 Road Networks.
    [Show full text]