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Exército De Um Homem Só: O Voo Solitário De Matias Rust

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Exército De Um Homem Só: O Voo Solitário De Matias Rust EXÉRCITO DE UM HOMEM SÓ: O VOO SOLITÁRIO DE MATIAS RUST Nelson Souza Soares* Introdução No dia 28 de maio de 1987 o piloto alemão Matias Rust, então com 18 anos de idade invadiu o espaço aéreo soviético e pousou seu pequeno avião Cessna 172 em plena Praça Vermelha em Moscou a poucos metros do Kremlin. Rust havia ludibriado a sólida defesa aérea da União Soviética e chegado ao centro de sua capital, segundo o piloto, para conversar com Mikhail Gorbatchov em missão de paz. Em 1990 a banda gaúcha Engenheiros do Hawaii lançou o álbum O papa é pop que continha a canção O exército de um homem só I, “dedicada a Mathias Rust e sua solitária invasão ao espaço aéreo soviético”.1 Nesse trabalho trataremos brevemente dessa música e sua representação do fato histórico citado. A produção musical, ao longo da história, é profundamente influenciada pela conjuntura no qual a mesma se insere, revelando aspectos da sociedade na qual foi criada. Esse pressuposto é válido para diversas formas de manifestações musicais, entre elas a da música popular, que para Moraes pode ser encarada “como uma rica fonte para compreender certas realidades da cultura popular e desvendar a história de setores da sociedade pouco lembrados pela historiografia”. (MORAES, 2000:204-205) A Nova História permitiu o alargamento dos recursos que poderiam ser considerados como fonte histórica, os seus objetos de pesquisa se transformaram e se voltaram para a cultura permitindo que uma maior variedade de registros humanos, inclusive as manifestações artísticas fossem aproveitados. Para Chartier (2002: 16-17) a “história cultural tal como a * Graduado em Artes/Música pela Unimontes e Mestre em História social pela mesma instituição. 1http://www2.uol.com.br/engenheirosdohawaii/discos/letras/exercito1.htm 1 entendemos, tem por principal objecto identificar o modo como em diferentes lugares e momentos uma determinada realidade social é construída, pensada, dada a ler”. Assim como Darnton (1986), considera que um texto filosófico ou uma comemoração podem ser lidos e servir de fonte para a investigação de determinada cultura, acreditamos que a música pode servir para o mesmo fim, pois faz parte de uma complexa rede de relações a partir das quais é possível analisar a cultura e sociedade de um determinado contexto. O voo de Mathias Rust. Em 1985 Mikhail Gorbachev assumiu o cargo de premier soviético aos 59 anos de idade. Gorbachev era visto como um reformador moderado no ocidente havia uma expectativa que ele “pudesse romper a tensão acumulada nos últimos anos” (DOWLING, 2017, tradução nossa).2 Frequentemente a crise dos mísseis cubanos de 1962 é lembrada como o ponto de maior tensão da guerra fria, contudo no início da década de 1980 também foi marcado por episódios tensos. Em 1 de setembro de 1983 o voo KAL 007, da Korean Airlines, que fazia a rota Nova York-Seoul, foi abatido por caças soviéticos após a invasão do seu espaço aéreo. Todos os 269 passageiros morreram inclusive o deputado democrata Lawrence McDonald, o incidente gerou reações diplomáticas veementes, especialmente do governo norte americano.3 Entre 2 e 9 de novembro de 1983 os Estado Unidos, juntamente com a OTAN, realizaram manobras militares na Europa ocidental que ficaram conhecidas com Able Archer 83. Um documento de 1990 divulgado em 2015 pelo National Security Archive afirma que a URSS considerava a hipótese de um ataque preventivo ao primeiro sinal de uma ofensiva nuclear dos EUA, essa possibilidade foi, de acordo o documento, cogitada pelo alto comando soviético durante as referidas manobras militares da OTAN.4 A chegada de Gorbachev ao poder abriu novas vias de dialogo e em outubro de 1986 ele se reuniu com o então presidente americano Ronald Reagan na Islândia em busca de um 2 “…may help break the tension that has built up over the past few years.” 3 https://acervo.oglobo.globo.com/fatos-historicos/uniao-sovietica-abateu-boeing-em-voo-de-ny-seul-em-1983- matando-269-pessoas-13290000 4 https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb533-The-Able-Archer-War-Scare-Declassified-PFIAB-Report- Released/ 2 acordo visando à redução do arsenal de mísseis nucleares de ambos os países, contudo as negociações fracassaram. Esse acontecimento teria provocado forte impressão no jovem Rust, morador da Alemanha Ocidental uma provável zona de conflito em caso de agressão entre EUA e URSS. Rust teria então tido a ideia de construir metaforicamente uma ponte de paz entre ocidente com um avião de seu clube de voo, contudo voar diretamente para a Alemanha Oriental, passando por uma das fronteiras mais vigiadas do mundo, era demasiadamente arriscado5. Segundo Dowling (2007) Rust reservou uma aeronave Cessna monomotor e decolou de Hamburgo no dia 13 de Maio em direção à Islândia, onde visita o edifício em que Gorbachev se encontrou com Reagan, no dia 22 de maio chegou à cidade norueguesa de Bergen e no dia 25 na capital finlandesa Helsinque. No dia 28 Rust decolou alegando estar indo para Estocolmo na Suécia, contudo desligou seu transponder6 e desviou da sua rota invadindo o espaço aéreo soviético sendo logo classificado pelos radares como aeronave não identificada. A URSS contava com o maior sistema de defesa aérea do mundo grande quantidade de radares, mísseis antiaéreos e aviões de combate para interceptação. Todo esse sistema foi montado visando prevenir o ataque de aeronaves militares norte-americanas. As defesas, entretanto foram projetadas para localizar bombardeiros, aviões de grande porte que voam em grandes altitudes, o pequeno Cessna de Rust voando baixo era um alvo mais difícil de ser identificado sendo necessário que aviões de caça inspecionassem a aeronave visualmente. Os primeiros Mig-237 a avistarem o avião de Rust pensaram se tratar de um tipo de avião parecido usado para treinar pilotos em aeroclubes soviéticos, posteriormente um piloto militar identificou a aeronave como um avião leve da Alemanha Ocidental, mas os seus comandantes imediatos acreditaram que ele estava enganado. Os membros do comando aéreo soviético se tornaram receosos após o incidente do KAL 007, as ordens de ataque passaram a ser emitidas apenas por oficiais do alto comando que se encontravam em uma reunião nas Alemanha Ocidental. Rust seguiu ileso. 5 http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20170526-the-audacious-pilot-who-landed-in-red-square 6 Aparelho usado em aviões que se comunica com o radar de solo e envia dados referentes a altitude, velocidade ,posição e identificação da aeronave. 7 Caça multifuncional soviético fabricado a partir de 1964. 3 O controle de voo terrestre presumiu que a aeronave de Rust era um avião de treinamento e quanto mais ele se aproximava de Moscou mais aviões similares ao seu estavam no ar, para Adler (2017) os controladores dos radares consideraram que Rust era apenas mais um piloto estudante russo em treinamento.8 Por volta das 19 horas o avião chegou a Moscou, Rust localizou visualmente a catedral de São Basílio, ainda segundo Dowling (2007) aterrissou na ponte Bolshoy Moskvoretsky, algo que só foi porque uma parte de sua fiação elétrica foi removida para a manutenção pouco tempo antes. Robin Stott, testemunha ocular que inclusive filmou parte do pouso, afirmou a BBC que Rust permaneceu ao lado da aeronave calmamente enquanto a multidão se acumulava, guardas soviéticos conversavam aparentemente sem saber o que fazer. Pouco tempo depois a KGB deteve Rust para interroga-lo, o Cessna foi levado à um aeroporto próximo e desmontado. O jovem piloto alemão se desculpou pelos seus atos e alegou estar em missão de paz e que pretendia se encontrar com Gorbachev, pois estava frustrado com o fracasso das negociações com Reagan na Islândia.9 Apesar disso foi condenado a 4 anos de prisão pela invasão do espaço aéreo soviético e por vandalismo. Segundo Bulau (2016) Após vários esforços diplomáticos Rust foi perdoado por Gorbachev, libertado e expulso do país em 3 agosto de 1988. Fotografia 1 – Rust, de vermelho, após o pouso na Praça Vermelha. 8 http://www.spiegel.de/einestages/kreml-flieger-mathias-rust-das-husarenstueck-a-1146081.html 9 http://acervo.oglobo.globo.com/fatos-historicos/piloto-alemao-solitario-aterrisssa-na-praca-vermelha-cria-crise- na-urss-em-1987-9952963#ixzz5Mzbdk07V 4 Fonte: http://obviousmag.org/archives/2009/04/mathias_rust.html Engenheiros do Hawaii Entre 1984 e 1985 ocorreu uma greve na Faculdade de arquitetura de Porto Alegre, durante esse período diversas atividades artísticas foram promovidas pela faculdade, Humberto Gessinger (guitarra e vocal), Carlos Maltz (bateria) e Marcelo Pitz (baixo)10 formaram a banda Engenheiros do Hawaii para participarem das referidas atividades. A banda fez sua estreia em 11 de janeiro de 1985. Após esse primeiro show a banda passou a se apresentar em bares da capital gaúcha e algumas gravações de músicas autorais transmitidas pela Rádio Ipanema possibilitaram convites para apresentações no interior do estado. Em setembro de 1985 ocorreu o 1º Festival de Rock Sulino, Tadeu Valério, gerente da gravadora RCA, assistiu o festival e organizou o lançamento de um disco com uma coletânea de bandas de rock gaúchas intitulado Rock Grande do Sul. Os Engenheiros do Hawaii participaram do disco com as músicas “Sopa de letrinhas” e “Segurança”. Em 1986 a RCA contratou a banda e lançou seu primeiro álbum: Longe demais das capitais, segundo Ricardo Alexandre (2002) o rock gaúcho era em certa medida autossuficiente, as bandas locais podiam sobreviver tocando em um grande número de festivais e contando com um público fiel sem necessidade de sair do estado. Os Engenheiros do Hawaii foram a primeira banda de rock gaúcha a atingir proporções nacionais. 10 Logo Pitz deixaria a banda, Augusto Licks assumiria a guitarra e Gessinger o baixo. 5 Segundo Soares (2015) o rock brasileiro na segunda metade da década de 1980 tratou com frequências em seus temas questões políticas e problemas sociais.
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